Assalam O Alaikum! this is where you can find the filling fibers in the world, their uses and also about the scope in Pakistan, the description is given and detailed study can be done by checking the references mentioned. Hope you all like it. Thanks

1. Filling Fiber crops and
their scope in Pakistan
Qandeel Zaineb Wasti
PBG-601
PMAS AAUR
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2. Contents
• Overview
• What are fiber crops?
• Types of fiber crops
• Filling fibers
• Kapok
• Milkweeds
• Cattails
• Scope in Pakistan
• Conclusion
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3. Overview
Pakistan is the 8th largest
exporter of textile
commodities in Asia.
Textile sector contributes 8.5%
to the GDP of Pakistan.
The sector employs about 45%
of the total labor force in the
country (and 38% of the
manufacturing workers).
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4. What are fiber crops?
• Fiber crops are the crops
grown in fields for their fibers
that are used to make ropes,
paper, cloth, etc.
• Sclerenchyma cells associated
with the vascular tissues
• Component of plant skeleton
• They are the raw materials
available as thin, long
continuous threads and flexible
strands
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5. Types of
FIBERS
Paper making
fibers Textile fibers
Minor fibers
Surface fibers
(cotton, coconut
coir)
Soft or bast fibers
(jute, flax, hemp,
ramie)
Hard or leaf fibers
(sisal, pineapple)
Brush and
broom
fibers
(broom
straw)
Plaiting and
weaving
fibers
(bamboo,
palm leaves)
Filling fibers
(kapok,
milkweed,
cattails)
Felting
fibers (paper
mulberry)
Single
cells of
cotton
Delignified
wood
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6. Kapok
• Ceiba pentandra
• Family: Malvaceae
• Chromosomal number: 2n= 72
• Common name: Java cotton, ceiba, or Java kapok
• Gigantic tree of tropical forest canopy
• Origin: native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean,
northern South America, and to tropical west Africa.
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7. Morphological description
• Height: 30-40 m
• Trunk: broad straight trunk, having buttress roots
for support
• Branches: horizontally spreading
• Leaves: compound (5 to 8 leaflets)
• Flowers: clustered (2-15), yellowish white to rose,
silky and densely hairy on the outer surface,
bisexual
• Fruit: long (10-30 cm) capsule
• Seeds: 120-175 rounded dark brown to black
seeds/fruit
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8. 8

9. Uses of
kapok
• provide relief from cough
• as hair shampoo
• treat dysentery and diarrhea (latex)
• treat lumbago and fatigue (leaves)
• used for type 2 diabetes and headaches
(bark)
• Cooking purposes (leaves, seeds, fruits,
sprouts, stamens, wood)
• Cooking oil (27.5%)
• Biofuel
• Fiber
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10. Kapok Fiber composition and sructure
Kobayshi et al, 1977
• 64% cellulose
• 13% lignin
• 23% pentose
Hori et al, 2000
• cellulose (35 % dry fiber)
• xylan (22%)
• lignin (21.5%)
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S-outer skin
W1-primary
cell wall
W2-Secondary
cell wall
W3-tertiary
cell wall
IS-inner skin
that protects
fibers

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12. Processing
• Harvesting
• Removing hulls
• Removing seeds
• Drying
• Bailing and packing
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13. Applications of kapok fibers
Oil absorbent
Buoyancy suit/anti
drown suit
Filter media
Kapok apparels
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14. Fiber yield ; potential of kapok
• Kapok becomes productive within 4-5 years, and its
economical lifespan is about 60 years.
• A tree may yield 330-400 fruits per year, giving 15-
18 kg fibre and about 30 kg seeds.
• A satisfactory fibre yield is about 450 kg/ha and a
very good yield is about 700 kg/ha.
• Kapok tree produces between 500 and 4,000 fruits
at one time, with each fruit containing 200 seeds.
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Note: In 1996-2000 Indonesia exported on average 250 t kapok oil
per year, with the importing countries including Japan and

15. Milkweed
• Asclepias sps.
• Consists of more than 200 species
• Family: Apocynaceae
• Asclepias syriaca
• common milkweed, butterfly flower, silkweed, silky swallow-
wort (clonal perennial herb)
• Origin: native to southern Canada and eastern U.S.
• Manhattan collaboration with Monarch Watch and Wester Energy
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16. Morphological description
• Height: 2.6 m (8.5 ft) tall
• Leaves: broad ovate-lanceolate; up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long
and 12 cm (4.7 in) broad
• Flowers: nectariferous,white (rarely) through pinkish and
purplish and occur in umbellate cymes, about 1 cm (0.4 in)
in diameter
• Seeds: long, white flossy hairs, occur in large follicles
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17. 17

18. Uses of Milk
weed
Cooking purposes
Natural remedies
Fiber
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19. Milkweed as fiber
• Fibers are obtained from the seeds of any of several milkweed plants of the
genus Asclepias
• Fiber length = ~ 2 cm
• Fiber Diameter= 20 to 50 microns
(0.0008 to 0.002 inch)
• Composition:
• 40–45% cellulose
• 35–40% hemicellulose
• 15% lignin
• 3% free sugars
• 3% wax
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20. Method of fiber extraction
Step 1
•Collect
seedpods
Step 2
•Separate seeds
from fluff
Step 3
•Weigh fibers
Step 4
•Card fibers
Step 5
•Roll into rolag
Step 6
•Spin
Step 7
•Ply
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21. Potential of milkweed
• Merle D. Witt and Herbert D. Knudsen did a research on
milkweed floss yield
• The hybrid ecotypes yielded 349 kg floss/ha annually over the 4
years.
• Of the line ecotypes, the 12 showy milkweed ecotypes averaged
207 kg floss/ha, and the two common milkweed ecotypes yielded
187 kg floss/ha over the 4-year period.
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Note: 11 million kg of pods were consumed to fill 1.2 million "Mae West" life
jackets.

22. Cat-tails
• Typha latifolia
• 2n = 30
• 30 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants
• Family: Typhaceae
• American English as reed, wild corn dog, cattail
• Distribution: Northern Hemisphere, in wetland habitats
• grows best in extremely moist environments
including freshwater marshes, ditches, and shorelines
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23. Morphological Description
• aquatic or semi-aquatic, rhizomatous,
herbaceous perennial plants, cigar shaped head
• Leaves : hairless, linear, alternate
• Flowers: unisexual
• Height: 30 centimeters
• Seeds: 0.2 millimeters
• When ripe, the heads disintegrate into a cottony
fluff from which the seeds disperse by wind.
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24. Uses Chair seating
Culinary uses
Agriculture
Building material
Paper
Fiber
Biofuel
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25. Cattails fiber
• Composition:
• 63% cellulose,
• 8.7% hemicellulose,
• 40% fiber,
• 8.9% moisture content,
• 9.6% lignin and pectin
• and other water-soluble matters such as 1.4% wax and 2% ash
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26. Properties
of fiber
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Fiber length = 25 mm (1 inch)

27. Potential of Cattails
• Whole plant is utilized that’s why the fiber
yield is approximately 40-60% of the total
produce.
• Typha glauca can produce 7 to 10 tons per
hectare annually
• Fibers up to 4 meters long can be obtained
from the stems when they are
mechanically or chemically treated
with sodium hydroxide.
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29. Scope in
Pakistan
Kapok tree is a gigantic tree of tropical forests,
many potential uses have been observed by this
java cotton. We can get more yield than cotton
from it as it is perineal and won’t require
harvesting after every season. Although many
developed countries are working on it, but we
are still lacking in terms of producing fiber.
Milkweeds got attention only due to the
monarch butterflies, Pakistan is making progress
in protecting Monarch, many people are aware
of this as well but talking about the commercial
scale production and industries we are lacking in
vision, machinery and breeding strategies.
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30. Cont… 30
Talking about the cattails, we don’t consider it as a fiber
crop but as a weed that blocks our ditches, lakes, etc. and it
hasn’t got any attention as fiber crops, up till now but work
can be done on this as this is growing wild in almost every
marshy area of Pakistan.

31. Conclusion
• Filling fibers are mostly used in filling of mattresses, or sofa
decors as well as have medicinal values and can be a good
competitor for cotton.
• Many countries are having many plans and projects regarding
them. We should also consider them as economy enhancers as well
as expanders of our textiles and fiber industries.
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32. References
• Wikipedia
• Briticanna
• Sciencedirect
• Researchgate
• Espacepourlavie
• Slideshare
• Ajol
• Vigneshdhanabalan
• Healthenefitstimes
• Feedipedia
• Uses.plantnet.project
• Ijert
• Hort.purdue
• Csbe-scgab
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