The document discusses the anatomy and structures of the oral cavity. It begins by defining oral anatomy and noting the major structures found in and around the oral cavity, including lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, teeth, gums, and salivary glands. It then discusses the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity, focusing on teeth, bone, gums, and other structures. The document concludes by discussing tooth abnormalities and the importance of maintaining oral health.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and nomenclature. It defines primary and permanent dentition and describes the different types of teeth including their names and functions. Tooth surfaces and angles are defined. Common anatomical landmarks of teeth crowns are also outlined such as lobes, cusps, ridges and depressions. Finally, the document introduces different tooth numbering systems and provides the dental formula for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
This document discusses the chronology of human dentition development. It begins by defining chronology as the study of the timing of tooth development stages from initiation to emergence. Key points made include that primary dentition typically emerges around 6-8 months, with the mandibular central incisor first, and takes about 3 years to fully develop. Nolla's stages and the typical sequence of primary tooth eruption are also outlined. The document provides information on understanding tooth development timing for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
The permanent maxillary first molar has several key characteristics. It is the largest tooth in the upper jaw and has a rhomboidal crown with four cusps and three roots. As with other molars, its primary function is grinding food during mastication. It is not preceded by any other tooth. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomical features of the permanent maxillary first molar from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects.
The document summarizes the blood supply to the jaws and teeth. The external carotid artery divides into the maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery near the ear. The maxillary artery then divides into important branches that supply blood to different areas of the jaws and teeth. The inferior alveolar artery supplies the mandible and mandibular teeth. The posterior superior alveolar artery supplies the maxilla, roots of maxillary molars, and maxillary bone and teeth to the first bicuspid. The palatine artery supplies the hard palate and gingiva on the palatal side of maxillary teeth.
The document discusses the morphology of primary teeth. It describes the general features of primary teeth such as their short crowns, thin enamel and dentin layers, and larger pulps close to the surface. It then details the specific characteristics of each primary tooth type. Key differences between primary and permanent teeth are outlined. The clinical significance of understanding primary tooth morphology for procedures like restorations and extractions is also covered.
The document discusses the anatomy of pulp cavities. It describes the origin, functions, and components of the dental pulp. The pulp consists of the pulp chamber within the crown and pulp canals within the roots. The size and shape of the pulp cavity varies depending on the tooth type and age. Knowledge of pulp cavity anatomy is important for operative procedures, endodontic treatment, and to prevent unnecessary encroachment on the pulp. The document then examines the specific anatomy of different tooth types.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and nomenclature. It defines primary and permanent dentition and describes the different types of teeth including their names and functions. Tooth surfaces and angles are defined. Common anatomical landmarks of teeth crowns are also outlined such as lobes, cusps, ridges and depressions. Finally, the document introduces different tooth numbering systems and provides the dental formula for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
This document discusses the chronology of human dentition development. It begins by defining chronology as the study of the timing of tooth development stages from initiation to emergence. Key points made include that primary dentition typically emerges around 6-8 months, with the mandibular central incisor first, and takes about 3 years to fully develop. Nolla's stages and the typical sequence of primary tooth eruption are also outlined. The document provides information on understanding tooth development timing for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
The permanent maxillary first molar has several key characteristics. It is the largest tooth in the upper jaw and has a rhomboidal crown with four cusps and three roots. As with other molars, its primary function is grinding food during mastication. It is not preceded by any other tooth. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomical features of the permanent maxillary first molar from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects.
The document summarizes the blood supply to the jaws and teeth. The external carotid artery divides into the maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery near the ear. The maxillary artery then divides into important branches that supply blood to different areas of the jaws and teeth. The inferior alveolar artery supplies the mandible and mandibular teeth. The posterior superior alveolar artery supplies the maxilla, roots of maxillary molars, and maxillary bone and teeth to the first bicuspid. The palatine artery supplies the hard palate and gingiva on the palatal side of maxillary teeth.
The document discusses the morphology of primary teeth. It describes the general features of primary teeth such as their short crowns, thin enamel and dentin layers, and larger pulps close to the surface. It then details the specific characteristics of each primary tooth type. Key differences between primary and permanent teeth are outlined. The clinical significance of understanding primary tooth morphology for procedures like restorations and extractions is also covered.
The document discusses the anatomy of pulp cavities. It describes the origin, functions, and components of the dental pulp. The pulp consists of the pulp chamber within the crown and pulp canals within the roots. The size and shape of the pulp cavity varies depending on the tooth type and age. Knowledge of pulp cavity anatomy is important for operative procedures, endodontic treatment, and to prevent unnecessary encroachment on the pulp. The document then examines the specific anatomy of different tooth types.
This document describes the anatomy and branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). It originates from the trigeminal ganglion and pons and exits the skull through the foramen ovale. Its main branches innervate the muscles of mastication and provide sensory innervation to the lower face and oral cavity. The anterior and posterior divisions each give off motor and sensory branches with specific distributions.
Anatomy of pulp cavity of maxillary teeth (2)Humaira Tamanna
This document discusses the anatomy of the pulp cavity of maxillary teeth. It describes the typical pulp chamber and root canal morphology of different maxillary teeth. The maxillary central incisor typically has a single root canal that is straight or curved distally. The lateral incisor commonly has a single curved canal as well, though it may occasionally have two canals. Factors like age, pathology, and developmental anomalies can influence the shape of the pulp cavity. Understanding normal dental anatomy helps ensure safe and effective root canal treatment.
Primary teeth are important for several reasons, including aiding in speech development, chewing and eating, and guiding the eruption of permanent teeth. Tooth eruption is a complex process involving bone resorption and formation, as well as root development over several years before teeth emerge into the mouth. The sequence and timing of primary and permanent tooth eruption follows a generally predictable pattern, though there can be variations in individuals. Factors like genetics and local issues can influence the eruption process and cause problems like delayed, premature, or ectopic eruption.
This document provides information about a dental anatomy course including:
1. The course title, code, contact hours, and director.
2. Dental anatomy studies the gross structure of the oral cavity and teeth without a microscope.
3. It discusses the structures of the oral cavity, dental arches, quadrants, and functions of teeth.
The document discusses the development of primary and permanent dentition in humans. It describes the characteristics of human dentition including dental formula. Tooth development occurs in three stages - bud, cap and bell stage. The primary teeth erupt in a sequence from 6-30 months. Characteristics of primary dentition include spacing, shallow overjet and overbite, and vertical inclination of anterior teeth. Molar relationships in primary dentition can be flush, mesial step or distal step.
This document provides an overview of the mixed dentition period when both primary and permanent teeth are present. It defines key terms like successional and accessional teeth. The mixed dentition phase involves three transitional periods characterized by the eruption of different teeth. During the first period, the first permanent molars and incisors erupt. The relationship between primary molars impacts the occlusion. Permanent incisors overcome the space deficit through various mechanisms during the inter-transitional period before premolars and canines erupt in the second transitional period, utilizing the leeway space.
There are two sets of teeth - primary (deciduous) and secondary (permanent). A tooth consists of three parts - the anatomic crown, root, and pulp chamber. Teeth are made up of four main tissues - enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. The oral cavity environment can lead to demineralization of teeth if the pH drops too low, but remineralization can occur when the pH returns to neutral levels, aided by minerals in saliva. Proper dental anatomy and physiology knowledge is important for understanding oral health.
Human Dentition
a. Primary Dentition
b. Secondary dentition
Normal Anatomy Of Tooth
Histology of Tooth
(Enamel, Dentin, DEJ, pulp, Periodontal ligament, alveolar Bone)
Tooth development occurs in stages, beginning around 5-6 weeks in the embryo. The primitive oral cavity, called the stomodium, is lined by epithelial cells that will give rise to the tooth structures. The stages can be described morphologically as the dental lamina, bud, cap and bell stages, or histophysiologically as the initiation, proliferation, histodifferentiation, morphodifferentiation and apposition stages. During the bell stage, the enamel organ induces the dental papilla cells to form odontoblasts, which deposit dentin. Reciprocally, the odontoblasts induce the enamel organ cells to form ameloblasts, which deposit enamel. For root formation, Hertwig
The document summarizes key aspects of the dentin-pulp complex. It describes how dentin and pulp have a common embryonic origin and are considered a single functional unit. It outlines the different types of dentin that form over time, including primary, secondary, and tertiary dentin. It also discusses the roles of odontoblasts and dentinal tubules. In less than 3 sentences, the document provides an overview of the embryological, histological, and functional relationship between dentin and pulp as a complex unit that forms over the life of a tooth.
Dentinal tubules and its content final/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tooth eruption involves three phases:
1. The pre-eruptive phase involves tooth germ development and movement within the jaw bone.
2. The eruptive phase is when the tooth emerges into the mouth through the gums and reaches the bite.
3. The post-eruptive phase occurs after the tooth has reached the bite, and involves minor movements like accommodating jaw growth and bite wear.
Tooth eruption is guided by several theories centered around root formation, bone remodeling, the dental follicle, and ligament and blood vessel forces, but is likely multifactorial. Clinical considerations for eruption include early or delayed timing.
Here are some suggested du'as before and after studying, and during exams:
Before studying:
اللهم أعني على ذكرك وشكرك وحسن عبادتك
O Allah, help me remember You, be grateful to You and worship You in the best way.
اللهم بارك لي في علمي وزدني من فضلك وانفعني بما علمت
O Allah, bless me in my knowledge, increase me in Your bounty and benefit me with what I
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
This document provides an overview of occlusion, including definitions, concepts, classifications, and development across different dentition stages. Some key points:
- Occlusion refers to the contact relationship between teeth during function or parafunction. Centric occlusion is the first tooth contact when mandible is in centric relation.
- Primary dentition occlusion involves each tooth contacting two teeth in the opposing jaw, except for central incisors. Mixed dentition begins around age 6 as permanent teeth erupt.
- Molar and canine relationships in primary dentition can influence permanent occlusion. A flush terminal plane is ideal, while distal or mesial steps increase risks of Class II or III malocclusion.
-
The document discusses dental anatomy, which is the study of tooth development, morphology, function, and relationships between teeth. It covers topics like the primary and permanent dentition, tooth anatomy including surfaces and roots, occlusion, and common dental terminology. Dental anatomy is important for all areas of dentistry as it provides a foundation for procedures like fillings, crowns, and orthodontics.
This document provides an overview of tooth numbering systems and anatomical landmarks. It describes the primary and permanent dentition, including their numbers, eruption patterns and dental formulas. Two common numbering systems are described for each - the Universal system and FDI system for primary and permanent teeth. Key anatomical features are defined, including crowns, roots, surfaces, ridges, grooves, lobes and line/point angles. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to dental anatomy terminology.
some essential information about anatomy and morphology of teeth to learn ( specially dentistry students ) , collecting and presenting by Negin Aliyari
This document provides an overview of dental morphology and tooth anatomy. It discusses the parts of the tooth including the crown, root, cervical line, and defines anatomical vs clinical crowns and roots. It describes the primary and permanent dentitions, including their dental formulas. It also covers dental notation systems including the universal, Palmer, and FDI methods for identifying individual teeth.
Dentistry involves the study and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the mouth. There are two dental arches - the maxillary arch in the upper jaw and the mandibular arch in the lower jaw. Teeth are divided into primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Primary teeth are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. Teeth are also classified by type - incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, and molars/premolars for grinding. Tooth numbering systems allow dentists to identify individual teeth for treatment and record keeping.
This document describes the anatomy and branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). It originates from the trigeminal ganglion and pons and exits the skull through the foramen ovale. Its main branches innervate the muscles of mastication and provide sensory innervation to the lower face and oral cavity. The anterior and posterior divisions each give off motor and sensory branches with specific distributions.
Anatomy of pulp cavity of maxillary teeth (2)Humaira Tamanna
This document discusses the anatomy of the pulp cavity of maxillary teeth. It describes the typical pulp chamber and root canal morphology of different maxillary teeth. The maxillary central incisor typically has a single root canal that is straight or curved distally. The lateral incisor commonly has a single curved canal as well, though it may occasionally have two canals. Factors like age, pathology, and developmental anomalies can influence the shape of the pulp cavity. Understanding normal dental anatomy helps ensure safe and effective root canal treatment.
Primary teeth are important for several reasons, including aiding in speech development, chewing and eating, and guiding the eruption of permanent teeth. Tooth eruption is a complex process involving bone resorption and formation, as well as root development over several years before teeth emerge into the mouth. The sequence and timing of primary and permanent tooth eruption follows a generally predictable pattern, though there can be variations in individuals. Factors like genetics and local issues can influence the eruption process and cause problems like delayed, premature, or ectopic eruption.
This document provides information about a dental anatomy course including:
1. The course title, code, contact hours, and director.
2. Dental anatomy studies the gross structure of the oral cavity and teeth without a microscope.
3. It discusses the structures of the oral cavity, dental arches, quadrants, and functions of teeth.
The document discusses the development of primary and permanent dentition in humans. It describes the characteristics of human dentition including dental formula. Tooth development occurs in three stages - bud, cap and bell stage. The primary teeth erupt in a sequence from 6-30 months. Characteristics of primary dentition include spacing, shallow overjet and overbite, and vertical inclination of anterior teeth. Molar relationships in primary dentition can be flush, mesial step or distal step.
This document provides an overview of the mixed dentition period when both primary and permanent teeth are present. It defines key terms like successional and accessional teeth. The mixed dentition phase involves three transitional periods characterized by the eruption of different teeth. During the first period, the first permanent molars and incisors erupt. The relationship between primary molars impacts the occlusion. Permanent incisors overcome the space deficit through various mechanisms during the inter-transitional period before premolars and canines erupt in the second transitional period, utilizing the leeway space.
There are two sets of teeth - primary (deciduous) and secondary (permanent). A tooth consists of three parts - the anatomic crown, root, and pulp chamber. Teeth are made up of four main tissues - enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. The oral cavity environment can lead to demineralization of teeth if the pH drops too low, but remineralization can occur when the pH returns to neutral levels, aided by minerals in saliva. Proper dental anatomy and physiology knowledge is important for understanding oral health.
Human Dentition
a. Primary Dentition
b. Secondary dentition
Normal Anatomy Of Tooth
Histology of Tooth
(Enamel, Dentin, DEJ, pulp, Periodontal ligament, alveolar Bone)
Tooth development occurs in stages, beginning around 5-6 weeks in the embryo. The primitive oral cavity, called the stomodium, is lined by epithelial cells that will give rise to the tooth structures. The stages can be described morphologically as the dental lamina, bud, cap and bell stages, or histophysiologically as the initiation, proliferation, histodifferentiation, morphodifferentiation and apposition stages. During the bell stage, the enamel organ induces the dental papilla cells to form odontoblasts, which deposit dentin. Reciprocally, the odontoblasts induce the enamel organ cells to form ameloblasts, which deposit enamel. For root formation, Hertwig
The document summarizes key aspects of the dentin-pulp complex. It describes how dentin and pulp have a common embryonic origin and are considered a single functional unit. It outlines the different types of dentin that form over time, including primary, secondary, and tertiary dentin. It also discusses the roles of odontoblasts and dentinal tubules. In less than 3 sentences, the document provides an overview of the embryological, histological, and functional relationship between dentin and pulp as a complex unit that forms over the life of a tooth.
Dentinal tubules and its content final/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tooth eruption involves three phases:
1. The pre-eruptive phase involves tooth germ development and movement within the jaw bone.
2. The eruptive phase is when the tooth emerges into the mouth through the gums and reaches the bite.
3. The post-eruptive phase occurs after the tooth has reached the bite, and involves minor movements like accommodating jaw growth and bite wear.
Tooth eruption is guided by several theories centered around root formation, bone remodeling, the dental follicle, and ligament and blood vessel forces, but is likely multifactorial. Clinical considerations for eruption include early or delayed timing.
Here are some suggested du'as before and after studying, and during exams:
Before studying:
اللهم أعني على ذكرك وشكرك وحسن عبادتك
O Allah, help me remember You, be grateful to You and worship You in the best way.
اللهم بارك لي في علمي وزدني من فضلك وانفعني بما علمت
O Allah, bless me in my knowledge, increase me in Your bounty and benefit me with what I
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
This document provides an overview of occlusion, including definitions, concepts, classifications, and development across different dentition stages. Some key points:
- Occlusion refers to the contact relationship between teeth during function or parafunction. Centric occlusion is the first tooth contact when mandible is in centric relation.
- Primary dentition occlusion involves each tooth contacting two teeth in the opposing jaw, except for central incisors. Mixed dentition begins around age 6 as permanent teeth erupt.
- Molar and canine relationships in primary dentition can influence permanent occlusion. A flush terminal plane is ideal, while distal or mesial steps increase risks of Class II or III malocclusion.
-
The document discusses dental anatomy, which is the study of tooth development, morphology, function, and relationships between teeth. It covers topics like the primary and permanent dentition, tooth anatomy including surfaces and roots, occlusion, and common dental terminology. Dental anatomy is important for all areas of dentistry as it provides a foundation for procedures like fillings, crowns, and orthodontics.
This document provides an overview of tooth numbering systems and anatomical landmarks. It describes the primary and permanent dentition, including their numbers, eruption patterns and dental formulas. Two common numbering systems are described for each - the Universal system and FDI system for primary and permanent teeth. Key anatomical features are defined, including crowns, roots, surfaces, ridges, grooves, lobes and line/point angles. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to dental anatomy terminology.
some essential information about anatomy and morphology of teeth to learn ( specially dentistry students ) , collecting and presenting by Negin Aliyari
This document provides an overview of dental morphology and tooth anatomy. It discusses the parts of the tooth including the crown, root, cervical line, and defines anatomical vs clinical crowns and roots. It describes the primary and permanent dentitions, including their dental formulas. It also covers dental notation systems including the universal, Palmer, and FDI methods for identifying individual teeth.
Dentistry involves the study and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the mouth. There are two dental arches - the maxillary arch in the upper jaw and the mandibular arch in the lower jaw. Teeth are divided into primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Primary teeth are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. Teeth are also classified by type - incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, and molars/premolars for grinding. Tooth numbering systems allow dentists to identify individual teeth for treatment and record keeping.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and physiology for new dentistry students. It begins with an introduction and list of learning objectives. It then describes the different parts of the oral cavity including lips, gingiva, cheeks, tongue, floor of mouth, and roof of mouth. It discusses the two dental arches and the classification of teeth into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. It also covers the primary and permanent dentitions, their eruption periods, and the dental formulas. The objectives are to provide knowledge of dental structures, tooth identification, and serve as a foundation for clinical courses.
The oral cavity contains the mouth and is lined with mucous membrane tissue. It consists of the vestibule and oral cavity proper. There are three types of dentition - primary, permanent, and mixed. The maxilla forms the upper dental arch while the mandible forms the lower arch. Each arch is divided into four quadrants. Teeth have different shapes and functions, with incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for holding and grinding, and molars for grinding food.
The document provides information on dental anatomy. It begins by stating the objectives of identifying major dental structures. It then describes the types of teeth as primary or permanent, and classifications by characteristics. The major dental tissues are enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp. Teeth have a crown, neck and root. Periodontal structures include the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament. Teeth receive blood supply from the maxillary and mandibular arteries and are innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy, including the objectives, oral structures, types of teeth, dentition classification, dental formula, numbering systems, tooth anatomy, and surfaces. The key points are:
1. There are four types of teeth - incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Teeth are arranged in the upper and lower jaws.
2. There are two dentition classifications - primary/deciduous and permanent. The permanent dentition has 32 teeth following the dental formula of 2-1-2-3 for each quadrant.
3. Numbering systems identify teeth by quadrant and type, such as the Universal system numbering permanent teeth 1-32 clockwise
This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.
Forensic odontology involves the application of dental expertise to legal matters. It plays an important role in mass disaster victim identification by comparing ante-mortem and post-mortem dental records. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, over 1800 victims remained unidentified until forensic dentists were able to use dental examinations to identify 61% of victims through comparing dental charts and x-rays.
The digestive system begins with the mouth, which contains both baby teeth and permanent teeth. Baby teeth, or deciduous teeth, are the first set of teeth and include 20 teeth. They develop by age 2 and start falling out around age 6 to be replaced by 32 permanent teeth, which are usually fully developed by age 12. Teeth have several parts including the crown, root, and neck. They also have interior parts like the pulp, dentin, cementum, and enamel. Proper oral hygiene including brushing and flossing daily is important for preventing cavities, gum disease, and tooth loss.
The digestive system begins with the mouth, which contains both baby teeth and permanent teeth. Baby teeth, also called deciduous or primary teeth, are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. The mouth contains incisors, canines, bicuspids, and molars, each with a different shape and function. Proper oral hygiene through brushing and flossing is important to maintain healthy teeth and gums and prevent cavities and gum disease.
The digestive system begins with the mouth, which contains both baby teeth and permanent teeth. Baby teeth, or deciduous teeth, are the first set of teeth and include 20 teeth. They develop by age 2 and start falling out around age 6 to be replaced by 32 permanent teeth, which are usually fully developed by age 12. Teeth have several parts including the crown, root, and neck. They also have interior parts like the pulp, dentin, cementum, and enamel. Proper oral hygiene including brushing and flossing daily is important for preventing cavities, gum disease, and tooth loss.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and physiology. It discusses the major structures of teeth, including enamel, dentin, cementum and dental pulp. It describes the primary and secondary dentitions. It also outlines the functions of the oral cavity, including the roles of plaque, saliva, and pH in demineralization and remineralization. The goal is to identify dental structures, discuss their characteristics, and describe the biologic functions that take place in the oral cavity.
Humans grow two sets of teeth during their lives - baby teeth and permanent teeth. The adult human mouth contains 32 permanent teeth divided into four types that serve different functions: incisors cut food, canines tear food, premolars crush food, and molars grind food. Teeth whitening is an effective way to lighten teeth without removing tooth surface, though the whitening effects typically last many years before teeth start to darken again over time.
Teeth have important medicolegal significance for purposes such as personal identification, age estimation, and bite mark analysis. Their anatomy includes structures like enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Dental characteristics like tooth size and shape, restorations, and developmental stages are unique to an individual and can be used to identify human remains. Bite marks on skin can provide evidence in criminal cases by matching dental features to a suspect's teeth. Teeth are also examined for signs of disease or substance use that may be relevant to investigations.
This document defines oral anatomy terminology and describes systems for numbering teeth. It defines 73 oral anatomy terms related to tooth structure and surrounding tissues. It describes the universal numbering system that uses Arabic numbers 1-32 to identify permanent teeth and letters A-T to identify primary teeth. Landmark numbers like 8-9 for maxillary central incisors and 24-25 for mandibular central incisors are provided to help remember the system. The document also briefly outlines the ISO and Palmer numbering systems that are less commonly used.
The document discusses dental anatomy and terminology. It defines key terms like maxilla, mandible, quadrants, and different classes of teeth. It describes primary and permanent dentitions, noting the number and type of teeth in each. Key tooth surfaces like facial, lingual, proximal, and occlusal are defined. Tooth anatomy includes the crown, neck, root and their microstructures like enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Landmarks like cusps, lobes, and ridges are also outlined. Palmer notation and other numbering systems for identifying individual teeth are introduced.
This document provides information about the anatomy of the mouth. It describes the oral cavity and its components including the lips and teeth. The oral cavity is lined with mucous membrane and consists of the vestibule and oral cavity proper. The lips are soft, pliable structures that form the mouth's margin. Teeth are made of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp and come in different types including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. The document also discusses the blood supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage of the oral structures.
This document provides an overview of oral anatomy and related topics. It discusses tooth anatomy including the crown, root, and four tooth tissues. It also describes the types of teeth, dentition, periodontium including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament. Finally, it covers the four types of papillae on the tongue and their characteristics.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the level of carbon dioxide that is released at the end of an exhaled breath. ETCO2 levels reflect the adequacy with which carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood back to the lungs and exhaled.
Non-invasive methods for ETCO2 measurement include capnometry and capnography. Capnometry provides a numerical value for ETCO2. In contrast, capnography delivers a more comprehensive measurement that is displayed in both graphical (waveform) and numerical form.
Sidestream devices can monitor both intubated and non-intubated patients, while mainstream devices are most often limited to intubated patients.
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near YouNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
4. INTRODUCTION
Oral anatomy: Is a fundamental of dental sciences on
which the oral health care provider is based.
The oral cavity is the first area in which digestion of
the food we eat begins.
All of surrounding and supporting structures in the
mouth contribute to the digestive process in one way
or another.
Abukhaleed 4
5. INTRODUCTION CONT. D…
The major structures that are found in and around the oral
cavity include the
1) Lips,
2) Cheeks,
3) Tongue,
4) Hard palate,
5) Soft palate,
6) Teeth,
7) Gums,
8) Salivary glands
9) U/L jaws
Maintaining the teeth in a state of health is of utmost
importance for complete digestion and nutrition.
Abukhaleed 5
6. DEFINITION
Is the sciences that deal with the anatomical study of
teeth and its related structure within the oral cavity.
Abukhaleed 6
7. TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
HARD TISSUES
Teeth
Alveolar bone
Hard palate
Mandible
Maxilla
SOFT TISSUES
Gums
Periodontal ligament
Tongues
Tonsils
Lips
Cheeks
Uvula
Soft palate
Abukhaleed 7
8. HARD TISSUES
Teeth/ Tooth
Alveolar bone
Hard palate
Soft palate
Mandible
Maxilla
Abukhaleed 8
9. TEETH
It’s the hardest, most
calcified structure
found within the oral
cavity.
Crown
Root
TOOTH
Abukhaleed 9
10. CROWN
- CLINICAL CROWN
(corona clinica): the
treatable portion of the
part visible at that time.
– ANATOMICAL CROWN
(corona anatomica): the
part of the tooth covered with
enamel. Thus, the clinical
crown and root differ in length
from the anatomical crown and
root, depending on the
patient’s age or the position of
the gingival margin.
Abukhaleed 10
11. BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF DENTAL ANATOMY
Human Dentition
The teeth that are
located in the
upper and lower
jaws are
collectively
referred to as the
human dentition.
Humans have two
dentitions
throughout life
Abukhaleed 11
12. TERMINOLOGY CONT.….
Maxillae – The upper jaw is known as the Maxillae.
Maxillary Teeth – The teeth located in the maxillae
form an arch and are referred to as maxillary teeth.
Mandible – The lower jaw is called the mandible.
Mandibular Teeth – The teeth located in the
mandible are referred to as mandibular teeth.
Distal – Away from the midline of the mouth
Buccal – Any area on the cheek side of the teeth
Lingual – Any area on the tongue side of the teeth
Abukhaleed 12
13. TERMINOLOGY CONT.…..
Facial – Any area on the cheek or lip side of the
teeth.
Is often used interchangeably with buccal but mostly in
the anterior portion of the mouth.
Palatal – Any area on the tongue side of the
maxillary teeth
Occlusal – Any area on the chewing surfaces of
back teeth.
Incisal – Any area on the biting surfaces of the
front teeth. Abukhaleed 13
14. TERMINOLOGY CONT.…
Posterior –
Towards the
back of the
mouth.
Anterior –
Towards the
front of the
mouth
Mesial –
Towards the
midline of the
mouth Abukhaleed 14
16. QUADRANT
Each jaw has two
(2) quadrant and in
every quadrat of an
adult dentition
consist of 8 teeth,
and 5 teeth in
primary dentition.
Abukhaleed 16
17. QUADRANT CONT…
The specific brackets are designed to represent each
of the four quadrants of the dentition, as if you were
facing the patient as seen below
Is upper right quadrant
Is upper left quadrant
Is lower right quadrant
Is lower left quadrant
Abukhaleed 17
18. CLASSIFICATION OF TEETH
PRIMARY DENTITION
The first set of teeth
we get.
These are often
referred to as baby
teeth.
There are 20 teeth in
the primary
dentition.
SECONDARY DENTITION
The second set of teeth
we get.
These are often
referred to as adult
teeth.
There are 32 teeth in
the permanent dentition
Abukhaleed 18
19. DIFF BETWEEN PRI. AND SECONDRY TEETH
PRIMARY TEETH
Consist of 8 incisors, 4canines,
8molars
They are smaller in size
They are whiter
The crowns are shorter
Pulp chambers are larger
Roots are longer and
slender
Have fewer anomalies
and variations in tooth
form
SECONDARY TEETH
Consists of 8incisors,
4canines, 8premolars and 12
molars
They are large
Yellowish
Crown is longer
Dentine is larger
Have many anomalies
Abukhaleed 19
21. PARTS OF A TOOTH
There are two major
part of the tooth crown
and root which is
further divided into
four part, tissues or
layer.
1. Enamel
2. Dentine
3. cementum
4. pulp
Abukhaleed 21
22. ENAMEL
Is the white, protective external surface layer of the
anatomic crown.
It is highly calcified or mineralized, and is the hardest
substance in the body.
Its content is 95% mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite)
The remaining substances include 5% water and
enamel matrix. It develops from
The enamel organ (ectoderm) and is a product of
specialized epithelial cells called ameloblasts
Abukhaleed 22
23. DENTIN
Is the hard yellowish tissue underlying the enamel
and cementum, and makes up the major bulk of the
inner portion of each tooth (crown and root)
Mature dentin is composed of about 70% calcium
hydroxyapatite, 18% organic matter (collagen
fibers), and 12% water.
It harder than cementum but softer and less brittle
than enamel.
Dentin develops from the mesoderm embryologically.
Its forms by odontoblasts cells
Abukhaleed 23
24. PULP
Pulp is the soft (not calcified or mineralized) tissue in
the cavity or space in the center of the crown and root
called the pulp cavity.
The pulp cavity has a coronal portion (pulp chamber)
and a root portion (pulp canal or root canal).
It develops from the dental papilla (mesoderm)
Its soft connective tissue containing a rich supply of
blood vessels and nerves, through apical foramen.
Abukhaleed 24
25. FUNCTION OF PULP
Formative: Dentin-producing cells (odontoblasts) produce
dentin throughout the life of a tooth. (secondary dentin)
Sensory: Nerve endings relay the sense of pain caused from
heat, cold, drilling, sweet foods, decay, trauma, or infection to
the brain, so we feel it.
Nutritive: Blood vessels transport nutrients from the
bloodstream to cells of the pulp and the odontoblasts that
produce dentin.
(Surprisingly, blood in the tooth pulp had passed through the
heart only 6 seconds previously.)
Defensive or protective: Pulp responds to injury or decay
by forming reparative dentin (by the odontoblasts).
Abukhaleed 25
26. CEMENTUM
Cementum is the dull yellow external layer of the tooth
root.
The cementum is very thin especially next to the cervical
line.
Its (50–100 mm in thick which composed of ;
65% calcium hydroxyapatite (mineralized and calcified),
35% organic matter (collagen fibers), and
12% water. (Another author, Melfi, states that the mineral
content of cementum is about 50%.)
Cementum is about as hard as bone but considerably softer
than enamel.
It develops from the dental sac (mesoderm), and is
produced by cells called cementoblasts.
Abukhaleed 26
27. CEMENTOENAMELJUNCTION (CEJ)
The CEJ separates the enamel of the crown from
the cementum of the root.
This junction is also known as the cervical line,
that it surrounds the neck or cervix of the tooth
Abukhaleed 27
28. TEETH IDENTIFICATION
In both the maxillary and mandibular arch there
are similar teeth.
These include the
1) Incisors,
2) Canines,
3) Premolars
4) Molars.
Each of these teeth are located in a different area of
the mouth and serve different functions
Abukhaleed 28
29. TYPES OF TEETH
Incisors
The four front teeth in the mouth are known as incisors.
The two center teeth are known as central incisors and
the teeth on either side of them are known as lateral
incisors.
They are located in both the maxillary and mandibular
arches.
FUNCTION
They act like scissors, for cutting or biting food.
Abukhaleed 29
30. CANINES
The teeth located distal to the lateral incisors are known
as canines.
These teeth form the corners of the mouth.
There are 2 canines in each arch (JAW)
FUNCTION
These teeth are responsible for tearing food particles
when chewing.
Abukhaleed 30
31. PREMOLARS
The teeth located distal to the canines are known as
premolars. These teeth are smaller than the molars
There are 4 premolars in each arch and two are
located behind each canine in the arch.
They are only present in the permanent dentition.
FUNCTION
These are responsible for crushing food in the chewing
process.
Abukhaleed 31
32. MOLARS
There are normally 6 molars in each arch; three on the
left and three on the right side.
They are referred to as first, second and third molars.
Some people never develop third molars and often
these are the molars that are so far back in the
mouth that they have difficulty coming in and may
have to be taken out.
FUNCTION
The role of the molars in chewing is to grind the food.
Abukhaleed 32
33. TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
In order to effectively and efficiently refer to teeth we
often use numbering or lettering systems.
There are several systems that are used throughout the
world.
These include :-
1. Universal Numbering System
2. Palmer Notation System
3. International Numbering System.
The most widely used system in U.S. dental schools is
the Universal Numbering System.
Abukhaleed 33
34. UNIVERSAL TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
HISTORY
It was first suggested by Parreid in 1882, and
officially adopted by the American Dental
Association (ADA)in 1975.
It is accepted by third-party providers and is
endorsed by the American Society of Forensic
Odontology.
Abukhaleed 34
35. PERMANENT DENTITION
This consists of assigning numbers to the teeth in
the permanent dentition from 1 to 32 starting with
the upper right third molar and continuing over to
the upper left third molar and then down to the
lower left third molar and onto to the lower right
third molar.
For example:
The mandibular right canine tooth would be tooth
#27
Abukhaleed 35
37. PRIMARY/ TEMPORARY DENTITION
Using the Universal Numbering System the
primary dentition is identified using letters.
Beginning at the second molar on the upper right,
the teeth in the maxillary arch are assigned letters
A – J.
Then continuing with the mandibular left second
molar and around to the mandibular right second
molar, the teeth are assigned letters K – T.
Abukhaleed 37
39. ZSIGMONDY-PALMER SYSTEM
HISTORY:
In 1861 Adolf Zsigmondy introduced a new dental
coding system
By preparing four sets of eight (8)numbers 1 - 8, (on
each quadrant) used for permanent dentition only.
Roman numerals, I,II,III, IV,V. for temporary dentition
1870 Palmer modified the system by using alphabet
A-E on each quadrant for the primary dentition.
Abukhaleed 39
40. ZSIGMONDY-PALMER CONT…
V IV III II I I II III IV V
V IV III II I I II III IV V
E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E
Zsigmondy-Palmers System.
Primary Dentition
Permanent Dentition
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zsigmondy Notational system
Abukhaleed 40
41. WOLD DENTAL FEDERATION
FDI (2 DIGIT ) NOTATION
The World Dental Federation notation (also
known as the Federation Dentaire Internationale or
FDI System)
Its Uses two digits for each tooth, permanent or
primary.
The first digit denotes the quadrant (right or left) and
arch (maxillary or mandibular) and dentition
(permanent or primary)
Abukhaleed 41
42. FDI cont….
The second digit denotes the tooth position in each
quadrant relative to the midline, from closest to the
midline to farthest away.
E g;
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
Quadrant five (5) Upper Right 51- 55
Quadrant six(6) Upper Left 61-65
Quadrant seven(7) Upper Left 71-75
Quadrant four (8) Upper Left 81-85
Quadrant one (1) Upper Right 11-18
Quadrant two (2) Upper Left 21-28
Quadrant tree (3) Upper Left 31-38
Quadrant four (4) Upper Left 41-48
Abukhaleed 42
44. ALVIOLA BONE
Alveolus : small hollow space or socket where the
tooth root fits within the jaw bones.
Abukhaleed 44
45. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
Is the bony portion of maxilla and mandible where
the teeth is embedded and tooth root are supported
Alveolar socket is the cavity within the alveolar
process in which the root of the tooth is held by the
periodontal ligament .
When the tooth is multi rooted tooth the bone is
called interredicular septum.
Its include :
I - Cortical plate
II - Alveolar crest
lll - Trabecular bone
Abukhaleed 45
46. CORTICAL PLATE
Its compose of facial and lingual plate of compact
bone.
Its dense in nature provide straight and protection
Its act for the attachment of the skeletal muscle
The mandibular cortical plate is more dense the
maxillary due to its less perforation for the passage
of nerve and blood vessels
Abukhaleed 46
47. ALVEOLAR CREST
It’s the highest point of the alveolar ridge which
joint the facial and lingual cortical plate
ALVEOLAR BONE
Abukhaleed 47
48. TRABECULAR BONE
TRABECULAR BONE
Abukhaleed 48
Trabecular bone or spongy bone lies within the central
portion of the alveolar process and is the less dense,
chancellors bone.
Its has web-like appearance on a radiographs
49. HARD PALATE
The hard palate : Is the firm anterior part of the
roof of the mouth with mucosa over the underlying
bone (namely, the horizontal plates of the palatine
bones and palatine processes of the maxillae).
The hard palate is covered by keratinized, grayish
red to coral pink tissue.
Its include the following structure
i. Incisive papilla ii. Palatine raphe
iii. Palatine ruqae
Abukhaleed 49
50. STRUCTURE OF THE HARD PALATE
Incisive papilla
Palatine Rugae
Palatine raphe
Abukhaleed 50
51. INCISIVE PAPILLA
This papilla is located
over the incisive foramen,
where the nasopalatine
nerve passes from the
nasal cavity onto the
palate to innervate the
anterior portion of the
hard palate.
It is the location for
injecting anesthetic to
numb palatal tissue in this
area.
Abukhaleed 51
52. PALATINE RUQAE
[ROO guy] or [ROO jee ]
Are a series of palatal tissue elevations, or wrinkles.
Its located on the palate just posterior the maxillary
anterior teeth.
Rugae function in two important ways:
tactilely sensing objects or food position
in aiding the tongue’s proper placement for the
production of certain speech sounds.
Abukhaleed 52
53. PALATINE RAPHE
Is the slightly elevated ridge of firm tissue
running anteroposteriorly along the midline of
the hard palate. (over the intermaxillary suture
attachment between the palatine processes of
the right and left maxillae)
The mucosa over the raphe is firmly attached to
the underlying bone without intervening fat or
gland cells.
The rest of the tissue on both sides of the raphe
has fat or salivary gland
Abukhaleed 53
54. SOFT PALATE
The soft palate : Is the posterior movable part of
the roof of the mouth without underlying bony
support.
The vibrating line is the junction between the
hard and soft palate
It separates the mouth from the nasal passage
If you forcefully say “ah, ah, ah,” you can see the
soft palate move (or vibrate) up and down
whereas the hard plate does not.
Abukhaleed 54
57. MAXILLARY BONE CONT…
Consists of one large, hollow, central mass called the
body, and four projecting processes or extensions of
bone.
Maxilla Structures
The body of the maxilla is shaped like a four-sided,
hollow pyramid with the base oriented vertically next
to the nasal cavity and the apex or peak extending
laterally into part of the cheekbone (or zygomatic
bone).
The superior portion of the maxilla forms the floor of
the orbit of the eye where an infraorbital fissure is
located.
Abukhaleed 57
58. MAXILLARY SINUS OR ANTRUM
Sinuses are hollow spaces within bones and are
found within the sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid
bones, as well as within each maxilla.
Sinuses functions
(a) lighten the skull,
(b) give resonance to the voice,
(c) warm the air we breathe, and
(d) moisten the nasal cavity.
Abukhaleed 58
59. BONY PROCESS
There are four processes extending out from
the body of the maxillae.
1) Frontal (or Nasofrontal) Process
2) Zygomatic Process
3) Alveolar Process
4) Palatine Process of the Maxilla
Abukhaleed 59
60. MANDIBLE BONE
The single horseshoe-
shaped mandible
[MAN de b’l].
Is the largest and
strongest bone of the
face.
It is attached by
ligaments and muscles
to the relatively
Abukhaleed 60
61. MANDIBLE STRUCTURE
It’s the largest and strongest bone of the skull
that forms the lawer jaw
The mandible is the only bone of the skull that
can move
The TMJs between the mandible and the
temporal bones are movable articulations, the
only visible movable articulations in the head.
The mandible has 3 mean part
i. 2 vertical rami
ii . body of the mandible
Abukhaleed 61
62. BODY OF MANDIBLE
An alveolar process surrounds the tooth roots and
alveolar eminences are visible as vertical elevations
over tooth roots on the facial surface.
The prominent elevations overlying the roots of the
canines are called the canine eminences.
The bulky, curved, horizontal body and the flattened
vertical ramus join at the angle of the mandible on
either side.
The symphysis is the line of fusion of the right and
left sides at the midline where the two halves of the
mandible (body) fused (joined together) during the
first year after birth.
It is therefore usually not visible.
Abukhaleed 62
63. RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
There are two processes on the superior end of each
ramus.
The coronoid process is the more pointed, anterior
process on the upper border.
The second more rounded and posterior process of
the ramus is the condyloid process (also called the
mandibular condyle).
This process is composed of a bulky condyle head
and a narrow neck that attaches the head to the
ramus.
sigmoid notch or semilunar notch its between two
process
Abukhaleed 63
64. ANOMALIES
Diseases of the hard structure affect the enamel
and dentine part of the tooth.
Some of that diseases are:-
1. Dental caries
2. Amelogenesis inferfectar
3. Dentinogenesis inferfecter
4. Non caries lesion
- Attrition
- abrasion
- eruption and fluorosis
Abukhaleed 64
65. DENTAL CARIES
Dental caries tooth
decay is a major oral
health problem in most
industrialized countries.
Its affecting about 60-
90% of school children
and majority of an adult.
its manifesting from
small patch and then
demineralised the
enamel surface of the
tooth
Abukhaleed 65
66. DENTAL CARIES
DEF: - Is define as an irreversible destruction of hard
structure of the tooth. (WHO)
Abukhaleed 66
67. G.V. BLACK’S CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
G.V. Black’s Classification of Dental Caries, which was first
introduced in 1908 and is still used today.
Black’s original classification consisted of five categories,
with a sixth added later
Abukhaleed 67
68. CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
Class I: Caries affecting pits and fissures on occlusal third of
molars and premolars, occlusal two-thirds of molars and
premolars, and lingual part of anterior teeth.
Class II: Caries affecting proximal surfaces of molars and
premolars.
Class III: Caries affecting proximal surfaces of central incisors,
lateral incisors, and cuspids without involving the incisal
angles.
Class IV: Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of
anterior teeth.
Class V: Caries affecting gingival one-third of facial or lingual
surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
Class VI: Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and
cuspids Abukhaleed 68
69. MANAGEMENT OF DENTAL CARIES
Restoration by the use of restorative dental
material
Extraction as a last option
Abukhaleed 69
70. AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECT
is a hereditary
disorder that affects
the enamel formation
of both dentitions.
Abukhaleed 70
71. DENTINOGENESIS IMFERFECTA
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Is a hereditary disorder
that affects the dentin
formation of both
dentitions.
Clinically, all teeth have
an unesthetic light blue-
gray to yellow, somewhat
opalescent appearance
hence the term
hereditary opalescent
dentin.
Abukhaleed 71
72. ATTRITION
Is define as were away
of a tooth structure due
to contact with one
another during
mastication in older age.
The incisor tooth is
appeared flattened and
Its mostly occur in man
then woman
Abukhaleed 72
73. ABRASION/ EROSION
Abrasion: Is the
wearing away of tooth
structure due to friction
of the hard object e. g
tooth brush
The harder material is
tend to be more
abrasive then the soft
one.
Erosion: is the chemical
wearing away of tooth
structure, which lead to
damaging of enamel
surface erosion
Abukhaleed 73
74. DENTAL FLUOROSIS
Fluorosis is a condition
caused during enamel
formation by the
ingestion of a high
concentration of fluoride
compounds in drinking
water that greatly
exceeds the
concentration
recommended for
controlling decay.
Abukhaleed 74
76. INTRODUCTION
Oral cavity it’s the entrance of the upper digestive
tract which is continue into oropharynx.
Its divided into two region 1st NS 2ND .
1ST region Is oral vestibule its located external to the
dental arch.
2nd region is oral cavity proper which is located
internal to dental arch
The soft tissues component of the oral cavity are:-
Lips mucosa, gingival gums, alveolar mucosa,
tongues palate and mucosa covering its, uvula , and
floor of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 76
77. MUCOSA
The oral mucosa is lined by a mucous membrane that
consists of a lining epithelial tissue and an underlying
connective tissue.
The oral mucosa can be classified as follows:
lining,
masticatory,
and specialized.
FUNCTIONS,
protection,
taste sensation,
and chewing. Abukhaleed 77
78. LINING MUCOSA
The lining of oral mucosa must be as flexible as
possible in order to be protective.
Related to chewing, the oral masticatory mucosa
permits a free movement of the lips, tongue, and
cheek muscles.
It exhibits a covering of keratinized epithelium and
its connective tissues is strongly attached to the
bone to withstand the constant mastication of food.
The specialized mucosa that is found in the dorsal
surface of the tongue exhibits papillae and taste
buds responsible for taste sensation.
In the case of the oropharynx mucosa, it is lined by
non keratinized squamous stratified epithelium
Abukhaleed 78
79. ORAL VESTIBULE/ORAL CAVITY PROPER
ORAL VESTIBLE; It’s the region surrounded by the lip
(buccal) mucosa mucobuccal fold, alviolar mucosa, gingiva
and upper and lower dental arch.
ORAL CAVITY PROPER; saparated by oral vestible when
teeth are in contact between upper and lower jaw.
FRENULUM; Is the mucosal fold that run from the central
incisors region of the alveolar mucosa to the lip mucosa of
the upper and lower.
BUCCAL FRENULA; Is the mucosal fold that run from the
molar region of the alveolar mucosa.
The VESTIBULAR FORNICES (fornix vestibuli superioris and
inferioris) form the superior and inferior margins of the oral
vestibule, where the mucosa of the cheeks and lips reflect
back onto the alveolar mucosa.
Abukhaleed 79
80. UPPER LIP
The lip are fleshy folds tissue around the
opening of the mouth.
Its covered with the skin on the outer side and
mucous membrane on the inner side.
The upper lip is also known as superior lip and
its close to the nose and chin from the side
Abukhaleed 80
81. LOWER LIP
The lower lip is also known as inferior lip and is
the lip close to the chin from the side
Its conversed the mouth from the mandibular
side (lower jaw)
Its covered by the skin from the outer side and
mucous membrane from the inner side
Abukhaleed 81
82. SOFT PALATE
Its locate posterior to
the hard palate and
consist of mainly
muscle tissue
Its continues
posteriorly to the uvula
and laterally its related
to the tonsils
Its movable part of the
palate which is
connected hard palate
via vibratory line Abukhaleed 82
83. UVULA
Uvula is a projection of the soft tissue which is hang
posterior to the soft palate as the continuation
its moving upward during same text say ”dangles’’
It prevent the food /liquid that is being swallowed
from passing into the nasal cavity
FUNCTION
i. Prevent food entering to the nasal cavity
ii. Producing large amount of saliva to lubricate
throat
iii. Play role in speech
Abukhaleed 83
84. TONSIL
Palatine tonsil are the
pair of soft tissue
masses located at the
rear of the throat
(pharynx)
Each tonsils is
compose of similar
lymph nodes , covered
by mucosa (like on the
adjacent mouth lining)
Abukhaleed 84
86. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
Sore throat
Difficulty swallowing
Tender lymph nodes
TREATMENT
SELF-CARE
Tea with honey, salt water
gargle and throat lozenge
MEDICATION
Nonsteriodal anti-imflamatory
drug , analgesic and antibiotics
SURGERY
Tonsillectomy; removal of
tonsils
Abukhaleed 86
87. FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
The floor of the mouth lies between the parabolic
mandibular body and extends as far as the root of the
tongue.
It is the muscular base of the oral cavity, being formed by
some of the suprahyoid muscles of the hyoid bone, mainly
by the mylohyoid muscles (musculus mylohyoidea; running
from the mandibular body transversely to the midline of
the skull), on which the tongue rests.
Above and below these muscles are the sublingual and
submandibular salivary glands.
This limited sublingual space is often referred to as the
floor of the mouth. Sublingual and submandibular salivary
glands are found in the floor of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 87
88. SALIVARY GLAND
Salivary glands lie in the oral cavity and produce saliva. They can be
classified according to their size.
Small salivary glands in the mouth are mucous and serous glands and
include the following:
Labial glands (glandulae labialis)
Buccal glands (glandulae buccalis)
Molar glands (glandulae molares), which open into the vestibular area of
the mouth Palatine glands (glandulae palatinae)
Lingual glands (glandulae linguales), which open into the oral cavity
Large salivary glands include the following:
Parotid gland (glandula parotis), a serous gland that lies in front of the
outer ear and exits in the cheek, level with the second molar (Fig 6-40)
Sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis), a mixed gland that lies in the
sublingual fossa of the mandible and exits in the sublingual caruncle, a
papilla of mucous membrane next to the frenulum of the tongue (Fig 6-41)
Submandibular gland (glandula submandibularis), mixed gland that lies in
the mandibular
Abukhaleed 88
90. NERVE SUPPLY
SENSORY
Roof: by greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
(branches of maxillary nerve)
Floor: by lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
Cheek: by buccal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
MOTOR
Muscle in the cheek (buccinator) and the lip
(orbicularis oris) are supplied by the branches of the
facial nerve
Abukhaleed 90
91. CHEEKS
The cheeks (buccae) originate from the sides of the
face at the nasolabial sulcus (sulcus nasolabialis)
and, together with the lips, form the external
border of the oral vestibule.
The cheeks can contain thick pads of fat; the layer
of fatty tissue in the faces of women may be twice
as thick as in men.
The thickness of facial skin varies across the
different sections of the face, but it is highly elastic
in all areas and has a plentiful supply of blood
vessels and nerves.
Abukhaleed 91
92. CHEEKS COND..
The muscular basis of the cheeks is formed by the
buccinator muscle (musculus buccinator), which
attaches the cheeks to the molars and premolars.
The mucosa of the cheeks, like that of the lips,
contains small mixed salivary glands (glandulae
buccales).
The exit point of the parotid gland in the form of a
small mucosal protuberance (papilla parotidea) is
located close to the second molar, and this is the
reason for the tartar deposits that are commonly
found on the vestibular surface of the maxillary
molars.
Abukhaleed 92
94. PERIODONTIUM cond..
The comprises all the tissues that anchor the tooth
in the bone; I e, it is tooth supporting tissue (peri =
around, odous = tooth; paradontal = near or close
to the tooth).
functional unit of various supporting tissues.
Firstly because they form a single unit once they
have developed.
Secondly, they belong together in terms of clinical
pathology.
Thirdly, they form a compact system for the
particular task (function)of anchoring the tooth in
the jawbone.
Abukhaleed 94
95. GINGIVAL
The gingiva is the part of
the soft tissue in the
mouth that covers the
alveolar bone of the
jaws, and is the only part
of the periodontium that
is visible in a healthy
mouth.
Its divided into;
Free gingiva (unattached
gingival)
Attached gingiva. (or
marginal gingiva)
Abukhaleed 95
97. FREE GINGIVA
Is a collar of thin gingiva that surrounds each tooth
and, in health, adapts to the tooth but provides
access into the potential space between the free
gingiva and the tooth which is called a gingival
sulcus (crevice).
The gingival sulcus is not seen visually but can be
evaluated with a periodontal probe, since it is
actually a space (or potential space) between the
tooth surface and the narrow unattached cervical
collar of free gingiva.
If you insert a thin probe into this sulcus, it should
extend only 1 to 3 mm deep in a healthy person.
Abukhaleed 97
98. INTERDENTAL PAPILLA
Is the part of the collar of free gingiva that
extends between the teeth.
A healthy papilla conforms to the space
between two teeth (interproximal space), so it
comes to a point near where the adjacent
teeth contact.
The papilla also has a hidden sulcus where
dental floss can fit once it passes between the
teeth.
Abukhaleed 98
99. ATTACHED GINGIVAL
Is a gingival that
firmly bound to the
underlying alveolar
bone.
It begin from the
civical line to the
alviolar mucosa
Abukhaleed 99
100. GINGIVITIS
GUMS disease is one of the most common diseases
of humans.
According to statistics, as many as 75 per cent of
adults over the age of 30 may suffer from some form
of gum disease at some point in their life. Not only
can gum disease cause oral pain, discomfort and
tooth loss, it can also seriously affect a person’s
overall health.
The connection between oral infections and other
diseases in the body is be comin understood and
accepted within the health-care community
Abukhaleed 100
101. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
Red, swollen or tender
gums
Gums that bleed when
brushing or flossing
Receding gums
Deep pockets (the
space between the
gums and the teeth)
Metallic taste
Tooth sensitivity for no
apparent reason
Loose or shifting teeth
Abscesses Abukhaleed 101
102. PERIODONTAL SPACE
The periodontal space is a gap about 0.1 to 0.2
mm wide (when healthy) between the cementum
and the alveolar bone, which is seen as a thin line
on radiographs.
This is where the periodontal ligament is located.
It is mainly made up of connective tissue fibers
that join together to form separate bundles of
fibers These are known as Sharpey fibers.
The periodontal ligament also contains blood
vessels and nerves.
Abukhaleed 102
103. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
The periodontal
ligament is a very thin
ligament composed of
many tissue fibers that
attach the outer layer
of the tooth root
(covered with
cementum) to the thin
layer of dense alveolar
bone surrounding a
tooth.
Abukhaleed 103
104. PERIODONTITIS
Its an inflammation of
the periodontal fiber
around the tooth
Its course by bacteria
Untreated
periodontitis can
eventually resulting to
loss of tooth
It may increase the
risk of:
stroke,
heart attach and
others health problem
Abukhaleed 104
105. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
Inflamed or swollen
gum
Bright red gum
Pain on gums
Receding gums
Space between teeth
Pus between teeth
Bleeding when brushing
teeth
Loose of teeth
Halitosis etc
Abukhaleed 105
106. TREATMENT OF PERIODONTITIS
Good oral hygiene
Scaling and cleaning
Medication
- Antibiotic
- Antiseptic
Advances periodontitis may need flap surgery (Root
planning )or bone and tissue grafts
HOME REMEDY
Brushing
Using dental plus
Use mouth wash
Extra care of denture, crown or filing's teeth.
Abukhaleed 106
107. TONGUE
The tongue is
muscular organ lined
by an oral epithelium.
It contains numerous
specialized structures
related to taste
sensation
Internally, however,
the tongue
predominantly
composed of striated
muscle. Abukhaleed 107
108. PART OF THE TONGUE
Superior surface of the tongue has a v-sharped line known
as terminal sulcus which is divided the tongue in to
anterior and posterior
ROOT
is located between hyoid bone and mandible and dorsal
portion sits in the oropharynx which attached to the roofing
of the mouth
BODY
Anterior 2/3, rough surface, lingual papilla and lateral portion
in relation to the teeth
APEX
Also known as tip located in the anterior 1/3 of the anterior
tongue which rest in incisors teeth and is highly mobile
Abukhaleed 108
109. SURFACE FEATURES OF THE TONGUE
The body and tip (apex) contain test bud which is
located in anterior part of the tongue viz
VALLATE PAPILLA: Its large and flat papilla
arranged in a V-sharped in anterior terminal sulcus
FOLIATE PAPILLA: are poorly develop fold on the
side of the tongue
FILIFORM PAPILLA: are long, conical, pinkish gray
projection that are sensitive to tough.
FUNGIFORM PAPILLA: are pink to red spots
distributed between the filiform papilla and are
most dense at the apex and margins of the tongue
Abukhaleed 109
111. TONGUE CONTD
Embryologically the tongue might be classified by
anterior and posterior regions.
Anterior region: Its about 2/3 of the length tongue, is a
visible, highly mobile, and directed forward against the
lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth.
Posterior region : About 1/3 of the length of the tongue
has its base on the floor of the mouth, connected with
the hyoid bone, epiglottis, and soft palate, styloid
process, and approximates the oropharynx.
The posterior surface has no lingual papilla but has rough
due to present of lymphoid nodule.
Inferior surface is connected with the floor of the mouth
by a fold known as lingual frenulum
Abukhaleed 111
112. MUSCLE OF THE TONGUE
The tongue muscle can be divided into two intrinsic and
extrinsic muscle
Intrinsic muscles : The intrinsic muscles are four
Superior longitudinal muscles
Inferior longitudinal muscles
Transvers muscles
Vertical muscles
These muscles originate and terminate at the within the
tongue they do not attach to any bone, they are altering
the shape of the tongue
Superior and inferior longitudinal muscle retract the
tongue by making it short and thick
Transvers and vertical muscles protrude the tongue by
making it long (narrow) out of the mouth.
Abukhaleed 112
113. MUSCLE OF THE TONGUE CONTD ..
Extrinsic muscles: These
muscles are four viz.
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
These muscle originate
out side the tongues and
they are attached to the
bone.
Abukhaleed 113
114. FUNCTION OF TONGUE
TASTE: the test buds, the
sensory receptors for taste,
are located in the tongue.
SPEECH: The movement of
the tongue are very crucial
for articulation during
speech.
CLEANING: The movement
of the tongue dislodge food
particle stuck between the
teeth gum and cheek so
that it can be spat out or
swallowed.
Abukhaleed 114
115. SENSORY NERVE OF THE TONGUE
Anterior ⅔:
General sensations:
Lingual nerve
Special sensations : chorda
tympani
Posterior ⅓: and soft
palate
General & special
sensations:
glossopharyngeal nerve
Base:
General & special
sensations: internal
laryngeal nerve Abukhaleed 115
116. MOTOR NERVE OF THE TONGUE
Intrinsic muscles:
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic muscles:
All supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except
the palatoglossus
The palatoglossus supplied by the pharyngeal
plexus
Abukhaleed 116
117. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arteries:
Lingual artery
Tonsillar branch of
facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal
artery
Veins:
Lingual vein, ultimately
drains into the internal
jugular vein
Abukhaleed 117
118. OCCLUSION
Abukhaleed 118
Normal occlusion: The normal occlusion involves a small vertical
overlap of the maxillary teeth over the mandibular anterior teeth,
usually without contact.
Malocclusion: Its an abnormal relationship of the upper and
lower dental arch.
Prognathism: If the maxillary anterior teeth protrude
considerably, with an adverse esthetic effect and receding chin.
Retrognathism: Prognathism takes the form of a reverse
vertical overlap of the mandibular anterior teeth, identified by
a prominent chin.
Open bite: Is a localized malocclusion in which individual teeth
in terminal occlusion have no contact in the anterior or
posterior segment.
If severe, it leads to open mouth breathing together with a
susceptibility to caries.
120. REFERENCES
Woelfel, JB, RC Scheid. Dental Anatomy, Its Relevance to
Dentistry. Fifth ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 1997,
pp. 1-118.
https://www.cdha.ca/pdfs/Profession/Policy/research_age
nda_102603.pdf
Teaford, M. F. Scanning electron microscope diagnosis of
wear patterns versus artifacts on fossil teeth. Scanning
Microsc. 2, 1167–1175 (1988).
Foundation of dental technology anatomy and physiology
by Arnold Hohmann Werner Hielscher
Abukhaleed 120