This document provides information on the botanical classification, origin, chromosome number, cultivation practices, varieties, and processing methods for 10 important plantation crops. Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, cashew, coconut, arecanut, palmyrah, and oil palm are described. Key details include native regions, climate requirements, propagation techniques, pruning and harvesting schedules, and economic uses of each crop and its products.

1. 1.Tea:- 2n = 30 -Camellia Sinensis -Theaceae - China South east asia.
2.Coffee:- n= 11 , 2n= 22, -Coffea arebica, Coffea cenephora linden (robusta) –
Rubiaceae - Ethopia .
3.Rubber:- 2n=36 - Heavia brasilinensis Mull arg – Euphorbiaceae - Brazil.
4.Cocoa:- 2n=20 – Theobroma cocoa - Sterculiaceae ,Malvaceae - South america.
5.Cashew :- 2n=42 – Anacardium Occidentale – Anacardiaceae – South eastern
Brazil.
6.Coconut:- 2n=32 – Cocus Nucifera - Arecacea ,Palme – South east Asia.
7.Arecanut :- 2n= 32 - Areca Catechu - Arecacea ,Palme - Malayan
Archipelago,Philliphins.
8.Palmyrah:- 2n=36 – Borosus fleballifer - Arecacea ,Palme – Tropical Africa.
9.Oil Palme :- 2n=32 – Elaeis guineenis Jacq. –Arecacea ,Palme – West Africa.
10.Cinchona:- 2n=34 – Cinchona Sp,Sinensis – Rubiaceae – South America.
11.Betal Vine:- n=13, 2n=26 – Piper Betle – Arecacea

2. 1.Tea:-C.asamica (Asam jats) -Tree,Sparse flowering.
C.Sinensis (China Jats)-Shrub,Profuse flowering.
Highly Cross polinated Crops.
2.Coffee:-70 Species ,But two speciesa economical importance:-
 C.Arabica(Arabica Coffee)-Tetraploid-Berries 10-20 per node-Self Pollinated.
 C.Cenephora (Robusta Coffee)-Diploid-Berries 40-60 per node
- CrossPollinated.
 Short day plant- Fruit is Drupe contains two seed. Single seed called“Peaberry”.
3.Rubber:-Tree is sturdy Tall and quick growing-Annual leaf fall knows
‘Wintering”
Unisexual- Pollination is by Insect – Latex vessel are present in all
parts tree.
4.Cocoa:- Perennial tree - Pollination is by Insect midges-Petal pouch like Lower
parts and Spatula shaped upper parts. Vertical Stem is called
“Chupan”.Horizantal branches is called “Fan or Jorquette”.Tree grow
in Tiers.

3. 5.Cashew nut:-Tree is Low spreading-Monoecious type flower-Pollination Wind-Fleshy peduncle
“Cashew Apple” is Juicy and sweet-rich source Vit.-C and Sugar. Cashew fruit is
Kidney shaped. Inflorocence :Poly gamomonocious..
6.Coconut:- The palme is Monoecious. Fruit is large and one seeded drup. Endocarp used
Making toys and buttons .Mesocarp Husk used for Coir fiber making. Male parents
For hybrid Choughat orange . Coconut husk:-COIR(70%), FIBER(30%). Full mature
nut :- 30-40% coir . Two form of copra:-1. Edible –ball and cup copra.2. Milling copr.
7.Arecanut:- Monoecious. – Cross pollinated – Single seeded berry .
8.Palmyrah palme:- Perenial plant.-Dioecious berry axillary spadix. Fruit is drupe .tree seeded.
9. Oil palme:- Monoecious. Highly cross pollinatted crops. Ablation:- removal male ,female flowe
10.Cinchona :- The important species which are under commercial cultivation--
C. Ledgeriana,C.Oficinelis,C.Robusta,C.Succiruba. Cross polinated
Ablation :- Removal male and female flower produced early stage of plantation.

4. 1.Tea:- UPASI has so far released 27 clones.
 UPASI-2 ( Jayaram)- suiitable for all elevation.
 UPASI-3(Sundaram)- Very high yielding and quality Clone.
 UPASI-6(Brooklands).
 UPASI-8( Golconda)- High yielding and suitable for all elevation.
 UAPASI-9(Athrey)
 UPASI-10(Pandin)-Highly clone , Resistance for drought wind.
 UPASI-14(Singara)-Quality clone.
 UPASI-17(Swarna)-High yielding clone.
 TRF-1 ,TRF (Srilanka) etc.
BIO CLONAL SEED STOCK:- Recommended to be used as “infills” also for
replanting drought prone areas.
2. Coffee:- CCRI Balhanur Karnataka.
1.S-795(Sin-3) - Most popular varities Occupe 70% total coffee area.
2. Sin-5b 3.Sin-7 (Ramon – Mutant) 4.Cauvery 5.Chandragiri 6.Chioccie 7.Chick
8.Kent 9. Blue mauntain 10Agro.

5. 3.Rubber:- Clone varieties has developed by RRI Malayam – Kottayam Kerela.
 PRIMARY CLONE:- 1. TJIR-1 2.G.T.1 3.G.I.1 4.PB.86,206.
 SECONDARY CLONE:-1.PRIM-600,628
 TERTIARY CLONES:- PRIM-703.
4.Cocoa:-Commercial cocoa has tow major varieties 1. CRIOLLO 2. FORESTERO.
Other is :- Trinitarion: cross is criollo and forestero.
o Criollo type produce best quality of cocoa.
5.Cahew:-Cross pollinated
 Maharashtra:- VENGURLA1-8
 Tamil nadu:- VRI 1
 Karnataka:- ULLAL and CHINTAMANI.
 DCR:- NRCC 1 .
 AP :- BPP
 OTHER:- DAMODAR ANAKKAYAM
6.Coconut:-

6. There are two types:-
1. TALL:- 1.West Coast tall 2. East cost tall 3. Kalpa dhenu 5. Kalpa pritibha
6.Kalpa tharu 7.Kalpa tharitha 8.Chandra kalpa 9.Laccadive ordinary
10.Andman ordinary 11.Sanramon 12.Pratap 13.Laguna.
2.DWARF:- 1.Choughat orange dwarf 2.Choughat green dwarf 3.Gangabondam
4.Gudanjali. 5.Coconino 6.Mangipod 7.Nuleka.
HYBRID:- Chandra sankara , Kera sankara , Kera ganga Chandra laksha, Chandra ganga.
7.Arecanut:- Sreevardhan, Thirthahalli , Mohitnagar , Kahikuchi , Herehalli,
Samrudhi , Sumangla, Sree Mangla .
8.Palmyrah:- Palmyrah research station Srivilliputhur(T.A.N.U.) has released one
varieties SVPR-1
9.Oil Palme:- The best classification besed on fruit structures:-
 DURA:- Shell present
 PISIFERA:-Shell absent - commercial palme -- pea like kernels.
 Tenera:- Cross of dura and pisifera - high oil content .
RBD:- Refined bleached deodoured .

7. 1.Tea:- Temperature 16-32C. Leteritic , Alluvial, Peaty sooil. Exactic climate required
PH Range= 4-5. Propagated by :- Seed and Cutting. Planting 1.2×1.2m.
Pit size:- 30×30×45cm. Planting season:- june/july-sep/oct.
 Single and double hedge style planting is recommended in Tea.
2.Coffee:- Temperature 15-30C. Slighty acidic soil . PH range= 6-6.5.
3.Rubber:- Temperature 20-30C. Red lateritic loam soil. Ph range= 4.5-6. sp.4.9m
Propagation by Seed and Budding. Planting:-Rectangular ,squre.quincun
4.Cocoa:- Temperature 25C. Humid tropic climate. Natural soil. PH range= 4.5 – 7.
Propagation by Seed or vagetatively by bud.
5.Cashew:- Temperature 25-49C. Red Lateritic and sandy soil. Hardy tropical plant.
PH range= 8 . Softwood Grafting is commercially followed method pro.
 Very sensitive to Water logging. Pit size= 45×45×45cm.
6.Coconut- Temperature -27C. Sandy soil . PH range= 5.2-8.5 . Hileotropic plant.
Pit size=1×1×1. Spacing – 7.5 to 9m depending on crown size.

8. 7.Arecanut:- Temperature -14 to 36C. Lateric red loam soil. PH range=5-7.
Spacing-2.7×27m. Pit size-90×90×90cm. Propagation – Seednut.
 they are susceptible SUN SCORCH south and south west direction.
8.Palmyrah:- Propagated by seed. Tropical Crops. Sandy and Loam soil.
9.Oil Palme:- Temperature -22to 33C. All type soil.
1.Tea:-
 Weed control-=Dicot- Paraquat(gramoxone), 2 4-D (fernoxone)-1.4kg/h.
 Training:- For better frame development, Regular plucking field stage.
 Pruning:- Maintain convenient height for plucking, Induce more vegetative growth,
Remove dead and defunct wood, Remove knots and interlaced branches.

9. Rejuvention , Hard , Light , Skiffing Pruning. Collar pruning –severe most pruning.
 Tipping:-Removal of terminal portion of the shoot.
 Sprinkler - irrigation is the most common.
Plucking:- harvesting 2 to 3 leaves and a bud.
 Yield:- 2000-3000 tea kg/ha.
 Best Harvesting of tea:- Two leaves and a bud stage.
Withering:- first stage of proccesing. Main objects of Withering is removal 15-20%
Moisture of the leaves
 Manufacturing of Tea:-1. Orthodox method:-Light strength tea, 2.CTC method:-Light
strong tea. Following steps :- Withering ,Rolling,
fermentation,drying,grading.
 Compound responsible for colour of tea:- Theaflavins and Thearufigens.
2. Coffee:-
 Training:- single stem and multiple stem – followed India.
 Pruning;- June/july - Aug/sep.
 Soil management:- Digging, scuffiling or stirirng, Trenching, Mulching,
Weed control:- Gramoxone and Glyphosate 41 EC.
Irrigation:- Sprinkler.
 Arabica NPK:-160:120:160, Robusta NPK:-120:90:120 total.
Cured coffee is called Green Coffee which is the trade of market.
 Coffee contains :- Niacin which is use full to CURE skin diseases.

10. Stripping:- remaining green berries on the plant.
 Processing :- Two ways ---1. Parchment coffee:-Pulping , demucilaging and washing.
Wet method .
2. Cherry :- use Dry Method.
3. Rubber:- Cover cropping:- soil erosion and conserve soil moisture
 Tapping :- is done rubber removal of Letex.
Tapping cut should be at a slope 30 in budding plant and 25 in seedling tr.
Ridley:- Tapping technique.
Matrola:- Measure % of RUBBER.
Tapable girth 70% rubber.
Slaughter Tapping:-Old tree is called .
Latex contain average :-32% dry matter.
 Yield:- 375 kg /ha. National average yield per year=1-6tan/ha.
 Processing:- Latex-30-40%,resin-1-2%,protein-2-2.5%, sugar-1-1.5%, ASH-0.7-0.9%
Water-55-65%.
4.Cocoa:-
 Drip irrigation followed by Tamil nadu.
 Cocoa plants grow under the sade of coconut and arecanut plantation.
 Formation pruning is done young plant. Adjust height and first jorquette.
Sanitary pruning :- all unnescessary disease chupons.
 Structural pruning :- is done shape and canopy to desired size and architecture.

11. Bearing habit:- cauliflorus and shade lovnig.
 Processing: - Fermentation, box method, try method, basket method and dry met.
5.Cashew:-
Pruning:- Aug/sem.
 Manuring:- NPK:- 19:19:19
 Yield:- 6 kg/ha after 15 years.
 Kernel contain :- fat47%, protein 21%, carbohydrate
 Kernel :- don’t have a cholesterol.
 Gllining:- collect of nuts.
 Moisture contain dry kernel:-2-4%.
 They are 26 grade of export cashew kernel.
 Dwarf rootstock of cashew:- Anacardium pumilum.
 Processing:- Roasting:- most important method roasting:--- STEM METHOD.
 Best qualilty kernel are obtained :- Drum roasting.
 Max recovery of oil :- oil bath roasting.
 other method are:- Shelling , peeling, grading, packing.
 TOP WORKING:- Is practied in cashew for rejunation in old plant is called gllining.
6.Coconut:-
 Drip irrigation:- 30-40l/day.
 Monoluron contant of cocont oil has anti HIV Property.
 Yield:-80-100nuts/palm/year.
 Second growth in coconut stem as well as root is absent.

12.  Kurumba :- an immature nut containing refreshing clear liquid.
 55% Coconut production is consumed as raw .
 Coconut water :- 94.5 water+vit-c+vit-b+sugar + fiber.
 Harvesting:- is done CLIMBING TREE.
7. Arecanut:-
 Arecotine (0.7%) stimulating agent, present in arecanut.
 Polyphenol and tanins are responsibale for astringnet teste of nut.
 Trade type:-
1. Kalipak:- procced green nujts.
2. Kattakpak or Chali:- dired ripe nuts(most popular method)
3. Scented supari.
Yellow to orange red colour is the best.
 Nuli is made from tender nuts.
 Young seedling are best protected by raising banana crops during the early years.
 Fully ripe nuts Weight 30 gram.
 Yield:- 10kg /nut .
 Disorder :- Sun scorching, Nut spliting, Band disease .
8. Palmyrah:-
 NPK:-10 kg/pit before planting.
 Tending consists removing the presisting leave bases periodically.

13.  Tapping:- extraction of sap from the inflorescence is called tapping .
1. Aripanai:- is practiced for one and half month.
2. Vallupanai:- one month inflorescence.
3.Thattupalai:- is called young female inflorescence.
4. Kaivetty:- is emplyoed when the inflorescence is about 2 – 3 months old.
 Tapping is done january .
 The sap so tapped is called NEERA and PADANEER.
 OR jeggery obtained from palm is called neera.
 Neera on fermentation becomes toddy.
 Today in 5% alchol.
 Tender fruit :- Nungu.
 Other obtained :- palm cola, palm sugar.- sowft drink.
 Rich source :- carbohydrate , phosphorous , vit-c , iron ,Riboflavins and Niacin.
9. Oil palm:-
 Planting june to decmber.
 Drip, micro sprinkler irigation is apllly
 Palm wine is prepared by tapping male inflorscence.
 Palm wine is the most source of vit – B complex
 Palm oil is used in production margarine.
 Oil palm is highest edible oil yielding crop among perennial crops.
 Palmolin is prepared from crude oil.

14.  Palm oil rich palmitic acid. Vit- A&E.
 Separeted kernel are dried to final moisture of 6-8%.
 Stripping is done in oil Palm.
10 . Cinchona:-
 Coppicing consists of pruning the tree at height of 5 cm from the ground lavel.

16. x

17. 1.Mites
(Raoiella indica)
(Oligonychus
Indicus)
2. Spindle bug
(calvalhoia
Arecae)
3. Inflorenscens
Caterpillar
(tirathaba
mundella)
4. Koleroga or
Mahali
(phytophthora
Arecae)
5. Bud rot
(phytophthora
Palmivora).
6. Anabe roga .
Rhinoceros .
beetle and black
headed caterpilar .
Control measures
Are similer to those
recommended for
coconut…
1.Rhinoceros beetle.
2.Red palm weevil.
3.bud rot.
4. basal stem rot
(gonoderma spp.)
5.Stem wet rot.
6.spear rot
( Associated with
mycoplasma) .
1.Damping –off
(Pythium)
2.Tea mosquito bugs
(Helopeltis anntonii).

19. oAssam state is leading producer of tea in india 55%.
o India is largest producer consumer and exporter of tea in the world.
o 2nd important agriculture commodity exported from india.
oMost of tea garden are located at altiudes ranging from 1000 to 1200m.
Coffee:-
 India rank in coffee production in the world is 6th .
Coffee is 2nd important commodity in world trade petroleum products.
Arecanut:-
India is largest producer and consumer of arecanut.
Cocoa:-
Cocoa improvement work was stared in1980 in Karnataka.
Young cocoa fruits are called as “ cherlle” and willting perior to maturity is called
“cherelle wilting”(DISORDER).
Rubber:-
In world consupation ratio of natural to synthetic rubber is 39:61.
India ranks 3rd in rubber production and 5th in area and 1st in productivity in world.
A budded tree is considered as tappable when it attains a girth of 50cm at a height
of 125cm from the bud union.
India is 3rd largest producer of rubber next to Thailand and Indonesia sharing 9% of
global output.
India consumpation ratio of natural to synthetic rubber is 80:20.