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Abdominal trauma
- 1. Imaging in abdominaltrauma
- 2. Abdominal trauma Traumacauses I0% of deaths worldwide The third commonest cause of death after malignancy and vascular disease
- 3. Blunt abdominal trauma Vehicular trauma (75%) Blow to the abdomen (15%) Fall from height (6-9%) Others Domestic accidents Fights Iatrogenic cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- 4. Mechanism of injury Direct impact or movement of organs Compressive, stretching or shearing forces Solid Organs > Blood Loss Hollow Organs > Blood Loss and Peritoneal Contamination Retroperitoneal > Often asymptomatic initially
- 5. Penetrating abdominal injury Accidental Homicidal Iatrogenic Stab wounds Gun shot wounds Shrapnel wounds Impalements
- 6. Vectors of Force- Trauma "Packages" Right-sided Midline Left-sided R hepatic lobe R kidney Diaphragm pancreatic head duodenum IVC Left hepatic lobe Pancreatic body Aorta Transverse colon Duodenum Small bowel Spleen L kidney Diaphragm Pancreatic tail
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- 8. ACR Appropriateness Criteria CategoryA Hemodynamically unstable Clinically obvious major abdominal trauma Unresponsive profound hypotension Resuscitation with volume replacement. Not respond to resuscitation Operating room without imaging
- 9. UNSTABLE INVESTIGATION AVAILABILITY F AS T D P L FREE FLUID BLOOD NO YES CONTINUE RESUSCITATION LAPAROTOMY HEMODYNAMIC STABILITY ?
- 10. Category B Hemodynamically stable Mildto moderate responsive hypotension Significant trauma and have at least moderate suspicion of intra-abdominal injury based on clinical signs and symptoms These patients should be evaluated by imaging
- 11. Category C Hemodynamically stable Patientswith hematuria after blunt abdominal trauma All patients with gross hematuria and pelvic fracture require additional imaging of the bladder to exclude bladder rupture
- 12. STABLE CONSCIOUS , RESPONSIVE YESNO SUSPICION OF ABDOMINAL INJURY YESNO C T CLINICAL FOLLOW- UP
- 13. What is FAST? Afocused, goal directed, sonographic examination of the abdomen Goal is presence of haemoperitoneum or haemopericardium Can be integrated into the primary or secondary survey and can be performed quickly, without removing patients from the clinical arena Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
- 14. What FAST isNOT A definitive diagnostic investigation A substitute for CT
- 15. The ABCDE ofTrauma A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation (FAST) D - Disability E - Environment and Exposure
- 16. The FAST examination FASTexamines four areas for free fluid: Perihepatic & hepato-renal space Perisplenic Pelvis Pericardium
- 17. The perihepatic scan Thehepatorenal space (pouch of Morison) most dependent part of the upper peritoneal cavity The probe is placed in the right mid- to posterior axillary line at the level of the 12th ribs.
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- 19. The perihepatic scan Bloodshows as a hypoechoic black stripe between the capsule liver and the fatty fascia of the kidney
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- 21. Perisplenic window Transducer positionedin left posterior axillary line between 10th and 11th ribs with beam in coronal plane. Demonstrates spleen, kidney and diaphragm May be marred by acoustic shadows from ribs May be improved by imaging patient whilst in full inspiration.
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- 23. The pelvic scan The pelvic examination visualises the cul-de-sac: the Pouch of Douglas in females and the rectovesical pouch in the male Most dependent portion of the lower abdomen and pelvis, where fluid will collect The transducer is placed midline just superior to the symphysis pubis
- 24. The pericardial scan Forthe subxiphoid view, the transducer- probe should be placed in the subxiphoid area and directed into the chest toward the left shoulder so as to view the diaphragm and heart. This view can be difficult to obtain if the patient is experiencing significant abdominal pain.
- 25. Subxiphoid view ofcardiac anatomy
- 26. Subxiphoid view Normal subcostalview of pericardium Positive FAST demonstrating pericardial effusion
- 27. FAST: Strengths andLimitations Strengths Rapid (~2 mins) Portable Inexpensive Technically simple, easy to train Can be performed serially Useful for guiding triage decisions in trauma patients Limitations Does not typically identify source of bleeding Requires extensive training to assess parenchyma reliably Limited in detecting <250 cc intraperitoneal fluid Particularly poor at detecting bowel and mesentery damage Difficult to assess retroperitoneum Limited by habitus in obese patients
- 28. CT in AbdominalTrauma Initial evaluation of blunt trauma penetrating trauma Follow up of non-operative management Rule out Injury
- 29. The findings tolook for in abdominal trauma are the following: Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Contrast blush consistent with active extravasation Subcapsular hematomas Laceration Contusions Devascularization of organs or parts of organs
- 30. Hemoperitoneum Hyperdense intraperitoneal fluidcollection 0–20HU Preexisting ascites Bile Urine Digestive fluid Diluted or old blood 30–45HU Free Unclotted intraperitoneal blood 45–70HU Clotted blood/sentinel clot sign hematoma >100 HU Extravasation of contrast medium (vascular or urinary)
- 31. SENTINEL CLOT SIGN •Clotted blood adjacent to the site of injury is of higher attenuation value than unclotted blood which flows away . • When the source of intraperitoneal bleed not evident, the location of highest attenuating blood clot is a clue to the most likely source
- 32. Spleen The spleen isthe most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma 40% of all solid organ injuries
- 33. Plain film findingsfor spleen trauma left lower rib fracture The classic triad indicative of acute splenic rupture Left hemidiaphragm elevation Left lower lobe atelectasis Pleural effusion
- 34. Parenchymal Contusion Hypodense intraparenchymal area withirregular contours
- 35. Parenchymal Laceration Superficial, linear hypodensity,usually less than 3 cm in length Fracture - involves two visceral surfaces, or if its length is more than 3 cm Multiple fractures - Scattered spleen
- 36. Subcapsular Hematoma • Crescent-shapedperisplenic hematoma Compresses the splenic parenchyma
- 37. Vascular Trauma The mostdangerous vascular traumatic lesions are arterial lesions Irregular area of increased density relative to background spleen Typically the attenuation value is within 10 HU of the adjacent artery
- 38. Delayed splenic rupture Bleedingdue to splenic injury occurring more than 48 h after blunt trauma following an apparently normal CT examination Due to ruptures of subcapsular splenic haematomas.
- 39. Splenic CT InjuryGrading Scale Grade I Laceration(s) < 1 cm deep Subcapsular hematoma < 1cm diameter Grade II Laceration(s) 1-3 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma l-3cm diameter Grade III Laceration(s) 3-10 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma 3-10 cm diameter Grade IV Laceration(s) > 10 cm deep Subcapsular or central hematoma > 10cm diameter Grade V Splenic tissue maceration or devascularization
- 40. Simply : Grade 1is less than 1 cm. Grade 2 is about 2 cm (1-3 cm). Grade 3 is more than 3 cm. Grade 4 is more than 10 cm. Grade 5 is total devascularization or maceration.
- 41. Contrast blush Acontrast blush is defined as an area of high density with density measurements within 10 HU compared to the nearby vessel (or aorta). The differential diagnosis is: Active arterial extravasation Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm Post-traumatic AV fistula
- 42. Contrast-enhanced CT: there isfrank arterial bleeding from the splenic artery associated with a fragmented spleen. Extensive haemoperitoneum is also present
- 43. SPLENIC INJURIES -Management Grade I-III:Often arterial hemorrhage, therefore nonoperative management less successful Grade IV-V: almost invariably require operative intervention Delayed hemorrhage (hours to weeks post-injury): 8-21%
- 44. Liver The liver isthe second most commonly injured organ in abdominal trauma. Between 70 and 90% of hepatic injuries are minor Right lobe most commonly affected
- 45. Abdominal Trauma Protocol Blunt injury -deceleration, crush, weapon (e.g. bat) venous phase ~70 secs Delayed scan if injury present; ~3-5 mins Penetrating injury: knives, gun Same as blunt Additional scan after rectal contrast material
- 46. Associated injuries: 2/3have hemoperitoneum 45% have associated splenic injury 33% have rib fractures Duodenal or pancreatic injury Biliary injury: hematobilia, biloma, biliary ascites, bile duct disruption Ultrasound sensitive for grade 3 or greater
- 47. Radiological overview ofliver injury: Right lobe> left lobe; 3:1 Posterior segment most common (fixed by coronary ligament) CT imaging method of choice
- 48. Features with impacton the management and the prognosis Number of segments involved by the lacerations (significant if at least three segments are involved) Central or subcapsular location of the lacerations and contusions Extension of lesions within the porta hepatis or the gallbladder fossa Importance of the hemoperitoneum Vascular lesions with active bleeding or sentinel clot sign
- 49. Green arrow: ovalshaped hypodense area consistent with hematoma Yellow arrow: linear shaped hypodense area consistent with laceration. Notice that this laceration crosses the left portal vein Blue arrow: vague ill defined hypodense area consistent with contusion Fluid around the liver There is almost a transsection of the liver, but both lobes do enhance so there is still normal vascular supply.
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- 51. II-Parenchymal laceration 1-3cm deep,subcapsular hematoma1-3 cm thick.
- 52. III-Parenchymal laceration> 3cm deepand subcapsular hematoma> 3cm diameter.
- 53. IV-Parenchymal/supcapsular hematoma> 10cm indiameter, lobar destruction,
- 54. V- Global destructionor devascularization of the liver.
- 55.
- 56. Periportal Edema Periportal hypodensitiesrunning in parallel to the portal branches Causes Diffusion from intraparenchymal bleeding Dilatation of periportal lymph vessels Vascular or focal bile duct dissection
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- 58. Multiple right lobelacerations. This configuration has been described as a 'bear claw' appearance
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- 60. Indications for surgicaltreatment in liver trauma Shock Active venous bleeding Trauma of the gallbladder Abdominal surgery necessary for other causes
- 61. Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Retroperitonealhemorrhage may arise from injuries to major vascular structures, hollow viscera, solid organs, or musculoskeletal structures or a combination
- 62. Small zone I(central) retroperitoneal hematoma
- 63. Large zone I(central) retroperitoneal hematoma with active extravasation
- 64. Large zone II(lateral) retroperitoneal hematoma
- 65. Pancreas Uncommon injury 1.1% incidence in penetrating trauma and only 0.2% in blunt trauma. Rarely an isolated injury. Usually part of a 'package injury‘ Difficult to detect pancreatic injury on CT and one has to rely on ancillary findings Pancreatic duct injury cannot be directly visualized on CT. Deeper the laceration more likely that duct is injured
- 66. Laceration of thepancreatic neck without duct injury
- 67. Pancreatic transection (neck) withduct injury
- 68. Indirect Signs Edema withglobal pancreatic enlargement and loss of lobulation Peripancreatic fat infiltration Peripancreatic fluid, especially if it is located around the SMA or the omental bursa Thickening of the left anterior pararenal fascia or fluid in the anterior pararenal space Concomitant duodenal injury Hematic fluid between the dorsal surface of pancreas- Considered a DIRECT SIGN
- 69. AAST GRADING OFPANCREAS INJURY Grade Type of Injury Description of Injury I Hematoma Minor contusion without duct injury Laceration Superficial injury without duct injury II Hematoma Major contusion without duct injury or tissue loss Laceration Major laceration without duct injury or tissue loss III Laceration Distal transection or parenchymal injury with duct injury IV Laceration Proximal transection or parenchymal injury with probable duct injury (not involving ampulla)
- 70. Imaging of RenalTrauma Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice in the evaluation of blunt renal injury Injury to the kidney is seen in approximately 8%– 10% of patients with blunt or penetrating abdominal injuries
- 71. Renal criteria forperforming CT in abdominal trauma Macroscopic hematuria Microscopic hematuria with shock Important renal ecchymosis or fracture of the lumbar transverse process Open trauma involving the retroperitoneum Mechanism of deceleration (risk of pedicle injury) In children all types of posttraumatic hematuria
- 72. Computed Tomography Earlyand delayed CT scans through the kidneys are necessary Excretory-phase contrast (3min) The preferred technique Helical CT performed from the dome of the diaphragm Scanning parameters include Collimation of 7 mm, Pitch of 1.3, Image reconstruction intervals of 7 mm.
- 73. Subcapsular hematoma (categoryI) Crescent shaped hyperdensity, located in the periphery of the kidney
- 74. Laceration Hypodense, irregularly linearareas, typically distributed along the vessels and filled with blood. They are best analyzed at arterial phase Superficial (<1 cm from the renal cortex) Deep (>1 cm from the renal cortex) Renal medulla Collecting tubule system
- 75. Simple renal laceration(category I)
- 76. Major renal lacerationwithout involvement of the collecting system (category II)
- 77. Major renal lacerationinvolving the collecting system (category II)
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- 80. Segmental Infarct Triangular parenchymalarea, with a widest part at the cortex, which is not enhanced during the different phases, with clear delineation
- 81. Segmental renal infarction(category II)
- 82. Traumatic occlusion of themain renal artery (category III)
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- 84. Vein Pedicle Injury Incompleteor absent opacification of the renal vein Persistent nephrogram Reduction in excretion Nephromegaly
- 85. Laceration of therenal vein (category III)
- 86. Urinoma/Urohematoma Presence of amore or less significant breach of the collecting tube system, with urine escape reflected by extravasation of contrast medium on delayed imaging, in an extrarenal location
- 87. Avulsion of theureteropelvic junction (category IV)
- 88. AAST organ injuryseverity scale grading system for kidney injury Grade 1 Contusion or contained and non -expanding subcapsular haematoma, without parenchymal laceration; haematuria Grade 2 Non -expanding, confined, perirenal haematoma or cortical laceration less than 1 cm deep; no urinary extravasation Grade 3 Parenchymal laceration extending more than 1 cm into cortex; no collecting system rupture or urinary extravasation Grade 4 Parenchymal laceration extending through the renal cortex, medulla and collecting system Grade 5 Pedicle injury or avulsion of renal hilum that devascularizes the kidney; completely shattered kidney;
- 90. CT Cystography Emptythe bladder Instill the contrast retrograde through the Foley catheter of avg. 350-400 cc of contrast Image the pelvis BLADDER INJURY
- 91. CT classification TYPES 1. Bladdercontusion 2. Intraperitoneal rupture 3. Interstitial bladder injury 4. Extraperitoneal rupture A. simple B. complex (bladder neck involved) 5. Combined bladder injury
- 92. Intraperitoneal rupture (type2) Cystography Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops, pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera ± Pelvic fracture CT cystography Contrast in paracolic gutters, around bowel loops, pouch of Douglas and intraperitoneal viscera
- 93. Cystogram of intraperitonealbladder rupture
- 94. Extraperitoneal rupture Cystography Simple: Flame-shapedextravasation around bladder Complex Extravasation extends beyond the pelvis Extravasation best seen on post-drainage films
- 95. CT of extraperitonealbladder rupture
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- 97. Intestinal and Mesenteric Traumas Bowelor mesentery injury occurs in 5% of patients with abdominal blunt trauma More common following open trauma, especially in injuries caused by firearms
- 98. Four CT findingsshould alert the radiologist 1. Focal fat infiltration 2. Interloop hematoma (sentinel clot sign) 3. Bowel wall thickening 4. Free intraperitoneal air
- 99. Small Bowel Injury Diffuse circumferential thickening Hypoperfused "shock" bowel Focal thickening Usually non-transmural injury Specific findings, rare Bowel content extravasation Focal bowel wall discontinuity Most common finding Unexplained non-physiologic free fluid (84%) Mesenteric stranding Focal bowel thickening Interloop fluid If in combination, strongly suggestive
- 100. Indirect findings oftraumatic bowel perforation Peritoneal findings Sentinel clot Focal mesenteric infiltration GI findings Pneumoperitoneal air bubbles localized within the mesentery Focal wall thickening
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- 103. Causes of bowelthickening related to trauma Contusion/hematoma Perforation Distal ischemia due to mesenteric lesion Bowel shock Secondary to peritonitis Bowel spasm
- 104. GI Ischemia Bowelischemia Segmental (distal branch vessel injury) Diffuse thickening of small bowel wall - hypotensive shock bowel Typical CT signs Lack of parietal enhancement Thickening of bowel wall Parietal pneumatosis with presence of air inside the bowel wall Air in the mesentery and portal venous system
- 105. Role of InterventionalRadiology Embolization Spleen Liver Pelvis Angioplasty + Stent Renal artery dissection
- 106. Agents for embolizations Gelfoam Soaked in an antibiotic solution restorable Can be cut in variable size May result in too distal embolization Risks for tissue infarction or late abscess formation Coils Have variable size, length, diameter Precise targeted delivery Expensive Need normal coagulation Metal stents Large-caliber patent artery
- 107. Advantages Embolization can decreasethe amount of resuscitation fluid to maintain vital sign. Embolization can decrease shock index Operation with adjunct embolization can decrease the mortality rate Embolization is a promising way for stopping bleeding
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- 109. Role of MRImaging in trauma demonstrated to be a near-equivalent technique to CT in the accurate appraisal of individual organ injuries The use of MRI at present confers no additional advantages in the initial trauma evaluation Limited access to patients for monitoring and resuscitation and the need for MR-compatible equipment pose major disadvantages. At present MRI is reserved for problem solving after the acute phase of trauma has passed
- 110. Take home messages: Abdominalinjuries are often underappreciated radiologically either because of difficulty in assessment caused by condition of patient or because some signs take time to develop. CT , mdct in particular has revolutionized the management of trauma patient. One should be aware of indirect signs of trauma on CT Angiography has an increasing role in non operative management of abdominal trauma
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