A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
Water pollution has deleterious effects as hazards to human health, living resources and hindrances to marine activities. Therefore this research aimed to ascertain the influence of municipal solid waste on physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters of water samples obtained from Otamiri River. Stream samples were collected at five different points. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of samples collected were analyzed. Most of the physicochemical parameters were high for some of the locations. The bacteriological analysis result shows a high bacteria count in the water which can be attributed to leachate from dumped human faeces in the river banks. At P<0.05, acidity correlated negatively with THBC (r= -0.903), TCC (r= -0.449), FCC (r= -0.594). TSS correlated positively with E.coli (r= 0.938). PO43 correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.905). At P<0.01, Turbidity correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.997). Dissolved Oxygen correlated negatively with all the physicochemical parameters. BOD correlated negatively with TCC (r= -0.877), E.coli (r= -0.929), FCC (r= -0.742), TFC (r= -0.117). Total hardness correlated positively with FCC (r= 0.975), PO43 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.989) and FCC (r= 0.967). NO3 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.976). Summarily, the proximity of the waste dump to Otamiri River has certainly shown considerable physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological effects on its water quality. The presence of the organism shows that the river requires auxiliary treatment before usage as a source of drinking water.
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
Water pollution has deleterious effects as hazards to human health, living resources and hindrances to marine activities. Therefore this research aimed to ascertain the influence of municipal solid waste on physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters of water samples obtained from Otamiri River. Stream samples were collected at five different points. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of samples collected were analyzed. Most of the physicochemical parameters were high for some of the locations. The bacteriological analysis result shows a high bacteria count in the water which can be attributed to leachate from dumped human faeces in the river banks. At P<0.05, acidity correlated negatively with THBC (r= -0.903), TCC (r= -0.449), FCC (r= -0.594). TSS correlated positively with E.coli (r= 0.938). PO43 correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.905). At P<0.01, Turbidity correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.997). Dissolved Oxygen correlated negatively with all the physicochemical parameters. BOD correlated negatively with TCC (r= -0.877), E.coli (r= -0.929), FCC (r= -0.742), TFC (r= -0.117). Total hardness correlated positively with FCC (r= 0.975), PO43 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.989) and FCC (r= 0.967). NO3 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.976). Summarily, the proximity of the waste dump to Otamiri River has certainly shown considerable physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological effects on its water quality. The presence of the organism shows that the river requires auxiliary treatment before usage as a source of drinking water.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
Water is the second most important basic need of man after oxygen which is the first. The quality of life in villages and cities depends on the regular supply of pure and unpolluted fresh water. The quality of water bodies depends on their physicochemical and microbial characteristics. The hand-dug wells and boreholes are charactacterised as groundwater under this study. Sampling was done on 21 points containing wells and bore holes within part of Mokola-Eleyele in order to assess their physiochemical contents. The sample was collected during September 2018 - February 2019. Laboratory analysis was carried out on them. The physical and chemical contents observed are; pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4+), Nitrate (NO3+) and iron content (Fe2+) were analyzed for each water sample collected. The values of physical and chemical contents were compared with the standard values set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the results were within their safe limits. The t-test analysis carried out showed the correlation between chemical contents at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence level, the results shows that the significant differences exist for the parameters. It can be concluded that the qualities of both hand dug wells and boreholes water samples were suitable for human consumption.
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
In post-conflict community rebuilding, the significance of reintegration exercise
for returning displaced persons and the manner of programs put in place will
determine whether they will be sustainable reintegrated or otherwise. However, there
is little empirical documentation regarding critical questions such as: Can restoration
of vandalized sources of water supply in their communities of origin guarantee
sustainable reintegration as they return home? How can regular water supply aid
their occupation to blossom so that earning a living is not difficult? What significant
relationships exist between the background characteristics of returning migrants and
water supply as an integral part of social reintegration strategy? Using a case study
of the returning displaced persons in North-East Nigeria, this paper addresses these
questions.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
Forms of Water Supply, Conservation and use in Banigbe District, Municipality...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rural populations in underdeveloped countries like Benin have difficult access to safe drinking water. This research aims to study the forms of water supply, conservation and use in Banigbé district. The methodological approach revolves around data collection through documentary research; data processing and results analysis. It appears that 88.75% of the 80 households selected for the survey in Banigbé, use at-risk sources (rivers; Private PEA; traditional wells). Only 11.25% have access to water from conventional sources such as the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) and the Drilling of Human Motric Pumps (FPM). 88.75% of those selected for the survey also said that they do not treat drinking water at any source. It is therefore necessary to improve the quality of the water to which the populations of Banigbé have access to, and this through the disinfection of water from at risk sources and the proliferation of village hydraulic equipment in the district of Banigbé.
Urban water supply have been one of the major challenges facing residents of Jalingo Metropolis over the years. Taraba State Government in partnership with the African Development Bank (AfDB) has recently embarked on massive investment in urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The project is aimed at providing water to the citizenry and galvanizing commercial activities in the State. This study examines the various water resource potentials available to the town and the prospect of harnessing these resources and the challenges associated with each of the options. The study relied substantially on existing data sources, fieldwork and discussion with experts and consultants working on the projects. The collected data and information were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study shows that the existing Jalingo Water Supply System relied on open well field consisting of 14 boreholes out of which 4 boreholes are currently operational and 10 are non operational. The findings shows that the water supply to Jalingo town does not have any form of treatment and no provision is made at the moment to disinfect the borehole water which is distributed to the public at the moment. Storm water runoff from Jalingo township discharges into the borehole field (Jalingo Master Plan, 2000) thereby constituting potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to contamination particularly during the rainy season. At the moment only 30% of the Jalingo town’s water requirements are met. The findings of the study shows that the water resource options in Jalingo Metropolis include the abstraction of ground water through drilling of boreholes, construction of infiltration gallery and construction of dam across River Lamurde. Although, urban water supply prospect in the town is high, none of the options can generate sufficient amount of water supply to the town in the nearest future. This study therefore recommends the need to consider the development of all these water resource options in the study area to complement each other.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, So...ijtsrd
Electrical resistivity sounding was carried out in four Local Government Areas LGAs in Oyo Federal constituency, Oyo state. The geophysical survey was carried out in ten different rural urban communities locations in each of the four LGAs with the aim of determining the hydrogeology of the study areas for possible identification of aquifers that can serve as possible location of borehole drilling. The potential aquifer investigation was carried out using ABEM terrameter while schlumberger arrangement was the measurement method adopted for the forty Vertical Electrical Sounding VES stations in the study areas. Iteration processes using WINRESIST programme was performed on the field data and generated results includes the thickness, depth and resistivity values of each layers. The geo electric investigations revealed three and four layers. The results also revealed two categories of aquifers the High Water Potential HWP and Low Water Potential LWP . The resistivity layers that are less than 400 ohmmeters are categorized with HWP zones deep aquifers located at different thirty five VES stations while Local Water Potential shallow aquifers areas are found at five various locations with their resistivity greater than 400 ohmmeter. The aquifers locations can be considered for borehole drillings in the study areas. Oladejo, O. P. | Amusat, T. A. | Ogunkoya, C. O. | Akinlabi, I. A. | Olafisoye, E. R. "Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57450.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/physics/other/57450/hydrogeological-investigation-for-aquifer-within-oyo-federal-constituency-southwestern-nigeria/oladejo-o-p
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
Water is the second most important basic need of man after oxygen which is the first. The quality of life in villages and cities depends on the regular supply of pure and unpolluted fresh water. The quality of water bodies depends on their physicochemical and microbial characteristics. The hand-dug wells and boreholes are charactacterised as groundwater under this study. Sampling was done on 21 points containing wells and bore holes within part of Mokola-Eleyele in order to assess their physiochemical contents. The sample was collected during September 2018 - February 2019. Laboratory analysis was carried out on them. The physical and chemical contents observed are; pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4+), Nitrate (NO3+) and iron content (Fe2+) were analyzed for each water sample collected. The values of physical and chemical contents were compared with the standard values set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the results were within their safe limits. The t-test analysis carried out showed the correlation between chemical contents at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence level, the results shows that the significant differences exist for the parameters. It can be concluded that the qualities of both hand dug wells and boreholes water samples were suitable for human consumption.
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
In post-conflict community rebuilding, the significance of reintegration exercise
for returning displaced persons and the manner of programs put in place will
determine whether they will be sustainable reintegrated or otherwise. However, there
is little empirical documentation regarding critical questions such as: Can restoration
of vandalized sources of water supply in their communities of origin guarantee
sustainable reintegration as they return home? How can regular water supply aid
their occupation to blossom so that earning a living is not difficult? What significant
relationships exist between the background characteristics of returning migrants and
water supply as an integral part of social reintegration strategy? Using a case study
of the returning displaced persons in North-East Nigeria, this paper addresses these
questions.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
Forms of Water Supply, Conservation and use in Banigbe District, Municipality...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rural populations in underdeveloped countries like Benin have difficult access to safe drinking water. This research aims to study the forms of water supply, conservation and use in Banigbé district. The methodological approach revolves around data collection through documentary research; data processing and results analysis. It appears that 88.75% of the 80 households selected for the survey in Banigbé, use at-risk sources (rivers; Private PEA; traditional wells). Only 11.25% have access to water from conventional sources such as the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) and the Drilling of Human Motric Pumps (FPM). 88.75% of those selected for the survey also said that they do not treat drinking water at any source. It is therefore necessary to improve the quality of the water to which the populations of Banigbé have access to, and this through the disinfection of water from at risk sources and the proliferation of village hydraulic equipment in the district of Banigbé.
Urban water supply have been one of the major challenges facing residents of Jalingo Metropolis over the years. Taraba State Government in partnership with the African Development Bank (AfDB) has recently embarked on massive investment in urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The project is aimed at providing water to the citizenry and galvanizing commercial activities in the State. This study examines the various water resource potentials available to the town and the prospect of harnessing these resources and the challenges associated with each of the options. The study relied substantially on existing data sources, fieldwork and discussion with experts and consultants working on the projects. The collected data and information were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study shows that the existing Jalingo Water Supply System relied on open well field consisting of 14 boreholes out of which 4 boreholes are currently operational and 10 are non operational. The findings shows that the water supply to Jalingo town does not have any form of treatment and no provision is made at the moment to disinfect the borehole water which is distributed to the public at the moment. Storm water runoff from Jalingo township discharges into the borehole field (Jalingo Master Plan, 2000) thereby constituting potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to contamination particularly during the rainy season. At the moment only 30% of the Jalingo town’s water requirements are met. The findings of the study shows that the water resource options in Jalingo Metropolis include the abstraction of ground water through drilling of boreholes, construction of infiltration gallery and construction of dam across River Lamurde. Although, urban water supply prospect in the town is high, none of the options can generate sufficient amount of water supply to the town in the nearest future. This study therefore recommends the need to consider the development of all these water resource options in the study area to complement each other.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, So...ijtsrd
Electrical resistivity sounding was carried out in four Local Government Areas LGAs in Oyo Federal constituency, Oyo state. The geophysical survey was carried out in ten different rural urban communities locations in each of the four LGAs with the aim of determining the hydrogeology of the study areas for possible identification of aquifers that can serve as possible location of borehole drilling. The potential aquifer investigation was carried out using ABEM terrameter while schlumberger arrangement was the measurement method adopted for the forty Vertical Electrical Sounding VES stations in the study areas. Iteration processes using WINRESIST programme was performed on the field data and generated results includes the thickness, depth and resistivity values of each layers. The geo electric investigations revealed three and four layers. The results also revealed two categories of aquifers the High Water Potential HWP and Low Water Potential LWP . The resistivity layers that are less than 400 ohmmeters are categorized with HWP zones deep aquifers located at different thirty five VES stations while Local Water Potential shallow aquifers areas are found at five various locations with their resistivity greater than 400 ohmmeter. The aquifers locations can be considered for borehole drillings in the study areas. Oladejo, O. P. | Amusat, T. A. | Ogunkoya, C. O. | Akinlabi, I. A. | Olafisoye, E. R. "Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57450.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/physics/other/57450/hydrogeological-investigation-for-aquifer-within-oyo-federal-constituency-southwestern-nigeria/oladejo-o-p
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
appraisal of groundwater quality in ado ekiti metropolitan area, nigeriaIJAEMSJORNAL
This study examined the groundwater quality in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Water samples were randomly collected from ten hand-dug wells (HDW) covering the entire Ado-Ekiti metropolis. The water samples collected using standard method was promptly taken to water laboratory at the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti for analysis. Physical, chemical and bacteriological tests were carried out. Most physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters analysed were found to be at disparity with both Nigerian and World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water quality. The ground water pollution may not be unconnected with poor and improper waste disposal. In order to guide against cholera and other water borne diseases, public enlightenment on proper waste management is require to be carried out. It is recommended that samples of well water use for drinking and other domestic chores should be taken to laboratory chemical and bacteriological tests once in six months.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water Use...AI Publications
The main objective of this study was to identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use using the contingent valuation method. Cross sectional data were collected from 251 households using a two-stage sampling technique (purposive and random sampling techniques) from four kebeles of Woliso District through a semi-structured questionnaire. The result from the Tobit model revealed that education level, family size, irrigable land size, number of oxen owned, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming, dissatisfaction, credit utilization and cash crops have significant and positive effect on households’ WTP for the improvement of the existing irrigation use whereas initial bid was found to have a negative and significant effect. Since these variables are identified as major determinants of willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use, policy makers and government should take into account in the designing of improved irrigation water supply system.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Nigeria
1. Oginni and Ojoawo, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12 (Part 1), December 2014, pp.94-104
www.ijera.com 94 | P a g e
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State
Capital, Nigeria
Felix A. Oginni1
and Samson O. Ojoawo2
*
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Osun State University, PMB 4494, Oshogbo, Nigeria.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte-574110,
Udupi District, Karnataka, India.
Abstract
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of
water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low,
medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of
water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole
and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and
Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points
were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th
water sampling
point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the
facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat
in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free
Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of
each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were
adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources
Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and
high population density areas of the State Capital.
Keywords : Population density; Water source; Sanitation level; Permissible level; Physicochemical;
Bacteriological
I. General Introduction
Osun State, a 23 year-old state in the South
Western part of Nigeria was one of the nine States
created in 1991to make a total of 30 States, then. The
Capital of the State is Oshogbo. Oshogbo is the
economic center of Osun State even prior to its being
elevated to the status of a State Capital in 1991. The
map of Osun State located in Nigeria is shown in Figure
1.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Oginni and Ojoawo, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12 (Part 1), December 2014, pp.94-104
www.ijera.com 95 | P a g e
Figure 1: Map of Nigeria with Osun State carved within.
Oshogbo, a 23 years old Capital city is considered for
this study because of its peculiarities. It is a developing
residential city in the Southwestern part of Nigeria.
shares the same similarities with Ibadan, one of the
large and old cities in Africa. Fadare and Hay (1990)
noted that there exist three distinct residential densities
(low, medium and high residential densities) in Ibadan.
Olawuni (1999) identified similar pattern of three
residential densities in Oshogbo as high, medium and
low residential densities. The high residential density
area in Oshogbo is comprised of housing that are laid
out in traditional compounds with many small rooms,
limited open space, almost no road, or formal recreation
space, and homogeneous population. The medium
residential density area is mostly well laid out, with a
regular street plan, having many plots almost
completely occupied by two or three-storey buildings.
Although, there is an attempt to control land use,
numerous retail services and other commercial activities
exist within the zone, but industries are largely absent.
The population in these areas is less homogenous,
consisting of people of diverse ethnic origins. The low
residential density area was initially established to
provide low rent accommodation for public sector
employees in government institutions.
Oshogbo with a population of 131, 761 at the 2006
census on an area of 97 km² is administratively divided
into two local government areas. These are Oshogbo
and Olorunda Local Government Areas.
Water forms about 70 per cent of human’s body fluids
and serves many other purposes among which are
domestic, industrial, agricultural, fire protection and
others (Ojoawo and Ogunrombi, 2014). Quality is
mostly believed to best describe any given water more
than other yardsticks; water quality assessment is
therefore a worthwhile study (Ojoawo et al., 2014).
Monitoring of quality of water sources is required in
determination of sanitation level of any community.
Marmot, et al., (1997) emphasized on implications of
social inequalities in health as a sanitation issue. Satone,
et al., (2011) recommended measures on the need to
monitor drinking water quality. Access to safe water
facilities is estimated at 43% for rural areas and 71% for
urban centers while rural sanitation coverage is 32%
and urban 75%. And that as a result of inadequate safe
water supply and sanitation facilities, people suffer
from water related diseases such as diarrhea, cholera,
typhoid, and guinea worm in many communities (ADF,
2007). Fadare and Olawuni, (2008) indicated that there
is a significant relationship between water sources and
ill health in the three residential densities in osogbo.
There is therefore the need to stem this trend. Workers
in this field include Kaonga et al., (2013), Yusuf et al.,
Oginni, (2013), Oginni and Isiorho, (2014), Jiboye,
(2004), Akindele and Adeniyi, (2013), Akan et al.,
(2012), Olajire and Imeokparia, (2011).
Sanitation level of this State Capital City has been
assessed in this paper to serve as bases for justifying
Government’s steps towards the Urban renewal
programs on the water supply platform within the State.
This will be at tandem with the commitment of the State
Government to improvement of the environment.
II. Methods and materials
3. Oginni and Ojoawo, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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The method employed focused on collection of samples
of water from various sources available within the two
Local Government areas in the State Capital and
evaluation of the quality of the various sources for their
physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
2.1 Study Area and water source types
The study area considered out is shown in Figure 2. The
carved area covers all the three distinct residential
densities known as low, medium and high residential
densities. And the area covers as much as 80% of the
entire City.
The sites for the water sources were selected randomly
but representative of the carved area.
Various types of sources of water considered in this
study are obtained from:
(i) Well (ii) Borehole
(iii) Rain (iv) Stream
(v) River
The common sources of water which this community
depend upon for their water needs are well, borehole,
stream and rainfall sources in that order. The entire City
is being drained by the major river, River Osun, that
gave the State its name to bear. This source is only
considered as one of the sources.
2.2 Selection of Sub-areas for water sources
In considering the population structure of the State
Capital, a total of seven areas were selected within the
area demarcated by the City ring road. The areas
represented the low density, medium density and the
high density population structure of Oshogbo. The
following areas and their population density of the City
were selected:
(i) Dada Estate - Low density
(ii) Isale Oshun - Low density
(iii) Ayetoro - Medium density
(iv) Ogooluwa - Medium density
(v) Oke Ayepe - Medium density
(vi) Oke Baale - High density
(vii) Igbona - High density
The sampling points are located in the Google earth
map shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Google Earth Map of Water Sources and Sampling Points
2.3 Layout of water source sampling Well water, borehole water rain water and stream
water sources were identified for each of the
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population structures/densities identified in section
2.2. Water samples for each type of source were then
collected from all the identified sources. This should
give a total of 28(No) water sources from the four
source types over the seven identified population
sectors. Because of the unpredictability of rainfall,
rain water could only be obtained for testing from
only four of the population sectors.
The river as a source was only sampled at a location,
Isale-oshun. Thus a total of 26 sampling points were
assessed for their physical, chemical and biological
quality parameters.
2.4 Determination of Water Quality of each
Source
Physico-Chemical and bacteriological analysis are
required for each source in order to determine the
qualities of the sources. The water quality parameters
determined include the following:
Colour Odour
Taste Temperature
Ph Conductivity
Turbidity T.D.S
T. Hardness Ca. Hardness
Mg. Hardness Alkalinity
Chloride Fluoride
Free Chlorine Total Chlorine
Nitrate Nitrite
Iron Manganese
Arsenic Zinc
Bacteriological BOD
COD
The physicochemical and bacteriological analysis
including BOD and COD of various sources of water
obtained from office of Rural Water and Sanitation
Agency, RWESA in Osun State Government
Secretariat in Abere.
2.5 Collections of Samples and Sampling
materials
Much care is required and was taken in the collection
of the water samples used in this study to ensure the
sample is representative of the water and waste water
desired to be examined and to avoid accidental
contamination of the samples.
The sampling materials include the following:
Sterile petri dishes
Cuvet
Air-tight plastic containers
Measuring cylinder
Distilled water 70% ethanol
Cotton wool
pH meter Turbidity meter
Reagents
Photometer
2.6 Sterilization of media and materials
All media were prepared from dehydrated
commercial product with strict adherence to
manufacturer’s instructions and sterilizing by
autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes (Fawole and
Oso, 2004). All glass wares were thoroughly washed
with detergent solution, rinsed with several changes
of distilled water and subsequently allowed to drain,
after they were sterilized in the oven at 170°C for 1
hour before use (Fawole and Oso, 2004). Heat
sensitive wares were disinfected with 70% ethanol.
The working bench was also swabbed with 70%
alcohol to have a sterile environment.
III. Results and analysis
Results of the well water quality parameters
listed in section 2.4 for the various sources are
presented in Table 1. The water quality parameters
whose levels were not within permissible levels
specified by the Standards Organization of Nigeria,
SON, for all samples from all the sources and
sampling points are presented in Table 2 for all
samples from well, borehole, stream, rain and river.
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Table 2: Water Quality Parameters Not Within SON Levels For Water Sources at different Population
Density Areas of Oshogbo
WELL POPULATION DENSITY
S/N Parameters LOW MEDIUM HIGH SON
Parameters Dada
Estate
Isale-
Oshun
Ayeto
ro
Ogo-
Oluwa
Oke-
Ayepe
Oke-
Baale
Igbona MPL
WELL
11 Mg. Hardness (Mg/L) 61 83 45 35 36 174 61 150
15 Free Chlorine (Mg/L) 0.08 0.88 0.55 1.2 0.75 1.88 0.92 0.2-0.25
18 Nitrite (Mg/L) 0.014 0.24 0.02 0.28 0.15 0.08 0.013 0.2
23 Bacteriological (Mg/L) -VE -VE -VE +VE +VE -VE -VE
24 BOD (Mg/L) 4.5 4.4 4.5 17 16 4.9 4.9 6
25 COD (Mg/L) 8 7.2 8 37.5 38.2 6.9 7.2 10
BORE-HOLE
15 Free Chlorine (Mg/L) 0.34 0.08 0.58 0.08 0.1 0.15 0.17 0.2-0.25
STREAM
5 pH 8.13 9.06 8.72 9.02 8.73 8.72 8.39 6.5-8.5
7 Turbidity (NTU) >5 >5 >5 <5 <5 >5 >5 5
11 Mg. Hardness (Mg/L) 98 32 134 146 78 60 221 150
15 Free Chlorine (Mg/L) 0.24 0.12 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.22 0.19 0.2-0.25
23 Bacteriological (Mg/L) -VE -VE -VE +VE -VE +VE +VE
24 BOD (Mg/L) 5.1 4.9 4.3 26 4.1 23.2 22 6
25 COD (Mg/L) 7.3 7 6.5 47.2 7.7 45 49 10
RAIN OKE-
BALE.
R
OKE-
BALE.
D
5 pH 8.72 8.89 8.12 6.5-8.5
11 Mg. Hardness (Mg/L) 140 225 135 150
23 Bacteriological (Mg/L) -VE +VE -VE
24 BOD (Mg/L) 3.7 15.4 4.5 6
25 COD (Mg/L) 8.2 34.6 7.2 10
RIVER
15 Free Chlorine (Mg/L) 0.16 0.2-0.25
23 Bacteriological (Mg/L) +VE
24 BOD (Mg/L) 13.6 6
25 COD (Mg/L) 36.5 10
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3.1 Quality of Well and Borehole Water
Sources
The well water quality parameters greater than the SON
permissible levels are Magnesium hardness, Free
Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD. The
Magnesium hardness level was below the SON
permitted level only at Oke-Bale, a high density area of
Oshogbo. This is shown in Figure 3a. Free Chlorine and
Nitrite levels are charted in Figure 3b showing that Free
Chlorine is above in all the areas except at Dada estate,
a low density population area. This shows that the
various communities apply Chlorine to their wells
without consideration to known dosage. Nitrite level is
higher than SON level at low density Isale-Oshun and
medium density Ogo-Oluwa. Bacteriological levels at
Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe, both within medium
population density, are positive and their BOD and
COD levels are also greater than their SON permissible
levels as shown in Figure 3c.
Most borehole water quality parameters are within
permissible levels. It is only Free Chlorine at Dada
estate and Ayetoro (low and medium population density
areas) that are above the permissible level. This is
shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3b: Well water: Free Chlorine and Nitrite LevelsFigure 3a: Well water: Magnesium Hardness
Levels
Figure 4: Borehole water: Free ChlorineFigure 3c: Well water: BOD and COD Levels
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3.2 Stream Water Quality Assessment
Stream water quality parameters of concern are
indicated in Table 2 as pH, Turbidity, Magnesium
hardness, Free Chlorine, Bacteriological, BOD and
COD. pH values are generally high in the stream water
and are only within permissible SON level in Dada
Estate (low density) and Igbona (high density) as shown
in Figure 5a. Turbidity is lower than permissible level
only at two medium population density locations, Ogo-
Oluwa and Oke- Ayepe. Magnesium hardness is shown
in Figure 5b to be above SON level only at Igbona, high
density area. Stream water sources that are not within
SON Free Chlorine levels are from Isale_Oshun, Oke-
Ayepe and Igbona. This can be deduced in Figure 5c.
Positive bacteriological water sources are from Ogo-
Oluwa, Oke-Baale and Igbona. Similarly, BOD and
COD levels are above SON permissible level for the
medium density Ogo-Oluwa area, and high density
areas, Oke-Baale and Igbona. This is presented in
Figure 5d.
3.3 Rain Water Quality AnalysisRain water
quality parameters of concern are pH, Magnesium
hardness, Bacteriological, BOD and COD. pH of rain
water is above the SON maximum permissible level at
Isale-Oshun and Oke-Baale respectively low and high
density population areas of Oshogbo as indicated in
Figure 6a.
Figure 5b: Stream water Mg. Hardness and SON
MPL Level
Figure 5a: Stream water pH and SON
Maximum and Minimum Levels
Figure 5d: Stream water BOD; COD and SON MPL
Levels
Figure 5c: Stream water Free Chlorine and
SON Maximum and Minimum
Levels
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The levels specified by the Standards Organization of
Nigeria, SON, for all samples from all the sources and
sampling points are presented in Table 2 for all samples
from well, borehole, stream, rain and river.
Magnesium level is above the SON permissible level at
Oke-Baale.R, high population density area, indicated in
Figure 6b. The BOD and COD levels of the rain water
source also for Oke-Baale.R are above the SON levels
as shown in Figure 6c. This source has a positive
Bacteriological level which shows that the rain water at
this source is polluted.
3.4 Analysis of River Water Quality
River water quality parameters of concern are Free
Chlorine, Bacteriological, BOD and COD. Free
Chlorine is below the lower range permissible by SON.
Positive Bacteriological level is obtained for the river
while the BOD and COD levels are higher than the
SON permissible levels as shown in Figure 7.
IV. Conclusions and Recommendations
The water quality parameters identified as being of
concern to sanitation of potable water in the State
Capital are as follows:
(i) pH (ii) Turbidity
(iii) Magnesium Hardness
(iv) Free Chlorine (v) Nitrite
(vi) Bacteriological
(vii) BOD (viii) COD
Level of each parameter differs from source to source
as well as from level of population densities. The
concern of pH is only noticeable in the stream and rain
water sources. Turbidity is expected to be of concern in
water flowing sources such as in streams and the river.
Turbidity of the river at Isale-Oshun is stable, while
Figure 7: River water BOD, COD and SON MPL
Levels
Figure 6c: Rain water BOD, COD and SON
Maximum and Minimum Levels
Figure 6b: Rain water Magnessium and SON MPL
Levels
Figure 6a: Rain water pH and SON Maximum
and Minimum Levels