This document summarizes a study on using water resources in West Bengal, India for sustainable freshwater fish farming (pisciculture) to generate income. It discusses how pisciculture can utilize unused water bodies while maintaining ecological balance. The study focuses on the districts of Burdwan and Birbhum, examining their water resources, existing fish production, and potential for increased production and income through pisciculture. The objective is to develop a plan for sustainable water management and poverty reduction through fish farming.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable water management and international trade. It discusses how water resources are unevenly distributed globally and how this leads to differences in production techniques and opportunities for international agricultural trade. It notes that while water-intensive agricultural exports can generate significant earnings for some countries, it also represents a loss of scarce water resources. The document advocates for policies that promote sustainable agricultural growth while considering a country's water endowment.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
Environmental Sustainability for Rural Development in IndiaAI Publications
Sustainable development is a debatable word today used in all development strategies and policy formulations.. The growth and development strategy must be people oriented, it must promote the living standard, reduce the gap between the rich and the poor and most importantly it should keep the environment intact otherwise the development is not going to sustain. The poor human life is more dependent on the environmental resources. Thus the development policy must keep strict eye on agriculture which is the mainstay of 75% people, human development and environment. In the light of the above backdrop , this paper made an attempt to examine the potential of rural development programmes to provide environmental benefits and also to Review six major schemes of rural development to understand their environmental impacts and highlight their potential to bring about incremental green benefits
EFFICIENCY OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM WRD - 2004IWRS Society
This document provides a summary of the efficiency of water resource systems in India. It begins with a critical review of the present level of efficiency in various sectors such as irrigation, domestic water supply, industrial, and others. Irrigation efficiency is estimated to be around 35-40% but could be improved to 60-75% by 2050. Domestic water supply faces losses of 30-50% due to leakages. Industrial plants use 2-3.5 times more water per unit of production than similar plants abroad. The document then outlines various measures that could improve efficiencies, such as completing irrigation projects, lining canals, improving on-farm water management, adopting micro-irrigation, and reducing leakages in domestic supply
MANAGEMENT OF FOODS AND DROUGHTS - 2001IWRS Society
This document discusses issues related to flood and drought management in India. It notes that while flood management works have been undertaken for decades, flood damage does not appear to be decreasing. Implementing flood plain zoning has proven difficult. It also questions if the primary strategies of irrigation and water resources development are still the best approaches for drought management, given changes over time. The document raises several points for debate on improving strategies for flood and drought prevention and mitigation in India.
This document discusses groundwater use and depletion in Asia and its implications for irrigated agriculture. It notes that Asia accounts for 70% of the world's net irrigated area and half of global groundwater used for irrigation. Regions like Northwestern India and North China Plain are particularly vulnerable to groundwater depletion. The growing population and changing diets in Asia are increasing demand for irrigation water. Sustainable groundwater management policies are needed to address this critical issue for Asian agriculture and food security.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable water management and international trade. It discusses how water resources are unevenly distributed globally and how this leads to differences in production techniques and opportunities for international agricultural trade. It notes that while water-intensive agricultural exports can generate significant earnings for some countries, it also represents a loss of scarce water resources. The document advocates for policies that promote sustainable agricultural growth while considering a country's water endowment.
11.population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the relationship between population growth, sustainable land management, and food security in India. It notes that India faces challenges of high population growth putting pressure on limited land and water resources, leading to issues like land degradation, water scarcity, and food crises. Sustainable land management is presented as a solution that can help increase agricultural production to meet food demands while preserving land quality and the environment for future generations. Key concepts discussed include Malthusian theory of population growth outpacing food supply, the environmental impacts of intensive cultivation and groundwater extraction for irrigation, and balancing economic development with sustainable resource use.
Environmental Sustainability for Rural Development in IndiaAI Publications
Sustainable development is a debatable word today used in all development strategies and policy formulations.. The growth and development strategy must be people oriented, it must promote the living standard, reduce the gap between the rich and the poor and most importantly it should keep the environment intact otherwise the development is not going to sustain. The poor human life is more dependent on the environmental resources. Thus the development policy must keep strict eye on agriculture which is the mainstay of 75% people, human development and environment. In the light of the above backdrop , this paper made an attempt to examine the potential of rural development programmes to provide environmental benefits and also to Review six major schemes of rural development to understand their environmental impacts and highlight their potential to bring about incremental green benefits
EFFICIENCY OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM WRD - 2004IWRS Society
This document provides a summary of the efficiency of water resource systems in India. It begins with a critical review of the present level of efficiency in various sectors such as irrigation, domestic water supply, industrial, and others. Irrigation efficiency is estimated to be around 35-40% but could be improved to 60-75% by 2050. Domestic water supply faces losses of 30-50% due to leakages. Industrial plants use 2-3.5 times more water per unit of production than similar plants abroad. The document then outlines various measures that could improve efficiencies, such as completing irrigation projects, lining canals, improving on-farm water management, adopting micro-irrigation, and reducing leakages in domestic supply
MANAGEMENT OF FOODS AND DROUGHTS - 2001IWRS Society
This document discusses issues related to flood and drought management in India. It notes that while flood management works have been undertaken for decades, flood damage does not appear to be decreasing. Implementing flood plain zoning has proven difficult. It also questions if the primary strategies of irrigation and water resources development are still the best approaches for drought management, given changes over time. The document raises several points for debate on improving strategies for flood and drought prevention and mitigation in India.
This document discusses groundwater use and depletion in Asia and its implications for irrigated agriculture. It notes that Asia accounts for 70% of the world's net irrigated area and half of global groundwater used for irrigation. Regions like Northwestern India and North China Plain are particularly vulnerable to groundwater depletion. The growing population and changing diets in Asia are increasing demand for irrigation water. Sustainable groundwater management policies are needed to address this critical issue for Asian agriculture and food security.
Natural Resource Management and Bio-Diversity Conservation in Indiaijceronline
1) The document discusses natural resource management and biodiversity conservation in India. It notes that India has a large population and livestock population putting pressure on shrinking natural resources.
2) Key issues addressed include biodiversity loss, the impacts of human and economic development on the environment, and the connections between energy, natural resources, and the environment. Sustainable management of resources like forests, water, land, and wildlife is important for economic growth, food production, and community livelihoods.
3) The document examines causes of land degradation globally like deforestation, overgrazing, fuelwood consumption, agricultural mismanagement, and urbanization, and the need to balance development and environmental protection.
Imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers in biharAvinash Sinha
Excessive chemical fertiliser application not only damages farmers’ finances, but also results in losses of nutrients into the wider environment, degrading
both air and water quality.
IN pest controlling also, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides has destroyed natural predators of crop pests and created pesticide resistance among pests.
Bihar still has the opportunity of choosing a different path to that taken by the ‘Green Revolution’ states in India, where degradation of soil and water through intensive agriculture have “now exemplified the post-Green Revolution stagnation and challenges”
Bio- fertilizers: A boon
Ecological farming solutions
1) Natural resources include substances like land, water, air, plants and animals that are valuable in their natural form. Natural resource management aims to manage these resources in a sustainable way that benefits both current and future generations.
2) There are different approaches to natural resource management depending on who owns and controls the resources, such as private, common, state or non-property regimes.
3) Forests, wildlife, soil and water are some of India's important natural resources. Their conservation involves reducing exploitation, preserving habitats, afforestation programs, and setting up protected areas. Stakeholder participation is key to sustainable natural resource management.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
The aim of these weekly research
reports is to raise awareness about
African wetlands. This week the
Ondiri Wetland is our focus. The
need to raise awareness about the
wetland is critical. We also launch
the SDG Young Ambassadors
Educational Program for school aged
young people across Europe to learn
more about wetlands in Africa. The
microsite is currently being
translated into different languages
and will be fully accessible by the
end of June. We also review the
World Environment Day in Kenya,
Nairobi.
Water is essential for every life on the earth and also for all kinds of socioeconomic development activities. Freshwater scarcity is a major issue in the developing world in terms of human consumption and irrigation. Water is not evenly distributed throughout the world so that some regions (particularly in south Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa or sub-Saharan Africa) are going through water scarcity problems. A major reason for water scarcity is population growth and changing climatic variability. Apart from some regions of Europe and Northern America, water is insufficient due to poor management and poor policy. However, climate change has an adverse impact on the water availability and this will increase water insecurity in the future. So, from now we have to develop efficient adaptive capacity such as storage development to conserve water. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look into the global water demand and supply scenario exploring regional conflict and water scarcity; and to outline the local level best water management options that are beneficial for conservation and efficient use of water for better life.
Wetlands sustainability report2 - East Africa Region ReportNET Africa
The aim of these weekly research reports is to raise awareness about African wetlands. This week the Ondiri Wetland is our focus. The need to raise awareness about the wetland is critical. We also launch the SDG Young Ambassadors Educational Program for school aged young people across Europe to learn more about wetlands in Africa. The microsite is currently being translated into different languages and will be fully accessible by the end of June. We also review the World Environment Day in Kenya, Nairobi.
Keeping its promise to progressively contribute towards a cleaner and greener planet, India’s largest global flexible packaging solution company Uflex has rolled out natural resource conservation initiatives
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of groundwater resources in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh. The study examines long-term water table fluctuations in the region using data from 1985 to 2004 from observation wells. The results show that the depth to the water table is declining slowly over time in almost all wells. If current trends continue, many wells will see their depth double by 2040 and almost all will double by 2060. Declining water tables pose a threat to agriculture and food security in the region. Strategies are needed to sustain water resources, such as demand-side management and developing alternative surface water sources to reduce pressure on groundwater.
Natural resources can be renewable like air, water and sunlight or non-renewable like minerals and fossil fuels. Proper management of natural resources requires a long-term perspective to ensure their availability for future generations as well as equitable distribution. This involves judicious use, long-term planning, and responsible exploitation and waste disposal. People's participation is important for effective natural resource management as seen in the successful revival of degraded forests in West Bengal through local community involvement.
This document defines and describes different types of resources. It discusses resources as anything that satisfies human needs and wants, including materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, and assets. Resources have the key characteristics of utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption. The document then defines and provides examples of different specific types of resources, including natural resources, biological resources, economic resources, human resources, land resources, soil resources, and discusses sustainable development and resource planning.
The document discusses the importance of conserving natural resources like soil, water, biodiversity, and forests. It notes that as population and industrialization increase, consumption of resources is also rising. If not properly managed, this could lead to scarcity. The document then provides details on various methods to conserve each type of resource, like crop rotation and mulching for soil, rainwater harvesting for water, protected areas for biodiversity, and afforestation programs for forests. It also mentions some of the legislation passed in India to promote conservation.
A Mixed Approach For Nutrient Management Planning In Southeast Asian CountriesIJERA Editor
Southeast Asia (SeA) region has experienced impressive economic, population and urban growth in the last
decades. The region faces big challenges and difficult choices, between economic growth and environmental
protection, especially from water pollution, in pursuing sustainable development. Deterioration of water quality
in lakes, rivers and reservoirs in urban areas due to nutrient pollution from anthropogenic sources, either point
or non-point sources, has recently been recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems
throughout the region. The nutrient pollution problem in water environment has been well-recognized and
addressed in many developed countries, but not in developing countries, especially in the SeA region. This
paper provides a comprehensive assessment on the current status of nutrient management across the region, and
investigates possible reasons why current efforts fail to address the issue. In addition, the paper examines the
possibility of introducing a mixed approach, from planning stage using a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) tool to
implementing stage utilizing regulatory and economic incentive measures to effectively address the nutrient
pollution from both point and non-point sources.
Metrics and sustainable diets was the focus of a presentation by Thomas Allen of Bioversity International delivered at the Joint Conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security co-organized by the Belgian Nutrition Society, The Nutrition Society and Société Française de Nutrition on 28 and 29 May 2013 in Lille, France under the auspices of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies, a conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security. : A system approach to assessing Sustainable Diets. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
It's a conceptual description of resources and Natural resources. Natural resources are classified with based on their each characteristics. I think it will be helpful for you to easily understand about resources and natural resources.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources in India. It defines resources as things available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible and economically/culturally feasible. Resources are classified by origin (biotic like humans, flora, fauna vs abiotic like rocks), exhaustibility (renewable like forests vs non-renewable like minerals), and ownership (individual, community, national, international). Land resources in India support life but improper use led to problems like depletion, inequitable distribution, and ecological issues. Conservation and planning are needed for sustainable development and management of resources.
This document discusses natural resources and their classification and conservation. It defines natural resources as materials that occur naturally and meet the needs of living things. Resources are classified as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), and as renewable or non-renewable. Specific natural resources discussed include forests, water, minerals, food, and land. Threats to these resources like deforestation, pollution, and overuse are outlined. The summary concludes with conservation methods like afforestation, pollution control, sustainable harvesting, and renewable energy promotion.
Environmental Impact of the US Food Systemrobabrams
The US food system has significant environmental impacts, including soil depletion and water pollution from monoculture farming encouraged by subsidies. Farm subsidies promote overproduction of corn, wheat, soybeans and cotton, leading farmers to plant these crops continuously which depletes soils of nutrients and increases need for fertilizers. Excess fertilizers pollute waterways, causing algae blooms and "dead zones". While GMOs reduce some pesticide use, they carry environmental risks like herbicide-resistant weeds. Large-scale industrial agriculture also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through fertilizer use, shipping of commodities over long distances, and fuel used in production. To help address these issues, people can make choices to eat local and organic foods.
The document discusses the importance of proper management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, coal and petroleum. It states that as population, industrialization and urbanization increase, the demand for natural resources is also increasing while their availability is limited. Therefore, there needs to be judicious use of resources, long-term planning for use, and equal distribution of resources for present and future generations. It provides details on various methods of conserving forests, wildlife and water resources like afforestation, preventing deforestation, banning poaching, rainwater harvesting, and constructing dams with their advantages and disadvantages. It also notes that coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources that will last only 40-200 more years and
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study reportAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
Natural Resource Management and Bio-Diversity Conservation in Indiaijceronline
1) The document discusses natural resource management and biodiversity conservation in India. It notes that India has a large population and livestock population putting pressure on shrinking natural resources.
2) Key issues addressed include biodiversity loss, the impacts of human and economic development on the environment, and the connections between energy, natural resources, and the environment. Sustainable management of resources like forests, water, land, and wildlife is important for economic growth, food production, and community livelihoods.
3) The document examines causes of land degradation globally like deforestation, overgrazing, fuelwood consumption, agricultural mismanagement, and urbanization, and the need to balance development and environmental protection.
Imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers in biharAvinash Sinha
Excessive chemical fertiliser application not only damages farmers’ finances, but also results in losses of nutrients into the wider environment, degrading
both air and water quality.
IN pest controlling also, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides has destroyed natural predators of crop pests and created pesticide resistance among pests.
Bihar still has the opportunity of choosing a different path to that taken by the ‘Green Revolution’ states in India, where degradation of soil and water through intensive agriculture have “now exemplified the post-Green Revolution stagnation and challenges”
Bio- fertilizers: A boon
Ecological farming solutions
1) Natural resources include substances like land, water, air, plants and animals that are valuable in their natural form. Natural resource management aims to manage these resources in a sustainable way that benefits both current and future generations.
2) There are different approaches to natural resource management depending on who owns and controls the resources, such as private, common, state or non-property regimes.
3) Forests, wildlife, soil and water are some of India's important natural resources. Their conservation involves reducing exploitation, preserving habitats, afforestation programs, and setting up protected areas. Stakeholder participation is key to sustainable natural resource management.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
The aim of these weekly research
reports is to raise awareness about
African wetlands. This week the
Ondiri Wetland is our focus. The
need to raise awareness about the
wetland is critical. We also launch
the SDG Young Ambassadors
Educational Program for school aged
young people across Europe to learn
more about wetlands in Africa. The
microsite is currently being
translated into different languages
and will be fully accessible by the
end of June. We also review the
World Environment Day in Kenya,
Nairobi.
Water is essential for every life on the earth and also for all kinds of socioeconomic development activities. Freshwater scarcity is a major issue in the developing world in terms of human consumption and irrigation. Water is not evenly distributed throughout the world so that some regions (particularly in south Asian countries, West Asia, North Africa or sub-Saharan Africa) are going through water scarcity problems. A major reason for water scarcity is population growth and changing climatic variability. Apart from some regions of Europe and Northern America, water is insufficient due to poor management and poor policy. However, climate change has an adverse impact on the water availability and this will increase water insecurity in the future. So, from now we have to develop efficient adaptive capacity such as storage development to conserve water. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look into the global water demand and supply scenario exploring regional conflict and water scarcity; and to outline the local level best water management options that are beneficial for conservation and efficient use of water for better life.
Wetlands sustainability report2 - East Africa Region ReportNET Africa
The aim of these weekly research reports is to raise awareness about African wetlands. This week the Ondiri Wetland is our focus. The need to raise awareness about the wetland is critical. We also launch the SDG Young Ambassadors Educational Program for school aged young people across Europe to learn more about wetlands in Africa. The microsite is currently being translated into different languages and will be fully accessible by the end of June. We also review the World Environment Day in Kenya, Nairobi.
Keeping its promise to progressively contribute towards a cleaner and greener planet, India’s largest global flexible packaging solution company Uflex has rolled out natural resource conservation initiatives
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of groundwater resources in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh. The study examines long-term water table fluctuations in the region using data from 1985 to 2004 from observation wells. The results show that the depth to the water table is declining slowly over time in almost all wells. If current trends continue, many wells will see their depth double by 2040 and almost all will double by 2060. Declining water tables pose a threat to agriculture and food security in the region. Strategies are needed to sustain water resources, such as demand-side management and developing alternative surface water sources to reduce pressure on groundwater.
Natural resources can be renewable like air, water and sunlight or non-renewable like minerals and fossil fuels. Proper management of natural resources requires a long-term perspective to ensure their availability for future generations as well as equitable distribution. This involves judicious use, long-term planning, and responsible exploitation and waste disposal. People's participation is important for effective natural resource management as seen in the successful revival of degraded forests in West Bengal through local community involvement.
This document defines and describes different types of resources. It discusses resources as anything that satisfies human needs and wants, including materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, and assets. Resources have the key characteristics of utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption. The document then defines and provides examples of different specific types of resources, including natural resources, biological resources, economic resources, human resources, land resources, soil resources, and discusses sustainable development and resource planning.
The document discusses the importance of conserving natural resources like soil, water, biodiversity, and forests. It notes that as population and industrialization increase, consumption of resources is also rising. If not properly managed, this could lead to scarcity. The document then provides details on various methods to conserve each type of resource, like crop rotation and mulching for soil, rainwater harvesting for water, protected areas for biodiversity, and afforestation programs for forests. It also mentions some of the legislation passed in India to promote conservation.
A Mixed Approach For Nutrient Management Planning In Southeast Asian CountriesIJERA Editor
Southeast Asia (SeA) region has experienced impressive economic, population and urban growth in the last
decades. The region faces big challenges and difficult choices, between economic growth and environmental
protection, especially from water pollution, in pursuing sustainable development. Deterioration of water quality
in lakes, rivers and reservoirs in urban areas due to nutrient pollution from anthropogenic sources, either point
or non-point sources, has recently been recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems
throughout the region. The nutrient pollution problem in water environment has been well-recognized and
addressed in many developed countries, but not in developing countries, especially in the SeA region. This
paper provides a comprehensive assessment on the current status of nutrient management across the region, and
investigates possible reasons why current efforts fail to address the issue. In addition, the paper examines the
possibility of introducing a mixed approach, from planning stage using a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) tool to
implementing stage utilizing regulatory and economic incentive measures to effectively address the nutrient
pollution from both point and non-point sources.
Metrics and sustainable diets was the focus of a presentation by Thomas Allen of Bioversity International delivered at the Joint Conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security co-organized by the Belgian Nutrition Society, The Nutrition Society and Société Française de Nutrition on 28 and 29 May 2013 in Lille, France under the auspices of the Federation of European Nutrition Societies, a conference on Sustainable Diet and Food Security. : A system approach to assessing Sustainable Diets. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
It's a conceptual description of resources and Natural resources. Natural resources are classified with based on their each characteristics. I think it will be helpful for you to easily understand about resources and natural resources.
This document discusses different types of resources and land resources in India. It defines resources as things available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible and economically/culturally feasible. Resources are classified by origin (biotic like humans, flora, fauna vs abiotic like rocks), exhaustibility (renewable like forests vs non-renewable like minerals), and ownership (individual, community, national, international). Land resources in India support life but improper use led to problems like depletion, inequitable distribution, and ecological issues. Conservation and planning are needed for sustainable development and management of resources.
This document discusses natural resources and their classification and conservation. It defines natural resources as materials that occur naturally and meet the needs of living things. Resources are classified as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), and as renewable or non-renewable. Specific natural resources discussed include forests, water, minerals, food, and land. Threats to these resources like deforestation, pollution, and overuse are outlined. The summary concludes with conservation methods like afforestation, pollution control, sustainable harvesting, and renewable energy promotion.
Environmental Impact of the US Food Systemrobabrams
The US food system has significant environmental impacts, including soil depletion and water pollution from monoculture farming encouraged by subsidies. Farm subsidies promote overproduction of corn, wheat, soybeans and cotton, leading farmers to plant these crops continuously which depletes soils of nutrients and increases need for fertilizers. Excess fertilizers pollute waterways, causing algae blooms and "dead zones". While GMOs reduce some pesticide use, they carry environmental risks like herbicide-resistant weeds. Large-scale industrial agriculture also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through fertilizer use, shipping of commodities over long distances, and fuel used in production. To help address these issues, people can make choices to eat local and organic foods.
The document discusses the importance of proper management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, water, coal and petroleum. It states that as population, industrialization and urbanization increase, the demand for natural resources is also increasing while their availability is limited. Therefore, there needs to be judicious use of resources, long-term planning for use, and equal distribution of resources for present and future generations. It provides details on various methods of conserving forests, wildlife and water resources like afforestation, preventing deforestation, banning poaching, rainwater harvesting, and constructing dams with their advantages and disadvantages. It also notes that coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources that will last only 40-200 more years and
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
2.[14 24]impact of education on fish farming in west bengal a study reportAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of education on fish farming in West Bengal, India. It discusses how the population growth in India is increasing pressure on water resources and how fish farming can help utilize water resources sustainably. The study aims to analyze the relationship between fish farmers' level of education and fish production. Data was collected through surveys of 50 fish farmers in each of the Burdwan and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, which were selected as the study areas. The methodology, objectives of the study, and background literature on previous related studies are also summarized.
Population growth and sustainable land management in indiaAlexander Decker
This document discusses population growth, sustainable land management, and their relationship in India. It notes that many developing countries like India face problems of high population growth creating issues like poverty, food crises, and land degradation, while resources like land are limited. Sustainable land management is necessary to ensure land productivity and quality for current and future generations. The concept of sustainable land management aims to use renewable land resources like soil, water, and plants in a way that protects long-term productivity while allowing for economic and social benefits.
This document summarizes the challenges of water scarcity and its effects on the future. It discusses that erratic development goals have endangered future generations and highlights threats of water scarcity. The key causes of water scarcity mentioned are overpopulation, pollution, agriculture, and improper government policies. Effects discussed include lack of drinking water, hunger, lack of education, and sanitation issues. The document concludes that sustainable approaches to water resource management are needed to ensure availability for all.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
A Study on Water Resource Management and its Issues in Indiaijtsrd
Water is a natural commodity that is an indispensable for all kind of creatures in this world. Without the consumption and availability of water, no regular works of the mankind can be proceeded. At most water covers 71 of the total surface area of the earth. Water’s participation and role in the field of agriculture which plays a vital role in food production and also ensures the state of food security. So this type of water had to be managed and maintained in a proper plan or program called as ‘WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’. Water Resource Management mainly extends its helping hands in poverty eradication, sustainable growth of human society and also in many water sector developing activities. The quantity and quality of the groundwater and surface water are diminishing because of increase rates of pollutant dumping in the land which causes land and soil pollution. Climate change also massively affects the distribution and also the availability of water resources. This article exposes the present issues in developing and managing of water resources in India. K. Dharmesh "A Study on Water Resource Management and its Issues in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52471.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/52471/a-study-on-water-resource-management-and-its-issues-in-india/k-dharmesh
Geospatial Analysis of Irrigation Challenges and Opportunities in JharkhandAI Publications
Agriculture has been the principal livelihood alternative of mankind to begin stationary human development and water was of primary significance for field crops after soil. Customary watering of plants gave enlargement of homestead items, which lead to the introduction of the possibility of irrigation. Steadily the procedures of irrigation advanced from customary to present day with proper method of time diffused various pieces of the world. Irrigation is characterized as the counterfeit utilization of water to soil for consistently providing the dampness basic for plant development. It achieved in various ways by flooding, wrinkles, spreading, by applying water underneath the land surfaces by sub-irrigation. Irrigation is firmly identified with various physical and social viewpoints. Indian agriculture history goes back to certain centuries and Chakulia, has been rice bowl for Jharkhand. Ranchi is one of the most famous city and district of Jharkhand. From the goes back, the economy of the district was agrarian and irrigation was the parts and package of the livelihood of the general population. The present research has been completed dependent on issues and prospects of irrigation in the district. The prime goals of the study are I) Finding out the determinants of irrigation, ii) Examining the Spatio-worldly variety of irrigation, iii) Exposing the effect of irrigation on agriculture and economy of the rancher, iv) Identifying the issues identified with irrigation in the district and v) studying the irrigation accessibility both surface and ground water in the district.
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvementAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as " strongly agree " , " agree " , " undecided " , " disagree " and " strongly disagree " in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.
Dr. Andrew Noble, Program Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, presented “Feeding 9 Billion People without Destroying the Planet: It is Possible,” on his trip to the US.
Management of Water for Sustainable Developmentijtsrd
Every nation on this planet earth depends fully on their natural resources for their social and economic growth and development Those nations who have plenty of such natural resources, their social and economical development is rapid and those who have limited natural resources their development seem to be slow. These natural resources includes land, forests, air, solar light, minerals and other sources of energy water is the most important resource among these. Dr. Keshubhai R. Odedra ""Management of Water for Sustainable Development"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23540.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/23540/management-of-water-for-sustainable-development/dr-keshubhai-r-odedra
This document discusses the role of aquaculture in rural development. It notes that aquaculture can contribute to food security, poverty alleviation, and rural development by providing nutritious food, generating income and employment, and improving access to resources. Aquaculture production ranges from extensive to intensive systems and makes use of different environments from inland ponds to coastal areas. While intensive aquaculture has risks, extensive and semi-intensive systems can benefit rural poor through activities like fish farming integrated with rice crops or mud crab and seaweed farming. Overall, aquaculture supports rural development by addressing malnutrition, creating jobs, recycling waste, developing infrastructure, and increasing household incomes and standards of living.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Nature-based solutions for agricultural water management and food security (W...FAO
This document discusses nature-based solutions (NBS) for agricultural water management and food security. It provides an overview of a webinar series on scaling up adaptation in the agricultural sectors that included a webinar on NBS for agricultural water management. The webinar agenda covered an FAO discussion paper on the topic, presentations on NBS in the UN World Water Development Report and guidance from the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a case study on wasabi cultivation in Japan. The document discusses definitions of NBS, different types of NBS interventions, and concludes that while NBS are not a panacea, they can make an important contribution to addressing upcoming water challenges if certain requirements for success are met, such
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management- Means Of Economical Development- A Cas...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living beings can survive. Water plays
unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, power generation and other various purposes. But misuses of water resources cause
widespread degradation of soil and disrupt the supply of potable water, generate massive economical loss.
Hence it becomes necessary to harness the water resources available on Earth through the application of
science and technology. This paper presents one such case study where large amount of rainwater is possible to
direct to recharge ground water resources. Kaneri is a small village located at distance of 10 Kms. from
Kolhapur city. It is planned to take such engineering and biological measures which will direct this extra runoff
to ground water storage. The most significant feature of the work is that if such technologies are developed and
adopted at larger scale in rural areas, it will prevent thousands of villages of the country from water supply by
tankers. Moreover this will also help us for economical development of village people which mainly occurs due
to water scarcity.
Significance of Solomon four group pretest-posttest method in True Experiment...IOSR Journals
The document reviews the co-management approach in Hail Haor, Sylhet, Bangladesh to address climate change impacts. It finds that the two main Resource Management Organizations (RMOs), Borogangina and Dumuria, are reasonably operational but Borogangina (score of 80.60) performs better than Dumuria (score of 66). The respondent community perceives increases in temperature and siltation as well as decreases in rainfall and water flow. The co-management system aims to sustainably manage fisheries and conserve the ecosystem, though some challenges remain for the RMOs.
A Meta Analysis on Review of Studies on Water Managementijtsrd
"Water is one of the most important resources available on this earth that has an influence on human activities. All important aspects such as agriculture, industry, day to day life is dependent on water. It is the most important factor for survival of life on this earth. As such it becomes imperative that we find out what is the status of various studies that have been conducted on various aspects of water management.The present paper is an attempt to summarise various aspects of issues involved with use and consumption of water and studies involved therein. It focuses on theoretical concepts like definition of water management, compounding of water as well as actual practices of water management in various parts of the world. Prof Anuradha Gaikwad | Dr S. D. Kadam ""A Meta-Analysis on Review of Studies on Water Management"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23081.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23081/a-meta-analysis-on-review-of-studies-on-water-management/prof-anuradha-gaikwad"
Watershed and Agriculture Management in Rajasthanijtsrd
Scarcity of water, poor natural resources and desertification are the most critical issues of Rajasthan. The state has the highest probability of drought occurrence in the country. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the major sources of livelihood. However, scanty rainfall and low availability of underground water make the occupations uncertain and generate low returns. Poor income has led to several other challenges in the region, including malnutrition, women’s drudgery, distress migration and exploitation of natural resources. A large number of farmers in Rajasthan still practice traditional farming which impacts yield due to the limited availability of irrigation water and extreme weather conditions. The majority of the population are poor and marginalized farmers who depend primarily on agriculture and livestock for livelihoods. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems such as johads, paals, and bandhs are in a neglected state, so the water from monsoon rains is not collected and is lost through runoff. And there are no perennial rivers that can meet the needs of the people. COVID 19 has caused widespread uncertainty throughout the population. A drought scenario with lack of water would increase the anguish among the population. Communities need adequate access to water for livelihood and for domestic use, especially during harsh summers. Traditional community water conservation practices will be considered when planning solutions for watershed management. Dr. Panmal Pahariya "Watershed and Agriculture Management in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52339.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/52339/watershed-and-agriculture-management-in-rajasthan/dr-panmal-pahariya
Similar to 11.0002www.iiste.org call for paper. 15-30 (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
11.0002www.iiste.org call for paper. 15-30
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
Sustainable Use of Water Resources in the Form of Pisciculture
to Generate Income in West Bengal -A study report.
Bairagya Ramsundar
Department of Economics, SambhuNath College,
Labpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India, Pin-731303
Mobile No. +919474308362 Fax: +913463 266255, E-mail: ramsundarbairagya@gmail.com
Received: October 1st, 2011
Accepted: October 11th, 2011
Published: October 30th, 2011
Abstract
Though the two-third of earth’s volume is comprised of water the world is facing the problem of scarcity of
fresh- water. Because most of the water is sea water which is salt in nature. It is the modern day tragedy that
due to the scarcity of these valuable lives saving natural resources life will exist no more. So the sustainable
use of this resource is very much important today. India was blessed with vast inland natural water
resources. But Indian Economy faces the problem of proper utilization of these huge water resources
spread over its vast stretches of land. A proper policy for utilization of these resources would become a
governing direction of economic growth. The role of fisheries in the country’s economic development is
amply evident. It generates employment, reduces poverty, generates income, increases food supply and
maintains ecological balance between flora and fauna. Scientists have shown that 3 bighas forest areas are
equivalent to 1 bigha plank origin in water bodies which create more O2. This paper intends to develop a
scientific plan use of water with a view to sustainable management of water resources to generate income
from fishery in the field of pisciculture by using the scarce water resources in a sustainable eco-friendly
manner.
Keywords: Ecology, Growth, Perishable, Pisciculture, Pollution, Project, Sustainable development,
Composite fish culture
1. Introduction
According to 2001 Census India is the second (next to China) largest populous country in the world
about 17.5% of world populations live in India which covers only 2.4% (Dutt R. and Sundharam K.P.M.
2009) of geographical land area. The density of population is 324 persons per sq. km. If the current growth
rate of population (i.e. 2.11% per annum) continues within 2030 India will be the most populous country in
the world creating a food scarcity and a huge amount of unemployment in a massive scale. About 68% of
total population spends their livelihood from agriculture and the per capita income is very low. Water
scarcity is too much related to food scarcity. Hence it is very crucial to develop a scientific plan of water
use with a view to sustainable management of water resource. Management of shortage of water and
management of water pollution are complex task. These issues have drawn the attention of the developed
and developing countries as well as the various national and international organizations including the
Johannesburg Summit 2002, Year 2003 has been declared as year of Fresh -Water. But in India there are
huge prospect to utilize the unused fresh water resources for pisciculture which can play an important role
in this aspect. Realizing its importance during the 5th - five year plan the Government of India introduced
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ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
beneficiary-oriented programme in the form of a pilot project entitled ‘Fish Farmers Development Agency’
(FFDA) to provide self employment, financial, technical and extension support to fish farming in rural
areas. In 1974-75 this Programme was further extended under World Bank-assisted, Inland fisheries project
to cover about 200 districts of various states in India.
2. Sustainable development and Pisciculture
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving
the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. The
term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted
definition of sustainable development as development that “meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It is usually noted that this
requires the reconciliation of environmental, social and economic demands - the “three pillars” of
sustainability. This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses indicating
that the three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually
reinforcing. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with
the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s “sustainability” was employed to describe an
economy in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems [Wikipedia]. A primary goal of sustainable
development is to achieve a reasonable and equitable distributed level of economic well being that can be
perpetuated continually for next generation. Thus the field of sustainable development can be broken into
three constituent parts i.e. environmental, economic and social sustainability. It is proved that socio-
economic sustainability is depended on environmental sustainability because the socio- economic aspects,
like agriculture, transport, settlement, and other demographic factors are born and raised up in the
environmental system. All the environmental set up is depended on a piece of land where it exists.
Water is a renewable natural resource and is a free gift of nature. In the early days the supply
of water was plenty in relation to its demand and the price of water was very low or even zero but in course
of time the scenario has totally changed (Bairagya R. and Bairagya H. 2011). Water is a prime need for
human survival and also an essential input for the development of the nation. For sustainable development
management of water resources is very important today. Due to rapid growth of population, expansion of
industries, rapid urbanization etc. the demand of water rises many-fold which is unbearable in relation to its
resources in the earth. All the environmental set up is depended on a piece of land where it exists. So, to get
sustainable environmental management, sustainable land management is necessary. As a result the use of
water resources in the form pisciculture in a sustainable manner may gain priority.
4. Importance of the study
Social scientists have always identified the rural areas for investigation. In the case of India to a large
number of studies have been carried out in rural situations including panchayats and co-operative societies.
Though many research works have been done in the biological and marine sciences, the economic
investigations of pisciculture have not yet been done so far. In this respect the present study has a clear
economic importance for the upliftment of the rural economy at the grass root level. Thus pisciculture has a
positive effect on ecology and hence to maintain ecological balance a meaningful use of unused water
resources has an important role. Scarcity of water is a modern day tragedy human society will exist no more
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3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
due to these scarce resources. So a meaningful use of this resources in the form of pisciculture to generate
income of the rural poor gain topmost priority.
The state of West Bengal plays an important role for the implementation of the programme. Though the two
districts Burdwan and Birbhum of W.B. are primarily agricultural districts, there is huge scope for
pisciculture. A few studies have been undertaken by several experts, notably, D. Prasad (1968), R. Charan
(1981), A.V. Natarajan (1985), K. M. B. Rahim (1992,93), A Chakravorty (1996), I Guha and R. Neogy
(1996), P.K. Ghosh (1998) and others on the economic evaluation of pisciculture. Though these are useful
guides to researchers, yet there is ample scope for further works relating to pisciculture in the rural areas of
W.B. Besides, there is the necessity of developing studies concerning the impact of these programmes on
the rural economy. The present study is a modest attempt in remedying this inadequacy.
4.1 Objectives
This pilot study was conducted on the following objectives i) To generate employment in rural India. ii) To
rise in food supply and reduce mal-nutrition. iii) For proper utilisation of unused water resources. iv) To
maintain ecological balance in a sustainable manner. V) Identification of fish farmers suitable and willing
to develop fish farming in ponds.vi) Arranging training in organized manner and ensuring extension
services to fish farmers.
4.2 Methodology of the study
4.2.1 Selection of study area
The present study was confined to survey the rural areas of Burdwan and Birbhum districts of W. B. in
respect of implementation of the programme of Fish Farmers Development Agency (Mishra S. 1987). In
the selection of districts following considerations weighed most: i) Both the districts are covered with water
areas constituting half of the total inland water resources. ii) There is a heavy concentration of tanks and
ponds in both the districts. iii) Both the districts are considered as having one homogeneous agro-climatic
zone in view of the broad similarities of soils, climate and other features. Since they are also neighboring
districts a suitable comparison can easily be made. iv) In both the districts, the FFDA programmes are being
implemented in full fledged form by the Government authority. v) Data from both the districts can be
obtained because of my personal knowledge about the two districts.
4.2.2 Selection of sample
Keeping in view the time factor, limited fund and limited ability it was not possible to collect data from all
the recorded fish farmers of the two districts. At first 5 blocks from each district have been purposefully
selected. Then 10 recorded fish farmers from each block have been selected purposefully. Thus 50 fish
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Vol.2, No.6, 2011
farmers from each district have been selected for interview. For comparative analysis of data each farmer
was taken as the unit. For this study data have been collected on different aspects of the programme such as
farmers’ income, water area, finance, total production, product price, cost of production, profit, duration of
training period etc. The data have been collected by personal interview method through a questionnaire.
Thus the collected data are entirely primary in nature.
4.2.3 Location map of the study area
The state of West Bengal lies between latitude 21038/ to 27010/ North and longitude 85038/ to 89050/ East.
The district Burdwan lies between 22056/ and 25053/ North latitude and 86048/ and 88025/ East longitude.
The district Birbhum lies between 23032/30// and 24035/00// North Latitudes and 88001/40// and 87005/25//
East Longitudes shown in figure-1.
5. Fisheries in India
Indian fisheries can broadly be divided into two categories: i) Inland fisheries & ii) Marine fisheries.
Further Inland fisheries can be classified into two types: i) Capture & ii) Culture. Capture fisheries consist
of rivers, lakes canals etc. where farmers do not cultivate fishes. Natural breeding process is the common
phenomenon there. On the other hand, culture fisheries consist of ponds, tanks, swamps, marshes etc. In
this case, farmers have to sow fish seeds, nurse it and send it to proper size before harvesting. India is the
third largest producer of fish in the world and the second in inland fish production. Indian fishing resources
comprising of 2 million sq.km.of EEZ for deep sea fishing, 7,520 km. of coast line, 29,000 km. of Rivers,
1.7 million Ha. of reservoirs, 1 million Ha. of brackish water and .8 million Ha. of ponds, lakes and tanks
for inland and marine fish production (Giriappa S. (ed) 1994) . About 14 million fishermen draw their
livelihood from fishery. During the period 1981 to 2002 the contribution of fishery to GDP has increased
from Rs.1230 crores to Rs.32060 crores. The fish production increased from 0.7 million tons in1951 to 6.8
million tons in 2006.
5.1 Fisheries in West Bengal
West Bengal has a vast water resource potentiality. By utilizing these water resources there is a huge
prospect of pisciculture (Chakraborty S. K.1991). These resources can be divided into two categories: i)
Inland water resources and ii) Marine water resources. Inland resources constitute ponds, rivers, marshy
lands, canals, reservoirs etc. Water Resources of West Bengal shown in figure-2.
It should be noted that tanks/ponds occupy the major share i.e. 46.70% of total inland water resources. But
out of 2, 76,202 Ha. area under ponds and tanks only 2, 20,000 Ha. i.e. 79.65% are presently used for
pisciculture which means 20.35% remains unused. Moreover, out of 5, 91,476.71 Ha. total inland water
resource only 2.87000 Ha. water area is brought under pisciculture i.e. 48.56% are presently used and
51.44% remains unused. These unused water resources can be brought under pisciculture through proper
utilization.
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In West Bengal marine fishery has a substantial share amounting to a coast line of 158 km. inshore area up
to 10 fathoms depth is 770 sq. km. (Mamoria C.B. 1979), offshore area (10-40) fathoms depth is 1813 sq.
km. and a continental shelf up to 100 Fathom is 17,049 sq.km. Out of 19 districts of West Bengal only two
districts East- Midnapur and South 24-Parganas are coastal. West Bengal is on the top of the list in fish
production in the country. With the passage of time, more and more people are getting themselves involved
in fishery. As fish constitutes the staple food of the people efforts are being made to augment fish
production.
From the period 1986 to 2000, the total fish production increased from 424000 tons to 1045,000 tons (i.e.
2.46 times). At the same period the inland fish production increased 2.25 times and marine fish production
increased 4.50 times. In the year 1986, the share of inland and marine fisheries to total fish production were
91% and 9% respectively. But in the year 2000, the share of inland and marine fisheries to total fish
production are 83% and 17% respectively. Thus we see that during the period 1986 to 2000, the share of
inland fish to total production declined (from 91% in 1986 to 83% in 2000) and the share of marine
fisheries increased (from 9% in 1986 to 17% in 2000).
Not only in fish production but also in the demand for fish West Bengal is the highest in the country. The
domestic demand for fish in West Bengal is high because almost all the people of West Bengal are
fish-eating. But the state has a higher demand for fish than its production of fish i.e. this state has a deficit
in fish supply. To meet this gap the state West Bengal has to import fish from other states like Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu etc. At the same time various efforts have been made to augment fish production to
bridge this gap.
5.2 Fisheries in Burdwan district
The district of Burdwan is mainly an agricultural district though it is also well advanced in industrial
production. It is called the ‘granary’ of West Bengal. The district is filled with well fertile productive land.
Not only that, the district is also well endowed with a large number of water bodies in the form of rivers,
ditches, canals, marshy lands, ponds, tanks etc. The principal rivers are Ajoy, Damodar and Kunur etc.
There is a good prospect of pisciculture by utilizing these water resources. The distribution of total water
resources in Burdwan district (i.e. 66480.82 Ha.) is shown in figure-3.
Though the district has huge water resources, during the period 1982-1998 only 50% of this water area was
brought under scientific pisciculture. In the year 1999, the district’s total fish production was 55,500 metric
tons while demand in that year was 65,000 metric tons. Thus there was a deficit of 9,500 metric tons. To
meet this demand the district had to import fish from neighboring states. The district will be self-sufficient
in fish production if the unused 50% water resources are brought under pisciculture.
5.3 Fisheries in Birbhum district
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ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
The district of Birbhum is a part of Rarh area. The district is well-drained by a number of rivers and rivulets.
The principal rivers of this district are: Ajoy, Brahmani, Dwarka, Kopai, Mayurakshi etc. But most of the
rivers remain dried up during a greater part of the year. Due to this adverse natural factor pisciculture has not
made any significant progress in this district. Agriculture is the main occupation of the common people of
this district. The main water areas for pisciculture of this district are rivers, tanks, ponds, khals, Bills, baors,
reservoirs etc. The distribution of total water resources in Birbhum district (i.e. 45215.81 Ha.) is shown in
figure-4.
The figure-4 shows that this district has a large number of water resources. But during the period 1980-1999,
only 46% of this water area was brought under pisciculture through FFDA. So there is a huge prospect of
pisciculture by utilizing these unused water resources. In the year 1999 total number of fish farmers in this
district was 2, 00747 out of which 56.5% were males and 43.5% were females. The total number of fisherman
family in this district was 4,975. The average fish production of this district was 21,000 metric tons and the
annual demand was 24,000 metric tons. Thus the district had a deficit (3000 mt) in fish production. To meet
its own demand the district has also to import fish from the neighbouring states.
6. Findings
6.1 Income distribution of sample fish farmers before and after assistance from FFDA
It was observed that 26 farmers in Burdwan district & 32 farmers in Birbhum district have pisciculture as
the main occupation while others have pisciculture as a subsidiary occupation. Their basic occupations are
agriculture, business and service and have various types of incomes from those occupations. But as income
generation scheme only income from fishery was taken into account i.e. income means income earned from
selling fishes. From sample survey we have collected two sets of income data (one showing income before
and other showing income after the assistance of FFDA) for each fish farmer. Thus the amount of income
reveals the income of the fish farmer before the receipt of assistance of FFDA and the income after the
assistance of FFDA. In this regard the income comparison has done in two areas (namely within the
district, between the district and the overall change of income) and‘t’ (Gujarati D.N. 2009) test was used for
statistical analysis. Now the various types of incomes distribution of fish farmers of the two districts are
shown in terms of four tables.
From table- 1 it is clear in both the districts the average income of most of the fish farmers (i.e. 89 out of
100 fish farmers of the two districts taken together) has monthly income before assistance below Rs. 4000
i.e. they are basically come from poor family income group
i) From the field survey we get that the per capita availability of fish in Burdwan district is 24 kg. per head
per year while in Birbhum district it is 23.5 kg. per head per year. Now the world’s per capita availability of
fish is 11.5 kg. per head per year and for developed countries it is 25 kg. per head per year. But India has a
low per capita availability of 3.5 kg. per head per year only. Thus we see that the fishermen have a standard
level of per capita fish consumption. The point is very important to reduce mal-nutrition (which is a
common phenomenon for the country) by means of intensive pisciculture. But India has a poor per capita
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availability of fish of only 3.5 kg per head per year. Thus we see that the per capita availability of fish for
these 100 farmers’ families of these two districts are much higher than that of India and world’s average
and even equal to the standard of the developed countries.
ii) It was found that the average monthly income of fish farmers before the assistance of FFDA in Burdwan
district was Rs. 2680 and in Birbhum district it was Rs. 2045. But after the assistance of FFDA the average
monthly incomes of the fish farmers of the two districts increased to Rs.3935 and Rs.3721 respectively.
Thus we see that the average monthly income of fish farmers of Burdwan district has increased 1.47 times
and in case of Birbhum district it has increased 1.8 times. The result indicates that the average income of
fish farmers of Burdwan district was higher than the average income of those of Birbhum district in respect
of both before and after the assistance of FFDA. However, the rate of increment was higher in Birbhum
than that of Burdwan district. Thus we can say that the incomes of the fish farmers have improved due to
pisciculture.
iii) Statistical methods were adopted is to judge whether the change of income of the sample fish farmers
before and after the assistance of FFDA was significant or not. This has been done in two areas: - a) Change
of income within the district and b) Overall change of income of the two districts.
6.2 Change of income within the district
Burdwan district- It is seen that the value of‘t’ = 3.31 is significant at .01 level, meaning thereby that the
change income of sample fish farmers of Burdwan district is significant. The gain is in favor of the
assistance of FFDA. It may be concluded from the result that there is a positive impact of assistance on fish
farming (i.e. the production of fish). It may also be concluded that production has increased significantly in
Burdwan district.
Birbhum district-The result indicates that “t” is significant at .01 level. Hence it may be said that in
Birbhum district the change of income of fish farmers is significant.
6.3 Overall change of income taking the two districts together
It is seen from the above table that the value of‘t’ is significant at .01 level which indicates that the income
of fish farmers before and after assistance differ significantly. The result reveals that the mean income after
assistance is significantly greater than that before assistance. It may be concluded from the overall results
considering both the districts that the impact of assistance on fish production is significant.
The finding of these results was that the assistance of FFDA programme has raised the fish farmer’s income
undoubtedly in both the districts. Not only that the change of income was statistically significant but also
the result revealed that there was a positive impact of FFDA assistance on fish production (i.e. fish
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production has significantly increased). Moreover, it was also found that the gain of income of fish farmers
of Birbhum district was higher than that of Burdwan district. Thus we can conclude that in case of the
implementation of the programme of FFDA the district Burdwan has more successful achievements than
the district of Birbhum.
7 Suggestions
7.1 General suggestions
i) In pisciculture, fishermen are not only directly employed in fishing but also some other alternative
occupations like net making, marketing of fish seed and fishery product , transport, boat making etc. many
rural people earn income. Since fish is a perishable commodity proper marketing channels should be
established. Hence to reduce pressure from agriculture pisciculture may be alternative occupations for
generating income and employment for a large number of poor people. ii) In Burdwan district there are
some open caste pits (OCP) in Ranigang coal belt and in Birbhum district also such pits are available at
Khoirasole block, calamines at Md.Bazar block. Fish production may increase by utilizing these water
resources for pisciculture purposes.iii) The urban waste (i.e. garbage) may be recycled as fish feed (to those
ponds and water areas lying near the towns) to raise fish production and to prevent the environmental
pollution in those areas. v) To make financial support for the poor fishermen Bank should grant loan on a
long-term basis and at a low rate of interest in proper amount and in proper time.vi) the selection of actual
beneficiary is very much essential and it should be made on the basis of need and neutrally not in politically.
vii) Since fish is a perishable commodity storage facilities should be provided such that the fishermen are
not forced to sell their product at a lower price. Prices of organic manures and fish seeds should be kept as
low as possible or the Government should give more subsidies in the case of chemical fertilizers so that the
poor fish farmers can buy them. viii) For welfare measures of the rural poor fishermen some Group and
Personal Insurance Schemes, Old- Age Pension Schemes should be taken and the Fishery Dept. should
issue “Identity Card” to each fisherman. ix) Since both the districts are agricultural based we should
interlink agriculture with pisciculture shown in figure-5. Along with pisciculture in ponds other allied
culture can be inter-linked in composite farming. The concept of composite farming e.g. in the pond- there
are pisciculture and on one side of the pond mulberry trees can be cultivated for the development of
sericulture industry-from there silk industry can be grown. Thus the final products (i.e. silk yarn and silk
cloth) come to the market and their waste materials are drained off to the pond and used as fish feed. In the
same pattern on another side of the pond animal husbandry can be practiced (e.g. poultry, duccary and
piggery). Their waste can be used as a valuable manure for fish feed and the residual can be utilized for
agricultural production. The excreta of the animal husbandry can also be used in the bio-gas plant for fuel
and light. The products of animal husbandry e.g. milk, meat and egg come to the market directly. On
another side of the pond some fruit plants such as papine, guava, mango etc. can be cultivated by using the
excess manure of animal husbandry and the products can be sold in the market.
x) Composite fish culture: Stocking of various species should be in a certain proportion such that various
types of fishes live in various layers and eat the entire food organism (so called Polyculture or Composite
Fish Culture). Stocking is an important factor to raise fish production. On an average the survibility of
stocking is 80% (Jhingran V.G. 1991). This means that 20% of stocking is lost for various reasons such as
improper handling, netting and also eaten by preratory animals like snakes, frogs etc. The main species
cultured in India are Rahu, Catla, Mrigel, Silver Carp (S.C.), Grass Carp (G.C.), Cyprinus Carpio (Cy, Ca.)
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and Bata etc. In polyculture (where various fishes are cultured simultaneously) (Agarwal S.C. 1990) system
all these species are cultured in certain ratios. It is found that all of these species do not generally live in the
same layer. In mixed (or polyculture or composite culture) culture all these fishes are cultured in such a way
that all layer’s feed are used. If we divide the whole layer into 3 parts i.e. upper, middle and lower layers,
then Cattla and S.C live in the upper layer, Rahu and G.C. live in the middle layer and Mrigel and Cy. Ca.
live in the lower layer. It is also to be noted that these two species in the same layer are not competitors of
each other. In their feed habit one eats waste weeds and the other eats green weeds. Hence in polyculture all
the pond’s feed are used scientifically and economically. The production of Big head and Big head African
giant hybrid magur are totally banned because their food habits are too much and hamper the foods of other
common species. Suppose 1000 fish seed is cultivated in the pond. Then the stocking ratios for various
fishes are Rahu: Catla: Mrigel: S.C.: G.C.: Cy.Car = 3 : 1 : 1.5 : 1.5 : 1 : 2 Thus the number of seeds are,
Rahu = 300, Catla = 100, Mrigel = 150, S.C = 150, G.C. = 100, Cy. Ca. = 200. Now the survibility rate is
80%.Thus the number of produced matured fishes are Rahu = 240, Catla = 80, Mrigel = 120, S.C. = 120,
G.C. = 80, Cy.Car. = 160. Fishes are cultivated for 9-12 months. The culture period may extend up to 18
months with partial harvesting between. Moreover, the general annual growth of these fishes are, Rahu =
1kg, Catla 1.5 kg. Mrigel 0.75kg, SC. = 0.8 kg, G.C. = 1.5 kg, Cy. Car. = 0.8 kg. The fish farmers collect
fish seeds from private traders or from Government fish farm.
xi) Since training is a necessary ingredient to raise fish production the Government has initiated some
special training programmes for fish farmers. Moreover to motivate the poor fish farmers some amount of
remuneration or stipend is paid to the participant during training. The amount of remuneration depends
upon the kind of training, place of training organization and duration of the training programmes conducted
by the FFDA. To attend the district level training programmes for the farmers of distant villages, traveling
allowances are also paid.
xii) It is very essential to use mahua cake because it has dual roles in pisciculture. It firstly acts as a
pesticide but later it acts as organic manure and produces a desired quantity of fish food organism for the
baby fishes. The presence of ‘Saponin’ in mahua cake kills the pre-ratory animals / fishes of the pond. This
poisonous effect continues about 10-15 days and after that it acts as manure. On the other hand, the use of
pesticides has a negative long-term effect to ecological balance. So the pesticides are not generally used
though they are cheaper. The mahua cake should be applied at the rate of 333.33kg/ Yr. / bigha.
7.2 Limitations of the study
The following are the limitations of the study: i) Regarding the change in the level of income before and
after the assistance of FFDA, the statements of the fish farmers have been taken into consideration on good
faith. ii) Due to limited time, ability and resource constraints, data have been collected from a small number
of fish farmers of the two districts and results are assumed to be the representative for the district as a
whole. Iii) Due to difficulties in getting responses from the sample fish farmers sometimes we had to rely
on the different FEOs’ opinions and also on different official records on good faith. iv) The observations
made on the basis of collected data are obviously particularistic in nature in so far as these data relate to
micro-study like the present one (i.e. only 100 fish farmers from the two districts were taken into
consideration). Micro-studies do not attempt to build general theories but the utility of this type of study is
that large number micro-studies may, in course of time, be helpful in constructing meaningful
generalizations. Moreover, it is an explorative study which seeks to explore the conditions of fish farmers
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Vol.2, No.6, 2011
before and after the assistance of FFDA programme. A much larger study may be undertaken to vindicate
the results obtained from this explorative study.
8. Conclusion
The study indicates that the introduction of the programme of FFDA had a clear positive impact on the rural
economy through employment and income generation and also raising the standard of living and
socio-economic performances of the rural community of the two districts. It is environmentally viable,
sustainable and eco-friendly in nature. So for sustainable use of the scarce water resources it is very
essential in the present context. Unemployment is a curse for the society today and pressure of population
on agricultural sector is rising day by day. Thus fish farming may be an alternative occupation for those
unemployed people and undoubtedly generate income in a viable method. Therefore it is recommended that
the present programme should be further spread in the rural areas by means of proper planning, adequate
supervision, effective implementation and better monitoring in a sustainable manner.
References:
Agarwal S.C. (1990), Fishery Management, Ashis Publishing House, New-Delhi.
Bairagya R. and Bairagya H. (2011), “Water Scarcity a Global Problem- An Economic Analysis”,
Indian Journal of Landscape Systems and Ecological Studies, Vol.-34, Institute of Landscape, Ecology &
Ekistics, Kolkata, 127-132
Bairagya R. (2004), “A Comparative Study of the Functioning of Fish Farmers Development
Agency (FFDA) in the Districts of Burdwan and Birbhum (1985-1995)”, PhD Thesis, Department of
Commerce, the University of Burdwan.
Bureau of Applied Economics, Burdwan (1998), Key Statistics of Burdwan, Govt. of W.B.
Bureau of Applied Economics, Birbhum (1998), Key Statistics of Birbhum, Govt. of W.B
Chakraborty S. K. (1991), A Study in Bhery Fisheries, Agro-Economic Reaserch Centre, Visva- Bharati.
Dutt R. and Sundharam K.P.M. (2009), Indian Economy, S. Chand and Co. New-Delhi, 101-103
Jhingran V.G. (1991), Fish and Fisheries in India, Hindustan Publishing Cor.-Delhi.
Giriappa S. (ed) (1994), Role of Fisheries in Rural Development, Daya Publishing House, Delhi.
Gujarati D.N. (2009), Basic Econometrics, McGraw-Hill., 98-133
Mamoria C.B. (1979), Economic & Commercial Geography of India, Shiblal Agarwala Company, Agra-3
Mishra S. (1987), Fisheries in India, Ashis Publishing House, New-Delhi
Acknowledgement: In preparation of this paper I deeply acknowledge my respected sir Prof. Jaydeb
Sarkhel, Department of Commerce, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India, e-mail:
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11. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
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Vol.2, No.6, 2011
jaydebsarkhel@gmail.com
Tables and Figures:
Figure-1
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Figure-2
Figure-3 Figure-4
Table -1 Change of income distribution of Burdwan.
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Table -2 Change of income distribution of Birbhum district
Table--3 Classification of sample fish farmers according to their monthly incomes after the assistance
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Table- 4 Classification of sample fish farmers according to their monthly incomes after the assistance
Source: All tables data sources are computed from field survey.
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MARKET
Light, Fuel
Silk yarn & Gobar gas
Silk cloth
Milk, Meat & Egg
Silk industry
Cow, Piggary,
waste materials
Duccary, Poultry
w
as
Sericulture
te
m
at
er
ia
Agricultural production
ls
Produced Fish (Fruit, papaine, guava,
Mulburyculture
mango etc.)
Side POND Side
Circular flow of pisciculture and other allied culture
Figure: 5
30
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