This document provides information about the cranial nerves, including:
- There are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves in humans, with the first two emerging from the cerebrum and the remaining ten from the brainstem.
- Cranial nerves I-XI are part of the peripheral nervous system, while cranial nerve II is a tract of the diencephalon.
- Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in amniotes to total twelve pairs across vertebrate species.
- The accessory nerve or CN XI controls muscles of the neck and shoulder. Damage can cause weakness of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
- The hypoglossal nerve or CN X
INTRODUCTION-FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS-HYPOGLOSSAL NUCLEUS-INTRANEURAL COURSE-BRANCHES AND DISTRIBUTION-CLINICAL ANATOMY- It is very useful UG & PG Medical and dental & Nursing students. It also helps physiotherapist and paramedical students.
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
INTRODUCTION-FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS-HYPOGLOSSAL NUCLEUS-INTRANEURAL COURSE-BRANCHES AND DISTRIBUTION-CLINICAL ANATOMY- It is very useful UG & PG Medical and dental & Nursing students. It also helps physiotherapist and paramedical students.
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
VAGUS (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII)
agus nerve (X):
Has a wide range of functions, including control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also has sensory and motor components. The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla. Located lateral to olive and below the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Accessory nerve (XI):
Controls the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It emerges from the medulla.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):
Controls the muscles of the tongue. It emerges from the medulla behind pyramid.
Nervous sytem and its divisions: Neuro AnatomyPriyanka Pundir
Neuro Anatomy Introduction, Nervous System, Classification of Nervous System, Cellular Architecture, Neuron Structure, Classification of Neuron, Skull: Osteology, Bones of skull, Skull Joints, Anatomical Position of Skull, Methods of Study of skull.
Anatomy of Cranial Nerve for BPT class.
Require 10 classes. Require help of brain specimen during the class. Testing of the nerves can also be taken together.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Cranial Nerves
DEFINITION : THE NERVES THAT
EMERGE DIRECTLY FROM THE BRAIN,
IN CONTRAST TO SPINAL NERVES,
WHICH EMERGE FROM SEGMENTS OF
THE SPINAL CORD.
4. Cranial Nerves in Humans
There are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Only the first and
the second pair emerge from the cerebrum ; the remaining ten pairs
emerge from the brainstem.
5. About Cranial Nerves
The cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with
the exception of cranial nerve II. The optic nerve, along with the retina,
is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial
nerve ganglia originate in the central nervous system(CNS). The
remaining eleven axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore
considered part of the PNS.
6. Cranial nerves in non-human
vertebrates
Human cranial nerves are nerves similar to those found in many
other vertebrates. Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in other species
to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods), thus totaling twelve pairs. In
some primitive cartilaginous fishes, such as the spiny dogfish or mud
shark (Squalus acanthias), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero,
since it exits the brain before the traditionally designated first cranial
nerve.
9. Cranial Nerve 11
Name : Accessory Nerve
Basis of Classification :
Motor Cranial Nerves
Reason for their classification :
Because they contain only efferent
(Motor) fibers.
11. What is Accessory Nerve?
The accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the
shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in
the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve. Based on its location relative
to other such nerves, it is designated the eleventh of twelve cranial
nerves, and is thus abbreviated as (CN XI).
14. Description
Traditional description of the Accessory nerve divide it into 2 parts:
(a) a spinal part
and
(b) a cranial part.
But because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus
nerve and serves the same function as other vagal nerve
fibers, modern descriptions often consider the cranial
component part of the vagus nerve and not part of the
accessory nerve proper
15. More Description
The spinal accessory nerve provides motor innervation
from the central nervous systemto two muscles of the neck:
the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle tilts and rotates the head,
while the trapezius muscle has several actions on
the scapula, including shoulder elevation and adduction of
the scapula.
The accessory nerve is derived from the basal plate of
the embryonic spinal segments C1–C6.
16. Origin of Accessory
Nerve
The fibers that form the spinal accessory nerve are formed
by lower motor neurons located in the upper segments of
the spinal cord. This cluster of neurons, called the spinal
accessory nucleus, is located in the lateral horn of the
spinal cord. This is in contrast to most other motor neurons,
whose cell bodies are found in the spinal cord's anterior
horn. The lateral horn of high cervical segments appears to
be continuous with the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla
oblongata, from which the cranial component of the
accessory nerve is derived.
17. Classification
Among investigators there is disagreement regarding the terminology
used to describe the type of information carried by the accessory
nerve. As the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles are derived
from the branchial arches, some investigators believe the spinal
accessory nerve that innervates them must carry branchiomeric
(special visceral efferent, SVE) information. This is in line with the
observation that the spinal accessory nucleus appears to be continuous
with the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla. Others, notably Haines,
consider the spinal accessory nerve to carry general somatic
efferent (GSE) information. Still others believe it is reasonable to
conclude that the spinal accessory nerve contains both SVE and GSE
components.
18. Function
The Accessory Nerve functions as to control
the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The thoracic branches
of the spinal accessory nerve are matched to vagal innervation in early
embyrologic development of the mammalian heart.
19. Clinical Relevance
Injury :
Accessory nerve disorder :
Injury to the
spinal accessory nerve can cause an accessory nerve
disorder or spinal accessory nerve palsy, which results in
diminished or absent function of thesternocleidomastoid
muscle and upper portion of the trapezius muscle.
20. Accessory Nerve Disorder
Presentation :
Patients with spinal accessory nerve palsy often
exhibit signs of lower motor neuron disease such as
diminished muscle mass,fasciculations, and
partial paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles. Interruption of the nerve supply to the
sternocleidomastoid muscle results in an asymmetric
neckline, while weakness of the trapezius muscle can
produce a drooping shoulder, winged scapula, and a
weakness of forward elevation of the shoulder.
21. Medical procedures are the most common cause of injury
to the spinal accessory nerve.In particular, radical neck
dissection and cervical lymph node biopsy are among the
most common surgical procedures that result in spinal
accessory nerve damage.London notes that a failure to
rapidly identify spinal accessory nerve damage may
exacerbate the problem, as early intervention leads to
improved outcomes.
22. Treatment
There are several options of treatment
when iatrogenic (i.e., caused by the surgeon) spinal
accessory nerve damage is noted during surgery. For
example, during a functional neck dissection that injures
the spinal accessory nerve, injury prompts the surgeon to
cautiously preserve branches of C2, C3, and C4 spinal
nerves that provide supplemental innervation to the
trapezius muscle.Alternatively, or in addition to
intraoperative procedures, postoperative procedures can
also help in recovering the function of a damaged spinal
accessory nerve. For example, the Eden-Lange procedure,
in which remaining functional shoulder muscles are
surgically repositioned, may be useful for treating trapezius
muscle palsy.
23.
24. Hypoglossal Nerve :
is the twelfth cranial nerve (XII),
Leading to muscles of the tongue.
It is called hypoglossal nerve because it is below
the tongue.
It controls tongue movements of speech, food
manipulation, and swallowing.
26. Trajectory
The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla
oblongatain the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid. It then
passes through thehypoglossal canal. On emerging from the hypoglossal canal, it
gives off a small meningeal branch and picks up a branch from
the anterior ramus of C1. It spirals behind the vagus nerve and passes between
the internal carotid artery and internal jugular veinlying on the carotid sheath.
After passing deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, it passes to the
submandibular region, passes lateral to the Hyoglossus muscle, and inferior to
the lingual nerve to reach and efferently innervate the tongue.
It supplies motor fibres to all of the muscles of the tongue, except
the palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
or, according to some classifications, by fibres from the glossopharyngeal
nerve (cranial nerve IX) that "hitchhike" within the vagus.
The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla
oblongata.
32. Uses in nerve repair
Facial nerve paralysis is a difficult situation to fix, but new cranial nerve
substitution techniques allow for some usage to be restored, to include
hypoglossal-facial anastomosis.
This procedure is considered the standard for reanimating the face when
the proximal end of the facial nerve is not available, but the peripheral
system is still viable. There are two options:
Hypoglossal nerve completely transected and connected to facial nerve.
Hypoglossal nerve partially transected and connected to facial nerve. This
may be accomplished with interposition cable grafts or jump grafts. An
advantage of partial transection is minimizing tongue weakness and
purported decrease in synkinesis. There are disadvantages though since
there are then fewer nerve cells to drive the movement of features in the
face.