The tremendous potential of sisal (Agave sp.) as an important plant resource has not so far been fully
exploited in our country. Sisal leaves yield quality fibres, which are utilized for conventional purposes like
ropes, anchors, cordage and handicrafts. The superior engineering properties of sisal makes it an excellent
green material for its application in major sectors like marine, automotive, construction and renewable energy
etc. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is a great scope for the development of sisal based
technologies for rural and engineering applications. The sisal fibre and its allied activities could augment
employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector, whereas its engineering applications can
generate substantial employment potential in semi-urban and urban areas. New opportunities for the use of
sisal fibre as a reinforcing fibre in commodity papers potentially offers large markets and employment
generation for rural area people in India
kopak as a seed fiber. Kapok fibres are lustrous, yellowish brown and made of a mix of lignin and cellulose. Fineness : 0.4-0.7 denier. The hydrophobic characteristics of the kapok fibre could be attributed to its waxy surface while its large percent of lumen contributed to its excellent oil absorbency and retention capacity. The heat retention of kapok was better than that of other fibres due to the static immobile air held in the large lumen region of kapok. Kapok shows good resistance to alkalis and it is not damaged by alkali.Light weight,
• Hydrophobic, • Comfortable, • Thermal insulator and, • Bio degradable
kopak as a seed fiber. Kapok fibres are lustrous, yellowish brown and made of a mix of lignin and cellulose. Fineness : 0.4-0.7 denier. The hydrophobic characteristics of the kapok fibre could be attributed to its waxy surface while its large percent of lumen contributed to its excellent oil absorbency and retention capacity. The heat retention of kapok was better than that of other fibres due to the static immobile air held in the large lumen region of kapok. Kapok shows good resistance to alkalis and it is not damaged by alkali.Light weight,
• Hydrophobic, • Comfortable, • Thermal insulator and, • Bio degradable
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Coconut & Coconut based Products – Source nothing but the finest from Sri LankaEDB
Coconut (Cocus nucifera) is one of the major plantation crops in Sri Lanka, which accounts for approximately 12% of the country’s agricultural produce. This brochure encapsulates some important facts and insights on the Coconut & Coconut Products industry.
Find out more: https://goo.gl/xBgM71
varietal wealth in tropical and dry land fruit cropsfarheen
mango variety derived various type of
characters.
Among the Alphonso, Kesar, Safeda etc, are early season variety, Kishen bhog, Totapuri, Dashehari etc, are mid season variety and Chausa, Fernandin, Neelum etc, are late season variety.
Totapuri, sonpari, kesar also use for processing purpose.
Rajapuri variety of mango highly use for pickles industry in gujarat.
Fernandin variety of mango use for table purpose in Goa.
Neelum variety of mango is suitable for long distace market.
Chinnarasm variety is mostly use in juice purpose.
vanraj., Arka neelkiran, Pusa pratibha variety suitable for export and international market.
Amrapalli, Arka aruna, Pusa arunima suitable for high density planting.
Kesar, Totapuri, Sonpari, Chausa, Mundappa variety have ggod keeping qulity.
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Coconut & Coconut based Products – Source nothing but the finest from Sri LankaEDB
Coconut (Cocus nucifera) is one of the major plantation crops in Sri Lanka, which accounts for approximately 12% of the country’s agricultural produce. This brochure encapsulates some important facts and insights on the Coconut & Coconut Products industry.
Find out more: https://goo.gl/xBgM71
varietal wealth in tropical and dry land fruit cropsfarheen
mango variety derived various type of
characters.
Among the Alphonso, Kesar, Safeda etc, are early season variety, Kishen bhog, Totapuri, Dashehari etc, are mid season variety and Chausa, Fernandin, Neelum etc, are late season variety.
Totapuri, sonpari, kesar also use for processing purpose.
Rajapuri variety of mango highly use for pickles industry in gujarat.
Fernandin variety of mango use for table purpose in Goa.
Neelum variety of mango is suitable for long distace market.
Chinnarasm variety is mostly use in juice purpose.
vanraj., Arka neelkiran, Pusa pratibha variety suitable for export and international market.
Amrapalli, Arka aruna, Pusa arunima suitable for high density planting.
Kesar, Totapuri, Sonpari, Chausa, Mundappa variety have ggod keeping qulity.
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
# Fiber
# Pina fiber
# History of pina fiber
# Classification
# Physical properties
# Chemical properties
# Chemical constituents
# Difference between pina & other natural fiber
# Cultivation method
# Advantage of pina fiber
# How to take care of pina fiber
# Various uses
# Why pina is so expensive
# Past,present & future prospective of pina fiber
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
Jute is an important natural fibre crop in India next to cotton in term of cultivation and usage. Jute is a natural fibre popularly known as the golden fibre. It is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Jute is second only to cotton in world.
Bamboo as a Money-making Industry, Cultivation, Manufacturing and Utilization...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Bamboo is one of the most abundant and environmental-friendly and sustainable resources available in NE Region, which is not being used to its full potential. Bamboos, which are widespread in India, offer numerous opportunities in this regard, and there is much potential for expanding it. In view of commercial cultivation and economic utilisation of bamboo as a substitute for the fast depleting timber resources, a comprehensive programme of bamboo for sectional upgradation, enhancement of employment opportunities for artisans, promotion of value-addition through better and well-designed product development.
See more
http://goo.gl/VsU5WM
http://goo.gl/7Pte87
http://goo.gl/uJWqdI
Tags
Bamboo Applications, Bamboo as a Money-making Industry, Bamboo Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Bamboo business ideas, Bamboo business in India, Bamboo business opportunities, Bamboo business plan, Bamboo Cultivation Potential and Prospects, Bamboo Cultivation, Bamboo farming in India, Bamboo Farming Information Guide, Bamboo for pulp and paper, Bamboo Furniture, Bamboo Harvesting and Growing, Bamboo Harvesting, Bamboo Manufacturing Process, Bamboo Manufacturing, Bamboo plantation a profitable enterprise, Bamboo plantation investment in India, Bamboo plantation technique, Bamboo Plantation, Bamboo Processing & Bamboo Based Profitable Projects, Bamboo Processing Industry in India, Bamboo Processing Projects, Bamboo Production Business, Bamboo Products and Furnishing Products, Bamboo products business plan, Bamboo products manufacturing process, Bamboo Products Processing, Bamboo Products, Bamboo properties, Bamboo pulp manufacturing process, Bamboo Pulp, Bamboo pulp-Making process, Bamboo resources and their utilization, Bamboo Shoots, Bamboo Small Business Manufacturing, Bamboo Technology, Bamboo Used For Paper Manufacture, Bamboo Utilization, Bamboo: properties and utilization, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for Bamboo processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Growing Bamboo, Harvesting Bamboo, How Bamboo Is Processed, How paper is made from bamboo, How to Grow Bamboo for Profit, How to Plant Bamboo, How to start a Bamboo manufacturing business, How to Start a Bamboo Production Business, How to Start a Bamboo Production?, How to start a successful Bamboo Production business, How to start Bamboo Plantation, How to Start Bamboo Processing Industry in India, Indian Bamboo Products, Industrial utilization on bamboo, Insect Pests of Bamboos in India, Most Profitable Bamboo Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Bamboo processing industry, Paper Manufacturing Plant with Pulp from Bamboo, Paper production process from bamboo, Plan to promote bamboo products business, Profitable Bamboo Plantation, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Bamboo Manufacturing, Pulp and Paper Manufacture
Bamboo Plantation and Products, a Profitable BusinessAjjay Kumar Gupta
Bamboo is one of the most abundant and environmental-friendly and sustainable resources available in NE Region, which is not being used to its full potential. Bamboos, which are widespread in India, offer numerous opportunities in this regard, and there is much potential for expanding it. In view of commercial cultivation and economic utilisation of bamboo as a substitute for the fast depleting timber resources, a comprehensive programme of bamboo for sectional upgradation, enhancement of employment opportunities for artisans, promotion of value-addition through better and well-designed product development, optimum propagation and conservation and diversifying production and processing activities through organized community action has been taken up.
See more
http://goo.gl/7Pte87
https://goo.gl/7X7n2n
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Bamboo Plantation Profitable Enterprise, How to Plant Bamboo, Bamboo Farming, Bamboo Cultivation, Bamboo Plantation very Profitable Crop, Growing Giant Bamboo Fast - How to Grow Bamboo from Seed, How to Grow Bamboo Successfully - Bamboo Cultivation Gardening Tips, Bamboo Plantation In India, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas with Small Capital, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners 2017, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Best Low Cost Business Ideas, Small Business Ideas that are Easy to Start, How to Start Business in India, Top Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Top Easy Small Business Ideas in India, Small Investment Big Returns, Top Best Small Business Ideas in India, Business Ideas With Low Investment, How to Get Rich?, Low Cost Business Ideas, Simple Low Cost Business Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit in India Smart Business Ideas, Very Low Budget Best Business Ideas, Low Investment High Profit Business, Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Top Profitable Small Business Ideas in India, Best Business Ideas for Rural Areas in India & World Top Best Small Business Idea, Invest Low, Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts, Low Budget Best Small Business Idea for Self Employment, Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit, What is Low Cost Business to Start?, Start Small Business, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Low Cost Small Business Ideas that Actually Work, Low Cost Small Business Ideas for India, Best Small Business Ideas in India to Start Business, 100% Risk Free Business, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Home Based Business Ideas, Best Part Time Business Ideas to Start New Business, Best Ideas for Low Budget Business and More Profits
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Filling fibers and their scope in pakistanSyedaQandeel
Assalam O Alaikum!
this is where you can find the filling fibers in the world, their uses and also about the scope in Pakistan, the description is given and detailed study can be done by checking the references mentioned. Hope you all like it.
Thanks
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 6 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 01-08
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment
Opportunities and Economic Prospects
P.Srinivasakumar 1*
, M.J.Nandan 2
, Dr.C.Udaya Kiran1
, Dr.K.Prahlada Rao3
1
Research scholar*
, JNT University,Anantapur& Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
J.B.Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad-500075 , India
2
Sr.Scientist ,National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI), Uppal Road Hyderabad – 500 007 A.P,
India
3
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur-515002 ,India
Abstract: The tremendous potential of sisal (Agave sp.) as an important plant resource has not so far been fully
exploited in our country. Sisal leaves yield quality fibres, which are utilized for conventional purposes like
ropes, anchors, cordage and handicrafts. The superior engineering properties of sisal makes it an excellent
green material for its application in major sectors like marine, automotive, construction and renewable energy
etc. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is a great scope for the development of sisal based
technologies for rural and engineering applications. The sisal fibre and its allied activities could augment
employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector, whereas its engineering applications can
generate substantial employment potential in semi-urban and urban areas. New opportunities for the use of
sisal fibre as a reinforcing fibre in commodity papers potentially offers large markets and employment
generation for rural area people in India.
Key words: Sisal fiber, Sisal roofs, Automobiles, Renewable Energy, Employment, Cultivation, Sisal economy
model.
I. Introduction
Products from plants are assuming increasing importance to the economy and well being of any
country. Utilization of plant resources for generating employment in rural areas is natural, cost effective and
ecologically sustainable [1]. Since long time the mankind is associated with natural fibres and they have been
used by them for various purposes and have been incorporated in their livelihood [2]. Be it basketry, mats or
small useful products, appropriate use of the locally available material is always the solution. India has a vast
resource of different natural fibers viz., jute, sisal, banana, coir etc., which are abundantly available with a
production capacity of 400 million tonnes per year [17]. Among others, sisal [12] has an edge as it can be grown
in wastelands; require minimum maintenance; withstand in many agro ecological conditions and produces
continuous fiber for seven to eight years. It is usually grown on land that is unsuitable for any other agricultural
activity apart from grazing. Other advantages are that the crop is drought resistant, does not require the use of
fertilizers, herbicides or insecticides, can be inter-cropped and inter-grazed. For instance, in hundred years of
commercial sisal growing in Tanzania there has not been a year when there was a drought to destroy sisal plants
[25].
India possesses a large chunk of wastelands and practically, one of the viable cultivation on such a dry
ecosystem is sisal. The leaves of sisal yield a strong fibre, which is primarily used for making ropes, cordage
and twines. Its potential can be visualized from the fact that a quantity of 1000 Kg sisal leaves are estimated to
produce 30 Kg fibre, 1 Kg hecogenin (a steroid used in pharmaceuticals), 3.75 Kg wax and 33 Kg paper [19].
Sisal fibre is a very strong, lustrous natural fibre and can take the wear and tear equivalent of coir. The huge
advantage of sisal fibre over coir is that it is a white material which takes the dye very well and is softer than
coir. Apart from the traditional applications sisal finds its way in environment friendly engineering materials
due to low density, high specific strength and biodegradability. Sisal and allied activities like cultivation, fibre
extraction, value addition etc. are labour intensive, low-tech and has high potential for employment generation.
The tremendous potential of sisal as a resource has not so far been fully exploited in our country for value
addition and as a source of employment generation in rural and semi-urban sectors. Preliminary investigations
indicate that there is a great scope for the development of sisal based technologies for rural and engineering
applications [20].
II. Historic Presence
Sisal is native of Central America and its origin can be traced back several centuries. The name “Sisal”
comes from a harbor town in Yucatan, Mexico [2 ]. Currently there are around 275 varieties spread throughout
2. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. The sisal industry is concentrated in mostly tropical regions of
Africa,Central and South America and Asia. It is produced in some of the poorest areas of the world and in
many cases it is the only source of income and economic activity in those areas. Normally, raw fibre was
produced in the tropical, predominantly developing countries and shipped to the developed economies in
Europe, North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand for transformation into products for consumption in
those markets and re-exports. However this feature has been changing with fibre producers also processing the
fibre in their own countries. Many countries are putting efforts to revitalize the sisal industry and transform it
from maturity and traditional production and products to a more modern and vibrant industry. As the sisal has
been predominantly produced in poor countries, resources for research and development have been limited.
In India Agave plant was brought by the Portugese in the fifteenth century and first time cultivated in
Goa and later on in Orissa[11] and now found throughout the country. The major species of agave available in
India are A. sisalana, A. mexicana, A. americana, A. cantala, and A. veracruz. Among the agaves, the most
prevalent is Agave sisalana, commonly known as sisal, which is a xerophyte and can survive on poor soils in
drought prone tropical regions. In India the plant is spread in many states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Bihar.
III. Production
Sisal occupies 6th
place among fibre plants, representing 2% of the world’s production of plant fibres
[18]. The total annual production of sisal fibre varies, depending on demand, climatic conditions and cultivation.
In recent years annual production of sisal in the world has been recorded as 250 thousand tones as shown in
Fig.1[29]. The main producers are Africa, Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa,
Tanzania, Latin America, Brazil, Haiti, Jamaica, Venezuela and China [ 4]
In India, sisal is not cultivated and the sector is
unorganized. It is currently found on embankments,
bunds and roadsides, serving the purpose of soil
conservation and protection as hedge plantation. The
standardized and optimized data on sisal cultivation
practices is not available for different agro-ecological
regions of India. A high yielding sisal hybrid (Leela)
has been developed at Sisal Research Station, Bamra,
Orissa in 1985 which has a yield potential up to 25 q/ha.
Considering its employment and income generation
potential, the District Rural Development Agency
(DRDA), Koraput, Orissa implemented an integrated
“Sisal plantation, fiber extraction and rope making”
programme under Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY) in the
year 1995 [16]. Though its adoptability to most of the
soils and agro-ecological zones is well known for quite
a long period, its optimum results in terms of its fibre
yields, its lifetime with respect to its environment is not
exactly known.
IV. Cultivation And Harvesting
Sisal is a perennial hardy plant, which unlike the other fibres is not a seasonal crop as shown in Fig.2.
It can establish and easily grow in all states of India covering sub humid to arid and semiarid regions. It can also
survive in almost all soil types and its input costs are least for its survival, regeneration and maintenance on
sustainable basis. Sisal tolerates prolonged droughts and high temperatures also. It is a stoloniferous plant,
which produces shoots from the stolons, known as suckers or bulbils, which can be used for propagation. The
suckers / bulbils are grown on in nurseries until they are about 50 to 70 cm high and then planted in the main
field[ 27].
With good growing conditions sisal plant forms an inflorescence after 6 - 9 years after having produced
250 - 300 leaves, and then dies. Leaves are around 120 cm in length and are arranged spirally around the thick
stem. The root system is shallow but extends up to 3.5 m from the stem. The leaves have a thorn at the tip and
grow up to a height of 3 - 4 ft and yield valuable fibre. More usually plants are harvested after 24-36 months.
About 50 leaves, each weighing up to 1 kg may be cut per plant per year. The ripest lower leaves are cut first
and this continues periodically over the next four years. On an average, over the first four years, two cuttings are
made annually. In following years only one cut is made per year, until the flower stalks begin to develop. A total
of about 300 leaves may be harvested during the economic life of each plant.
Fig.1: World Sisal Production 2007
(www.waterwereld.nu/sisal.php)
3. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
Fig.2: A typical view of sisal plant
V. Fiber Extraction
For extraction of the fiber, two methods are employed, viz., the retting process and the mechanical
method. The retting process is a biodegradation process involving microbial decomposition of sisal leaves,
which separates the fibre from pith. The fibres are washed and processed further. This process takes 15-21 days
for a single cycle of extraction and degrades the quality of fibre. At the same time this process is water
intensive, unhygienic and not eco-friendly. In the mechanical process, the fibre is extracted by rasping the leaves
with a raspador[20]. Raspador is a rotating drum mounted on an axle having blunt blades, fitted obliquely about
10 cm apart on its periphery as shown in Fig.3. The leaves are fed into the slit of the raspador and pulled out.
In this method almost the entire extraneous matter is removed leaving only the fibre strand. Decorticated fibres
are washed before drying in the sun or by hot air. Proper drying is important as fibre quality depends largely on
moisture content. Artificial drying has been found to result in generally better grades of fibre than sun drying.
Dry fibres are machine combed and sorted into various grades. Appearance, color and physical properties [28]
are the main features to decide the quality standards of sisal fiber as shown in Table 1.
Fig.3: Raspador Machine for sisal fiber extraction
Table 1: Quality Standards of Sisal long fiber
Excellent First grade Qualified grade
Length (cm) 95 85 70
Bungle strength (N/g) 880 830 780
Trash content (%) 2.5 3.5 5.0
Colour White or milky white with
luster
White Yellow or Yellowish-
brown
Spot Nil Very few Very few
4. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
VI. Fiber Properties
The important chemical components [20] of the sisal fibre are shown in Table 2. Based on the
composition, it can be inferred that the sisal fibre is harder (greater rigidity and lower flexibility) and coarser
than other bast and leaf fibres because of the high lignin and pectin content. Apart from this, the superior
engineering properties (diameter 50–200 m; microfibril angle 10–220
, Ultimate Tensile Strength of 468–640
Mpa; Modulus of 9.40–15.80 Gpa and elongation of 3–7%) makes it an excellent material for manufacturing
high strength textile and reinforcement in composites for various applications[2].
Table 2: Chemical composition of sisal fiber
S.No. Chemical Components % by weight
1. Cellulose 55-65
2. Hemi-cellulose 10-15
3. Pectin 2-4
4. Lignin 10-20
5. Water soluble materials 1-4
6. Fat and wax 10.15-0.3
7. Ash 0.7-1.5
VII. Use Of Sisal And Its Waste
Long fibers (> 90 cm long) are used for ropes and binder twine. Besides rope making, there are also
other usage in making of brushes, dusters, door-mats, carpets, bags, fishing nets, belts, chappal stripe, hats,
dolls, Christmas trees etc. It is also used for cigarette papers and filters, filter papers, tissues papers, tea bag etc.
whereas unbleached pulp can be used for electrical cable and telephone cable insulation and in making cement
bags and sacks etc. (Singh and Sasmal 1994: 245) . The sisal pulp (about 95 percent) left after fiber extraction is
mainly used for making paper / paperboards, hecogenin (a cortico steroid), wax and bio gas [3].
There is a dire need to widen the product base. Traditional products of twines, ropes, carpets and bags
need to be sustained and improved to combat competition. But efforts have to be intensified to produce and
market those products where sisal has technological, environmental, geographical and cost advantages. There is
a wide range of products like geo textiles, buffing cloth, bonding, construction materials, handicrafts, furniture,
padding and mattresses can be made with sisal fiber[8,25]. In recent years sisal has also been utilized as a
strengthening agent to replace asbestos and fiberglass and is increasingly a component used in the automobile
industry, where its strength, naturalness and environmentally friendly characteristics are greatly appreciated.
Attempts were made to prepare Corrugated sisal cement roofing sheets at AMPRI, Bhopal using hand lay up
technique as shown in Fig.4 [6,22].
Fig.4: Sisal fiber cement roofing sheet (with courtesy from : AMPRI ,Bhopal)
It is discernible that there is a huge quantity of sisal waste (95% of the leaves by weight) can be
effectively utilized for composting, vermi-composting [21] and extracting other valuable products as shown in
Table 3. The pilot scale demonstrations show that it is a valuable feedstock for biogas plants to cater to the local
and rural energy requirements. One tonne of sisal pulp can generate 54.3 m3
of biogas by the methanogenesis
(Oudshoorn 1995). Sisal leaves are known to contain wax (0.38%) and hecogenin (0.10%). Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore has developed technologies for the production of hecogenin from the sisal waste
(Murthy et al. 1981: 228). Hecogenin is a pharmaceutical raw material for the manufacture of carticosteroids,
which is currently imported at a cost of Rs. 800 per Kg. These expected spin-offs in the form of secondary /
allied activities which are labour intensive and have wide range of applications in rural and small-scale
industrial sectors.
5. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Table 3: Spin-offs from Sisal Waste
S.No. Spin-off Application Potential
1. Manures Agriculture Variable
2. Vermicompost Agriculture / Horticulture Variable
3. Hecogenin Pharmaceuticals 1.00 Kg / tonne
4. Wax Industrial 3.75 Kg / tonne
5. Biogas Rural energy 54.3 m3 / tonne
6. Electricity Rural energy 1.0 MW from 4500 ha
VIII. Engineering Applications
During the past several years, the soft, durable and biodegradable natural fibers have established a
positive and highly regarded name for themselves as they are considered as future biorenewable materials. Due
to the lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and other advantages, natural fibre based
composites are becoming important composite materials in various engineering applications [7]. In case of
synthetic fibre based composites, despite the usefulness in service, these are difficult to be recycled after
designed service life. However, natural fibre based composites are environment friendly to a large extent [8].
Due to superior mechanical properties and recyclable nature, sisal fiber can be used as a potential input
material for making composites for application in buildings, automobiles, railways, geo-textiles, marine,
renewable energy and packaging industries etc. Sisal fibre reinforced composite building materials like; wood
substitute products, panels, doors, corrugated roofing sheets and instant houses suitable for disaster (floods /
tsunami / earth quake) prone areas would be made which attract prospective entrepreneurs and stake holders due
to its durability and cost effectiveness [5]. Asbestos fibres being carcinogenic, sisal fibre cement corrugated
roofing sheets, which are eco-friendly, can be an effective alternative[1,6,13.22].
Present scenario indicates that the use of plant fibre (sisal / flax / hemp etc.) based automobile parts like
trim parts, various panels, seat backs, shelves, brake shoes etc., are picking up momentum worldwide.
Reduction in weight, consumption of less energy for production and decreased cost of the components as
experienced elsewhere, attracts the automobile industry to employ sisal fibre composite parts [14]. The
conservative estimates indicate that about 6,000 TPA plant fibre based composite parts can find their way into
passenger cars and multi utility vehicles. Railways are also a potential application area where in it is estimated
that about 350 TPA fibre composites are required to manufacture doors, luggage racks, panels, partitions,
seating etc[13]. Packaging materials for bags, boxes, crates, containers, which is now made up of wood, can be
replaced by cost-effective sisal reinforced composites. Boats can be made by replacing the conventional
polymer composite fibres with sisal as reinforcement. The market potential of geotextiles for roads, paved road
networks and railway applications in India is estimated to be 2,72,500 tonnes, of which a considerable portion
can be earmarked for sisal-based textiles.
To make fuel, the residual biomass is fed into a digester along with cow dung [25]..A sisal waste fed
biogas power plant was established at Hale by M/s Katani Ltd in Tanzania.as shown in Fig.4 [30]. The bacteria
in the dung feed on the crop residues to produce biogas which is then used to generate electricity, used as fuel
for transport, cooking and lighting, or for powering farm machinery. Liquid effluent from the process is high in
nitrogen, potassium and calcium and is sold as fertiliser to be used on the next generation of sisal crops. The
effluent is also used as a nutritious animal feed, which is proving particularly popular with livestock keepers
with limited access to grazing lands.
Fig. 4: The Hale biogas plant uses sisal waste to produce electricity established by M/s Katani Ltd, Tanzania.
6. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
IX. Employment Potential
India's villages are mainly dependent on agriculture for much of their sustenance. Drought is a common
event across much of India and the country needs creative solutions and technological innovations to start a
revolution which can take its villages fast forward in time by creating them economically viable units and
growth engines.
Presently sisal and their allied activities is an unorganized sector localized mostly in rural and tribal
areas. The sisal fibre and its allied activities like cultivation; fibre extraction, processing and making value
added products could augment the employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector [24]. The
engineering applications of sisal fibre like buildings, automotives, railways etc. are the prospective areas where
it can generate enormous employment potential in semi urban and urban areas. Sisal plantation activity alone
has an annual employment potential of about 113 man-days per hectare[16]. For instance, the state of Madhya
Pradesh has 14.17 lakh ha. barren and uncultivated wastelands, out of which 3.00 lakh ha (20%) can be targeted
for sisal plantations, which can generate enormous employment potential (339 Million Man days) for
exclusively cultivation and fibre extraction as shown in Table 4. Apart from this fiber is an input material for
various rural applications involving cordage, mats, handicrafts and other utility items, which can augment the
employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector.
Table 4. Employment potential from sisal cultivation
X. Sisal Economy Model (Sem)
The increasing petroleum prices and environmental consciousness are forcing the major economic
markets like marine, automotive, construction etc. towards natural fibers. Sisal is considered to be the best
because of its strength, durability, and ability to stretch, affinity for dyeing and resistance to weather conditions.
The recyclable and sustainable nature of the sisal fiber makes it competes directly with fiber glass. It is
expected that within a few years fiberglass will make way for composite materials made out of both natural and
man made fibres instead of 100% non-recyclable synthetic materials[9]. Daimler Chrysler now uses sisal in door
panels, ceilings and dash boards of Mercedes Benz A and C class models. Brazil alone consumes 12,000 tons of
sisal in the automobile industry where it has applications in seat cushions, insulation parts, door trim panels and
dash boards. Considering the great economic potential of sisal, countries like South Africa, China, Tanzania,
Chad etc. are commercially growing sisal and improving their production levels.
India is a developing country and is suffering from unemployment and daunting economic problems of
poverty and lack of economic empowerment. The commercial cultivation of sisal in the unproductive lands will
become a basis to create sustainable rural economy as the crop is labor-intensive agriculture activity. Taking
this into concern a model on sisal economy is proposed to accelerate rural economic growth of our country. The
model called Sisal Economy Model (SEM) has the potential for achieving the multi-faced goals of sustainable
development. The approach is to demonstrate how rural masses can organize themselves to succeed in creating
Sisal Cultivation
Area (ha.)
Production
(Tonnes/Yr)
Mandays
(Per Year)
Unit area 1.00 2.5 113*
Current Status - India
(Unorganized Sector)
10,100
25,250 11,41,300
Potential
(Madhya Pradesh)
3,00,000 7,50,000 3,39,00,000
7. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Fig.5: Sisal Economic Model
sisal economy for our country. The goal of SEM is to create a win-win situation combining economics,
technology, ecology and society and to set up an exemplary rural economic model as shown in Fig.5 of our
country.
The Association of Small Farmers of the municipality of Valente (APAEB Valente); Sindifibras and
Madikwe sisal projects of Brazil and Dailmer Chrysler Sisal Fiber Project of South Africa are the best examples
of the Sisal Economy Model.
In order to produce, transform and commercialize sisal, SEM is targeted to evolve with know-how,
processes, technologies, machinery and products. The entire value chain from the farm and factory through
process and product development, regulatory analysis, and life cycle evaluation to financing and market
development. Dealing with this complexity demands an interdisciplinary approach and real-life expertise in
agronomy, biology, fiber availability, textile technologies, product development, market structures, and
economic trends etc.
Improved Agro
Technologies
Awareness/Training/Demonst
ration
User friendly
fiber
extraction
procedures
Formation of
Sisal clubs
Sustainable fiber production
Rural Semi-Urban Urban
SisalCultivatin
FiberExtraction
Grading
Handicrafts; Ropes
Spin-offs: Manures;
Vermicompost; Hecogenin;
Wax; Biogas; Electricity
Yarn Making
Export Quality Anchor
Ropes
Carpets and Mats
Fishing Nets
Geo-textiles
Paper/Paper Boards
Composites for
High end value added
engineering products
(Building Materials;
Automobiles;
Railways; Boats etc.)
Employment Generation
Export Potential
Economy Creation
SISAL CULTIVATION
8. Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and Economic Prospects
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
XI. Conclusions
Sisal is native of Central America and its origin can be traced back several centuries.
Since long time the mankind is associated with natural fibres and they have been used by them for various
purposes and have been incorporated in their livelihood.
Due to superior mechanical properties and recyclable nature, sisal fiber can be used as a potential input
material for making composites for application in buildings, automobiles, railways, geo-textiles, marine,
renewable energy .
New opportunities for the use of sisal fiber as a reinforcing fiber in commodity papers potentially offers
large markets and employment generation for rural area people in India.
Sisal plantation activity alone has an annual employment potential of about 113 man-days per hectare.
In Madhya Pradesh 3.00 lakh ha (20%) has been used for sisal plantations, which can generate enormous
employment potential (339 Million Man days) for exclusively cultivation and fibre extraction.
Acknowledgement
The authors would wish to thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for financial
support in the form of RSP-002 project and Director, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI),
Bhopal for guidance and support.
References
[1]. Baradyana, J.S, Sisal fibre concrete roofing sheets. In: Building materials for low-income housing: Proc. of a symposium held at the
United Nations; January 20-26(1987) pp.57-63
[2]. Chand N. and P.K. Rohatgi, Natural Fibres and their Composites, ( Delhi ,Periodical experts book agency, 1994)
[3]. CFC (Common Fund for Commodities), Alternative Applications for Sisal and Henequen. Tech. Paper No. 14, Proc. Seminar by the
FAO and CFC, FAO, Rome, 2000
[4]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Jute, Kenaf, Sisal, Abaca, Coir and Allied Fibers-Statics. FAO Corporate Document
Repository, FAO, Italy, 2007
[5]. Filho, R.D.T., Barbosa, N.P. and K. Ghavami, Application of sisal and coconut fibres in adobe blocks. In: Vegetable plants and their
fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and
Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM, September 17- 21(1990), pp.139-149
[6]. Gram, H.E., and P. Nimityongskul, Durability of natural fibres in cement-based roofing sheets, In: Building materials for low-income
housing: Proc. of a symposium , United Nations,January 20-26(1987), pp. 328-334
[7]. Joseph, K., Dias Romilalo, Filto Toledo, James Berira, Thomas Sabu and Carraldo L.H. De. A review on sisal fibre reinforced
polymeric composites.Revista Brasilein de Eigentma Agricolo e ambiental,1999
[8]. Khazanchi A.C, Saxena Mohini, Morchhale, R.K. and R.K. Chauhan, Development of new building materials: Redmud cement and
sisal fibre reinforced roofing sheets in cement/polymer matrix. J. NCB Quest, Vol. 4, pp. 16-26,1991
[9]. Leadm, D.A, Brazil sisal producers aim to recapture market share lost to synthetic fibers, IFJ,2006, Vol. 21 No.1
[10]. Li Yan, Yiu-wing Mai and Lin Ye ,Sisal fibre and its composites: A review of recent developments. Composite Science & [11]
Meena, Technology,2000, 60, pp. 2037-2055
[11]. Meena, J.L, Natural fibers and their usage, Khadigramodyog. pp.264-271,1987
[12]. Murthy, M. S., A.K. Vaish. and S. Rajagopalan (1981), Extraction of hecogenin from sisal (Agave Veracruz) Leaves. Journal of
the Indian Institute of Science, 1, 63, 9, pp.227-236,1981
[13]. Nangia Sangeeta, Mittal.A, Srikanth.G and S. Biswas, Composites in Railways, News and Views, TIFAC, DST, New Delhi, 2005
[14]. OSEC, India Automotive Components Industry. Swiss Business Hub India, OSEC Business network, Switzerland,2004
[15]. Oudshoorn.L, Biogas from Sisal waste – A new Opportunity for the Sisal Industry in Tanzania. Energy for Sustainable
Development, Vol. II, No.4,1995
[16]. Purandare A. P and B. Sambi Reddy, Integrated Sisal Plantation based activities in Koraput district, Orissa. In: Experiences in
implementation of innovative employment programmes, pp. 341-364, 2001
[17]. Rai Amit and C.N.Jha, Natural fibre composites and its potential as building materials, Express Textile –
http://www.besharp.archidev.org, 2004
[18]. Rehm,S and G. Espig, The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/crops/info/sisal.html ,1991
[19]. Saxena.M, Amlathe.S, Roy.A and R.Dasgupta, Sisal –A versatile plant, Udhyamita News letter, Govt. of M.P, pp.17-18,1994
[20]. Saxena.M and A.Roy, Sisal handicrafts and rural development in M.P, Udhyamita News Letter, Govt. of M.P. pp.31-34,1995
[21]. Saxena, M, Chauhan A and P. Asokan, Flyash vermicompost from ecofriendly organic wastes. J. Poll. Res. 17 (1), pp. 5-11,1998
[22]. Saxena.M, Morchhale.R.K, Meshram.A.N and A.C.Khazanchi, Development of sisal cement composites as substitute for asbestos
cement composites for roofing. Proc. 4th
RILEM. Int. Symposium on fibre reinforced cement and concrete, (ed. R.N. Swamy),
Published by E&F.N. SPIN, London, pp. 1140-1151,1992
[23]. Saxena.S using polyster, redmud and sisal fabric. Proc. Recent Trends in Building materials, pp. 17-27
[24]. Saxena, M, Murali.S, Mogalli J. Nandan and N. Ramakrishnan, Sisal: Potential for employment generation and Rural Development,
Proc. of 3rd
International Conference on Rural India, pp.208-212,2005
[25]. Shamte.S, Overview of the Sisal and Henequen Industry: A Producers' Perspective. Proc of a Seminar held by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), Rome, Italy, 2000
[26]. Singh.K and B.C.Sasmal, Agronomic evaluation of sisal in relation to its productivity, Indian Agric. Vol. 38, No.4, 1994, pp.245-256
[27]. Wienk.J.F ,Long Agave fibres, In Ferwerda, F. P., and Wit F.(eds), Outlines of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics. H.Veenman
and Zonen, N.V. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp.1-21,1969
[28]. YU,C,Sisal, In : Bast and other plant fibers (ed. Robert R. Franck,Wood head Publishing Limited,UK,2005) pp.229-273
[29]. World sisal production :2007 , http://www .waterwereld.nu/sisal.php
[30]. Hale biogas plant , Tanzania, M/s Katani Ltd , http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=740 ,May 2007