High concentration of heavy metals in the environment can be detrimental to a variety of living species. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of baobab (Adsononsia digitata) fruit shells in the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of varying adsorption parameters on the removal of aqueous lead and copper ions. The adsorption of Pb(II) was found to be maximum at pH 5.5 using adsorbent dose of 0.7 g. The adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be optimum at pH 6 using adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g. The adsorption data conformed to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. However the Temkin isotherm showed the best fitting model with highest R2 values for both lead and copper (0.9977 and 0.9967) respectively. Baobab fruit shells can be used as a cost effective adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the treatment of industrial effluent.
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
These slides provide a great knowledge about biomining, its types and its steps. These slides also provide the concise information about future of biomining.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Antibacterial Property of Essential Oil and its vibrational analysisIOSR Journals
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. In our present work with the vibrational spectroscopy of quantum chemical calculations of Eugenol,Geronial have been carried out. The compounds are responsible for most of the characteristic aroma .DFT analysis is performed before and after application of clove oil on Asbergillus fungi..Vibrational analysis on Eugenol( 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is also carried out.The fluorescent property of the material was also discussed.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
These slides provide a great knowledge about biomining, its types and its steps. These slides also provide the concise information about future of biomining.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Antibacterial Property of Essential Oil and its vibrational analysisIOSR Journals
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. In our present work with the vibrational spectroscopy of quantum chemical calculations of Eugenol,Geronial have been carried out. The compounds are responsible for most of the characteristic aroma .DFT analysis is performed before and after application of clove oil on Asbergillus fungi..Vibrational analysis on Eugenol( 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is also carried out.The fluorescent property of the material was also discussed.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Biomimetic Materials in Our World: A Review.IOSR Journals
The study of biomineralization offers valuable and incredible insights into the scope and nature of material chemistry at the inorganic and organic surfaces. Biological systems (architecture) are replete with examples of organic supramolecular assemblies (double and triplet helices, multisubunit proteins, membrane-bound reaction centres, vesicle, tubules e. t. c.), some of which (collagen, cellulose and chitin) extend to microscopic dimensions in the form of hierarchical structure, There are ample opportunities of lessons from the biological (on growth and functional adaptation), and physical (properties and compositions) world. This review explores the field of biomimetic material chemistry as it relates to fibres with respect to their historical perspective, the use of the products of biomimetic material, the progressive efforts and a general overview. Conclusively, biomimetic materials research is indeed a rapidly growing and enormously promising field that needs to be explored.
Herbal Cures Practised By Rural Populace In Varanasi Region Of Eastern U.P.(I...IOSR Journals
A survey based study to collect information regarding use of herbs as household treatment of common ailments in rural areas of Varanasi region of eastern U.P. was undertaken .In Varanasi as in other parts of India , the people especially those residing in rural and semi-urban areas still practise herbal cures for many of their ailments. In the present investigation a total of 40 medicinally important plant species belonging to 27 families were recorded which are frequently used by local populace to cure diseases such as cold,cough,fever,snake bite,boils piles etc.As plants are easily available and sometimes the only source of healthcare available to poor therefore there is a great need for preservation of such medicinal plants.
Evaluation of Level of Precursors of N-Nitrosamine in Vitro in Wistar Rats Fe...IOSR Journals
This study compares the level of Nitrite in urine, protein concentration and nitrite concentration in post mitochondrial fraction of rats fed different levels of dietary protein with concurrent administration of precursors of N-nitrosamine; dimethylamine hydrochloride (DMA-HCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and were kept for four weeks. Group one was given high protein diet (64%), group two was given a normal protein diet (27%) and group three was given low protein diet (3.5%). All the groups were administered with 3mg NaNO2 and 20mg DMA-HCL/kg, using the application of spectrophotometric analysis, centrifugation, as well as colorimetric methods. Following administrations of the chemicals to the test animal groups, the concentration of 24 hours urinary excretion of nitrite was 7.417μg/ml in high protein fed rats, 2.063μg/ml in normal protein fed rats and 0.569 μg/ml in low protein fed rats. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the nitrite concentration in the group fed high protein diet with concurrent administration of NaNO2 and DMA-HCl. The wistar rats fed with high protein diet, excreted 5.8 to 7 times more nitrite in urine than the severely protein deprived animals. The protein and nitrite concentration of the post mitochondrial fraction of liver was highest in rats that were fed high protein diet. This study has revealed that nutrition status affects metabolism of foreign compounds including nitrites and dimethylamine hydrochloride.
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Proficient Handling and Restraint of the Laboratory Animal Rat (Rattus Norveg...IOSR Journals
The laboratory rat is an important animal model which has been used extensively in the fields of biological, pharmaceutical, behavioral and biomedical sciences. There are several laboratory procedures which are implemented on this model repetitively. These procedures require proper handling and restraint of the rat. A good amount of general information is available at several places on web. Knowledge about safe and effective rat handling techniques and methods are mandatory to learn before starting experiments on animal models. Avoidance of stress and discomfort of the rat is very important for the overall outcome of an experimental study. Here we address and review someessential techniques to handle difficulties of working with the laboratory rat (RattusNorvegicus) using our first-hand experience from an animal care and safety perspective in moderately available animal facility especially for developing countries.
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
A Digital Pen with a Trajectory Recognition AlgorithmIOSR Journals
Abstract : Now a days, the development of miniaturization technologies in electronic circuits and components has seriously decreased the dimension and weight of consumer electronic products, those are smart phones and handheld computers, and thus prepared them more handy and convenient. This paper contains an accelerometer-based digital pen for handwritten digit and gesture trajectory recognition applications. The digital pen consists of a triaxial accelerometer, a microcontroller, and an Zigbee wireless transmission module for sensing and collecting accelerations of handwriting and gesture trajectories. with this project we can do human computer interaction. Users can utilize this pen to write digits or make hand gestures, and the accelerations of hand motions calculated by the accelerometer are wirelessly transmitted to a computer for online trajectory recognition. So, by varying the position of mems (micro electro mechanical systems) we can capable to show the alphabetical characters in the PC. The acceleration signals calculated from the triaxial accelerometer are transmitted to a computer via the wireless module. Keywords - ARM, Zigbee, Sensors module
Comparison of Sports Anxiety in three different Stages between Team and Indiv...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find out the degrees of anxieties experienced by both the individual and team sports persons of
Manipur at three different stages of sports such as prior to the actual play, during the progress of the play and
after the conclusion of the play over the period of five years beginning from 1995 to 2000 A.D. The researchers
mainly adopted the simple and easy methods of questionnaires, personal visits to national and state level
sportspersons of Manipur at their residence, hostels and other sports complexes. The subjects of the study were
173 teams’ sportspersons and 173 individual sportspersons of Manipur over the span of five years starting form
1995 to 2000. The team sports persons were form the field of hockey, handball, kabaddi, sepak-takraw and
volleyball, on the other hand the individual team sportspersons were from the disciplines of Archery, cycling,
table-tennis, wrestling, fencing, athletics, weight lifting, judo, boxing and tae-kwondo respectively. Data were
collected by using “Anxiety test questionnaire” tools.
Comparing the sport anxiety before, during and after the play, both the individual and team sportsperson were
found significantly higher in anxiety level during the play than the before and after the play situation. The sports
anxiety between the individuals and teams sports found no significant difference before the play and after the
play. But there is significant different found during the play i.e., individuals sportspersons were found
significantly higher in sports anxiety then the team sportspersons.
Key wards: Sports anxiety, individual and team sportspersons, STAI Form Y-I, comparative t test.
Smartdust Network for Tactical Border Surveillance Using Multiple SignaturesIOSR Journals
The paper aims at designing a system for border surveillance using the concept of smartdust
technology. Smartdusts are small dust like wireless sensor motes with multiple on-board sensors and
microcontroller. In real time, thousands of such smartdust motes must be deployed in a large area. The motes
can form a network among them and has wireless connection to outside world. Onboard hardware include a
variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic and thermal signature recognition, a
microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a radio transceiver for communication over a wireless
network. In this experimental project, we have designed one central monitoring mote and two smartdust motes
using ARM controller, IEEE radio transceiver and sensors.The central monitoring mote also displays the
tracking history of intrusion on enabling a switch
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
A Fossil Dicot Wood Aeschynomenoxylon Mohgaonsesp.Nov From The Deccan Intertr...IOSR Journals
The Deccan Intertrappean flora is mostly silicified and often very well preserved, representing the groups Thallophyta (fungi, algae and charophytes), water ferns, conifers and angiosperms with both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The present wood is collected from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The wood is angiospermic diffuse porus, vessels solitary and in multiples of two, usually small, occasionally of medium size. Xylem parenchyma scanty with paratracheal vasicentri type, Intervascular pitting are simple and alternate.Perforation plate simple. Fibers are non-septate and storied. Wood rays uniseriate only. Rays are homogenous and made up of procumbent cells only. It show its affinities with the reported species of Aeschynomene.
Survey on Single image Super Resolution TechniquesIOSR Journals
Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple lowresolutionimages
of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a
higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as ‘lowresolution’
images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for
facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review
of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the
formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm – Iterative back projection.We
critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future
directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given.
Cfd Simulation and Experimentalverification of Air Flow through Heated PipeIOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to validate the Dittus-Boelter equation by experimental,correlation and Simulation method. It used to find the value of heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ for turbulent flow in many fluid transfer systems. This work discusses how the Dittus-Boelter equation is applied to the problem of circular pipe. In CFD simulation ICEM CFD for modeling and CFX13 for analysis are used. Results of CFD simulation will be obtained by CFD-POST. Here heat transfer coefficient value is compared by correlations,experiment and CFD simulations, finally the aim of this work is to validate Dittus-Boelter equation.
Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On ZigbeeIOSR Journals
Abstract : In the recent years, the Home Automation systems has seen a rapid changes due to introduction of various wireless technologies The explosion in the wireless technology has seen the emergence of many standards, especially in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. Zigbee is targeted at applications that requires low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbits/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. The wireless home Automation systems is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the infrastructure. The automation centers on recognition of voice commands and uses low-power ZigBee wireless communication modules along with microcontroller. This system is most suitable for the elderly and the disabled persons especially those who live alone and since recognize voice so it is secure. The home automation system is intended to control all lights and electrical appliances in a home or office using voice commands. So in this paperwork our aim is to designed a voice recognition wireless ZigBee based home automation system. Keywords - Home automation, Microcontroller , Voice Recognition, ZigBee, Power Supply.
Performance of Crusher Dust in High Plastic Gravel Soils As Road Construction...IOSR Journals
The performance of Flexible Pavement depends on the functions of the component layers especially Sub-base layers. Generally Sub-base layers are made up of natural soils like Gravels. Frequently gravel soils composed of high amount of fines which causes plasticity characteristics with adsorption of moisture under heavy loads and repeated traffic. Excess deformation leading several failure which require huge investment of money for their repairs. To reduce the excess deformation of the gravel soils and to increase the life period of the pavement there is a need to arrest their plastic characteristics and stabilization is one such techniques to improve the gravel soils by addition of industrial wastes. In this connection Crusher Dust has been selected as a Stabilizer to improve their qualities. Various percentage of Crusher Dust was added to gravel soil and tests like Plasticity, Compaction and Strength tests were conducted. By the addition of Crusher Dust Plasticity Characteristics were reduced and CBR values were improved. Addition of 25% of Crusher Dust make the mixes low-plastic and 35% of Crusher Dust make the mixes non-plastic, where high CBR values attained. Hence from the test results it is identified that addition of 25%-35% of Crusher Dust make the gravel soils meet the specification of MORTH as a sub-base material.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxrtodd599
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Similar to Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit shells biomass (20)
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit shells biomass
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 5, Issue 1 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 43-50
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution
by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit shells biomass
F. Chigondo1
, B.C. Nyamunda1
, S.C. Sithole1
, L. Gwatidzo2
1
(Department of Chemical Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe)
2
(Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe)
Abstract: High concentration of heavy metals in the environment can be detrimental to a variety of living
species. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of baobab (Adsononsia digitata) fruit shells in the
removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine
the effect of varying adsorption parameters on the removal of aqueous lead and copper ions. The adsorption of
Pb(II) was found to be maximum at pH 5.5 using adsorbent dose of 0.7 g. The adsorption of Cu(II) was found to
be optimum at pH 6 using adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g. The adsorption data conformed to Langmuir, Freundlich
and Temkin isotherms. However the Temkin isotherm showed the best fitting model with highest R2
values for
both lead and copper (0.9977 and 0.9967) respectively. Baobab fruit shells can be used as a cost effective
adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the treatment of industrial
effluent.
Keywords: Adsorption, baobab, biosorbent, copper, isotherm, lead
I. Introduction
Rapid industrialization has led to increased disposal of heavy metals and radio nuclides into the
environment. The industries mainly responsible for the discharge of waste water containing metals are mining
and mineral processing, pigment manufacture, painting and photographic industry, metal working and finishing
processes [1]. Since metals are non-biodegradable and may bioaccumulate in living tissues [2], their removal
from the waste waters is nowadays legally imposed. Removal of heavy metals and radio nuclides from metal-
bearing wastewater is usually achieved by physico-chemical processes before discharging the effluents into
natural water-body systems. Physico-chemical processes include precipitation, coagulation, reduction [3], ion
exchange [4], membrane processes (ultrafiltration, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis) and adsorption [5].
These techniques have inherent limitations such as sensitive operating conditions, low metal removal
efficiency and production of secondary sludge which is costly to dispose [6]. Adsorption has been shown to be
the most promising option for the removal of metal ions from aqueous streams. Activated carbon is the most
commonly used adsorbent for adsorption due to its effectiveness and versatility [7, 8]. However the high cost of
activated carbon limits its use in adsorption.
The need for more economical and effective methods for the recovery of metal ions from wastewater
have resulted in the development of alternative separation technologies. One such alternative process is
biosorption, which utilizes various natural materials of biological origin such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae.
These biosorbents possess metal sequestering properties and can be used to reduce the concentration of
heavy metal ions from ppm to ppb level [9]. Biosorbents which have been previously used include palm-nut
shell [10] groundnut hull [11], Bambara groundnuts hulls [12] and sunflower husk [13].
This research focuses on the use of baobab shells as a biosorbent for the removal of lead and copper
ions from waste water. Baobab fruit shells have no economic benefit. To the best of our knowledge there is no
evidence in literature showing the use of baobab shells as a biosorbent for removal of lead and copper ions.
II. Method
2.1 Preparation and preservation of the baobab fruit shells
The baobab fruit shells (BFS) were rinsed with distilled water to remove dust and impurities deposited
on the surface. The BFS were air-dried and then oven dried at 80ᵒC to constant mass. The dried shells were
pulverized and sieved to obtain particle sizes less than 300 µm. The baobab shell powder was soaked in 0.1 M
HNO3 for 24 h. Acid treatment was done to remove or mask functional groups and to expose more ion binding
sites. The mixture was filtered and the powder residue washed with distilled water several times to remove any
acid contents. The filtered biomass was dried in an oven at 105ᵒC. The dried biomass was preserved in air-tight
glass bottles to protect it from moisture [11].
2. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
2.2 Characterisation of biosorbent
Functional group elucidation was done using Fourier Transmitter Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer
(Digilab Merlin 2000 series). Characterisation of the treated biomass was done before and after metal
adsorption.
2.3 Equilibrium adsorption studies
2.3.1 Effect of pH
The effect of pH on metal adsorption was monitored over a pH range of 2 to 6.5. In this study, 100 ml
of separate solutions (25 ppm Pb2+
and 8 ppm Cu2+
ions) were transferred into 250 ml conical flasks agitated at
200 rpm for 150 min with 0.5 g biosorbent. The mixtures were filtered and the filtrate analysed for residual
metal ions using FAAS (Shimadzu 50 B).
2.3.2 Effect of contact time
The investigation was done to determine the optimum time for adsorption of both lead and copper
ions using the baobab fruit shells. The biosorbent (0.5 g) was contacted with 100 ml separate solutions of 25
ppm Pb2+
and 8 ppm Cu2+
ions adjusted to pH 5.5 and 6 respectively. The solutions were agitated at 200 rpm for
different contact times (10-150 min). The mixtures were filtered and residual metal ions in filtrate analysed
using FAAS.
2.3.3 Effect of biosorbent dosage
The effect of quantity of the baobab fruit shells used was investigated by equilibrating separate 100 ml
solutions of lead (25 ppm) and copper (8 ppm) ions with different masses of the adsorbent (0.1-0.9 g) agitated at
200 rpm for 120 min. The mixture was filtered and the residual metal ions in filtrate analysed using FAAS.
2.3.4 Effect of initial metal concentration on monosorption
Separate 100 ml solutions of copper and lead ions with different initial concentrations (10-100 ppm)
were contacted with optimised adsorbent dosage (0.7 g for Cu at pH 5.5 and 0.9 g for Pb at pH 6). The mixtures
were agitated at 200 rpm for 200 min. The mixtures were filtered and filtrate analysed for residual metal ions.
2.3.5 Effect of initial metal concentration on binary sorption
The effects of initial concentrations of Pb2+
and Cu2+
ions in binary sorption were carried out at
optimised adsorbent dose, contact time and pH by varying the initial metal ion concentration in the ratio 1:2.
The conical flasks were agitated at 200 rpm for 120 min. The mixtures were filtered and filtrate
analysed for residual lead and copper ions using FAAS.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 FTIR characterisation
The FTIR spectra of BFS before and after biosorption are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. The -
OH, -NH, carbonyl and carboxylic groups are important sorption sites. The peak at 3420 cm-1
is attributed to –
OH and –NH groups. The absorption peaks between 1760 and 1600 cm-1
are characteristics of carbonyl groups
stretching. The presence of –OH group, coupled to carbonyl group confirms the presence of carboxylic acid
groups in the biosorbent [11]. The peaks around 1440 cm-1
indicate the presence CH2 and CH3 groups while
peaks around 1420 cm-1
can be attributed to the aromatic CH and carboxyl-carbonate structures.
After biosorption, the broadening of –OH peak at 3420 cm-1
and carbonyl groups at 1640 cm-1
was
observed (Fig. 2). This indicates the participation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the biosorption of lead(II)
and copper(II) ions. Similar spectra were obtained for biosorption studies of metal ions using groundnut hull
[11], cashew nut shells [14] and palm nut shells [10].
3.2 Equilibrium studies on biosorption of Pb2+
and Cu2+
3.2.1 Effect of pH
The effect of pH on the adsorption of lead(II) and copper(II) ions is shown in Fig. 3. The uptake and
equilibrium sorption capacity of metal removal from aqueous solution are strongly affected by the pH [15]. At
the same time, the state of chemically active sites is changed by the solution pH [11]. The maximum adsorption
of lead(II) and copper(II) ions was achieved at pH 5.5 and 6 respectively. At pH values higher than 6.5, both
metals ions were precipitated. Therefore the removal of metal ions at higher pH values is due to the formation of
precipitates rather than adsorption [16]. The biosorption capacity (Qe) increased with increase in pH up to pH
5.5 for lead(II) ions and pH 6 for copper(II) ions. The increase in metal adsorption with increase in pH is due to
a decrease in competition between hydrogen ions and metal ions for the surface sites and also due to decrease in
positive surface charge.
3. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
Figure 1: FTIR spectra of baobab fruit shells before biosorption
Figure 2: FTIR spectra of baobab fruit shells after biosorption
As the pH increases, more negatively charged surface becomes available thus facilitating greater
metal adsorption. At low pH, higher concentration and mobility of H+
ions favour H+
adsorption compared to
metal ions. According to Onundi et al. [17] metal ions are more soluble in solution at lower pH values and this
reduces their adsorption. At lower pH, the surface of the adsorbent is surrounded by hydronium ions (H+
)
thereby blocking metal ions from binding sites on adsorbents.
Figure 3: Effect of pH on the sorption of Cu2+
and Pb2+
ions
0
1
2
3
4
1 3 5 7
Qe(mg/g)
pH
Lead
Copper
4. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
3.2.2 Effect of contact time
The effect of contact time on the biosorption of lead(II) and copper(II) is shown in Fig. 4. The amount
of the adsorbed metal ions increases with increasing time until it levels off after some (90 min for Cu2+
and 120
min for Pb2+
). A constant adsorption is indicative of equilibration due to saturation of adsorption sites. Rapid
adsorption of metal ions during the initial stages was due to the large initial concentration gradient between the
adsorbate in solution and the number of available vacant sites on the adsorbent surface. The adsorption capacity
for Cu2+
was lower than for Pb2+
ions.
Figure 4: Effect of contact time on the sorption of Cu2+
and Pb2+
ions
3.2.3 Effect of biosorbent dosage
The effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of lead(II) and copper(II) is shown in Fig. 5. There is
an increase in adsorption capacity with increasing adsorbent dosage up to a maximum of 0.9 g for Cu and 0.7 g
for Pb giving corresponding maximum percentage metal removal of 78 and 68% respectively. Further increment
in adsorbent dosages resulted in decline in adsorption capacity. The initial increase in adsorption capacity with
increasing adsorbent dosage is explained by the increase in the number of exchangeable sites for metal ion
adsorption [17]. The decline in adsorption beyond certain adsorbent dosages could be due to the
aggregation/agglomeration of sorbent particles at higher dosages which would lead to a decrease in the total
surface area of the adsorbent particles available to the metal ions. As a result the adsorption capacity of the
adsorbent is not fully utilised [18].
Figure 5: Effect of adsorbent dosage on adsorption of Cu2+
and Pb2+
ions
3.2.4 Effect of initial metal concentration on monosorption
The effect of initial concentration on the monosorption of copper and lead ions is shown in Fig. 6. For
both metal ions, an increase in initial concentration resulted in increase in the adsorption capacity. This can also
be explained in terms of increase in adsorption sites coverage as the metal ion concentration is increased [19].
High metal concentration saturates the adsorbent sites more quickly thereby decreasing the overall
percentage metal removal. A similar trend was observed by Andal and Sakthi [20].
0
1
2
3
4
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Qe(mg/g)
Contact time (min)
Lead
Copper
0
20
40
60
80
0
1
2
3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
%Removal
Qe(mg/g)
Adsorbent dosage(g)
Pb adsorption capacity Cu adsorption capacity
Pb removal (%) Cu removal (%)
5. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Figure 6: Effect of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption capacity
3.3 Adsorption isotherms
The Langmuir (eqn 1), Freundlich (eqn 2) and Temkin (Eqn 3) isotherms were applied to the
equilibrium studies to test for data conformity. The linear forms of the isotherms are represented by equations 1-
3.
1
qe
=
1
Q
+
1
bQ
∗
1
Ce
(1)
Where, Q (mgg-1
) and b (Lmg-1
) are the Langmuir constants related to the maximum adsorption and
energy of adsorption respectively and Ce is the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate (mgL-1
).
log qe = log K +
1
n
log Ce (2)
Where, k and 1/n are the Freundlich constants related to adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity
respectively of the adsorbent.
X = a + b ln C (3)
Where, C is the concentration of the adsorbate in solution at equilibrium (mgL-1
), X is the amount of
metal adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent (mgg-1
), a and b are constants related to adsorption capacity and
intensity of adsorption.
It was observed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm satisfactorily describes the sorption of copper
and lead ions from aqueous solutions using baobab shells as indicated by the high correlation coefficients(R2
) of
0.9949 and 0.9961 respectively (Fig. 7). The applicability of the Langmuir isotherm indicates good monolayer
coverage of lead(II) and copper(II) ions on the surface of baobab shells which consequently suggests the
formation of a mono layer on the adsorbent surface in the given concentration range [21]. The fact that the
Langmuir isotherm fits the experimental data very well may be due to the homogenous distribution of active
sites on the adsorbent since the Langmuir equation assumes that the surface is homogenous. Thus the
applicability of the Langmuir isotherm in the present system indicates the monolayer coverage of lead(II) and
copper(II) ions on the outer surfaces of the adsorbent [19]. The calculated model parameters with correlation
coefficients are shown in Table 1. The adsorption capacity, Qmax, (mgg-1
) of copper is higher than that of lead.
The affinity of the two metals for the adsorbent surface in terms of b is higher for lead. The values of b
were fairly low which implies low surface energy in the process and consequently low bonding between metal
ions and the baobab fruit shells. Qaiser et al. [11] reported the maximum adsorption capacities for lead on
groundnut hull (31.54 mgg-1
) and baggase fly ash (2.5 mgg-1
).
Figure 7: Langmuir isotherm for the adsorption of Pb2+
and Cu2+
on shells of baobab
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Qe(mg/g)
Initial concentration (mg/L)
Cu
Pb
y = 7.615x - 9.171
R² = 0.996
y = 10.50x - 19.87
R² = 0.994
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Ce/Qe(gL-1)
Ce (mg/g)
Pb
Cu
6. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
The Freundlich isotherms for lead and copper adsorption are shown in Fig. 8. It was observed that the
Freundlich adsorption isotherm also conforms to the sorption of lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions
using baobab fruit shells. However, the level of conformity is to a less extent compared to the Langmuir
adsorption isotherms as indicated by lower correlation coefficients values of 0.9755 and 0.973 for Pb2+
and Cu2+
respectively. The values of n (1.57 and 1.61) for lead and copper respectively, confirm that the baobab shells
have a heterogeneous surface since the values satisfy the heterogeneity condition where n must be in the range 1
< n< 10 [22]. The values of 1/n ranging from 0 to 1 are a measure of adsorption intensity or surface
homogeneity as the values approach zero. Values for 1/n less than 1 indicate normal Langmuir adsorption
isotherm while those values above 1 are indicative of cooperative adsorption [23]. The values of KF for lead
(0.95) and copper (0.90) imply that there was low uptake of the metal ions onto the adsorbent surface.
Figure 8: Freundlich isotherms for the adsorption of Pb2+
and Cu2+
on shells of baobab
Table 1: Isotherm model parameters
Model Parameter Pb Cu
Langmuir Qmax 7.65 10.56
b 0.11 0.05
RL 0.48 0.50
R2
0.9961 0.9949
Freundlich Kf 0.95 0.90
n 1.57 1.61
R2
0.9755 0.9730
Temkin KT 1.04 1.37
bT 645.59 457.34
R2
0.9977 0.9967
Fig. 9 shows the Temkin isotherms for the adsorption of copper and lead. The Temkin isotherm takes
into account the occupation of the more energetic adsorption sites [24]. Of the three isotherms under
consideration, the Temkin adsorption isotherm best describes the sorption of lead and copper ions from aqueous
solutions using baobab shells as indicated by the highest correlation coefficients of 0.9977 and 0.9967 for lead
and copper respectively and bT values of 645.59 KJmol-1
and 457.34 KJmol-1
respectively. The intensity of
sorption (KT) and the heat of sorption (bT) for lead and copper confirm further that the data best fit the Temkin
isotherm.
Figure 9: Temkin isotherms for the adsorption of Pb2+
and Cu2+
on shells of baobab
y = 0.638x - 0.048
R² = 0.975
y = 0.622x - 0.107
R² = 0.973
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
LogQe(mg/g)
Log Ce (mg/L)
Pb
Cu
y = 3.837x + 0.151
R² = 0.997
y = 5.417x - 1.715
R² = 0.996
0
2
4
6
0.2 0.7 1.2
Qe(mg/g)
Log Ce (mg/L)
Pb
Cu
7. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
3.3.3 Effect of initial metal concentration on binary sorption
The Cu-Pb binary competitive sorption was tested by the Langmuir model as shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
The binary combination in which copper was the primary ion (Cu-Pb) fitted the competitive Langmuir model
better than that for lead as indicated by a higher correlation coefficient value. The results indicate that there is
competitive interaction in sorption of Cu2+
and Pb2+
in the binary system.
Figure 10: Cu-Pb binary sorption on baobab fruit shells
Figure 11: Pb-Cu binary sorption on baobab fruit shells
The effectiveness of baobab shells was compared to other biosorbents reported in literature (Table 2). It
appears that BFS adsorb lead and copper quite well.
Table 2: Comparison of Qmax of baobab fruit shells with other biosorbents
Biosorbent Qmax (mg/g) Reference
Pb Cu
Crab fish 19.83 - [25]
Groundnut hull 31.54 - [11]
Palm shell 1.34 1.58 [17]
Bombax ceiba saw dust 40.49 [20]
Baobab shells 7.65 10.56 Current study
IV. Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that baobab fruit shells has favourable properties for the biosorption of
lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions and the adsorbent properties are enhanced by acid treatment. The
biosorption of lead and copper ions was highly dependent on experimental parameters such as contact time,
initial metal concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption of Pb(II) was found to be optimum at pH
5.5, adsorbent dose of 0.7 g, metal ion concentration of 10 ppm and contact time of 120 min. The adsorption of
Cu(II) was found to be optimum at pH 6, adsorbent dose of 0.9 g, metal ion concentration of 20 ppm and contact
time of 120 min. The Temkin fitted best to the adsorption data. There is need for further studies to investigate
y = 74.44x - 161.7
R² = 0.948
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2.26 2.28 2.3 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.42
CeCu/CePb*QeCu
Ce Cu/ Ce Pb
y = -57.59x + 26.15
R² = 0.834
0
1
2
3
0.415 0.425 0.435 0.445
CePb/CeCu*QePb
Ce Pb/Ce Cu
8. Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Adononsia digitata) fruit
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
the use of baobab fruit shells in treating industrial effluent. This could be a cost effective method of utilising
waste baobab fruit shells in removing lead and copper from industrial wastewater.
References
[1] N.A. Babarinde, J.O. Babalola, and A.R.A. Sanni, Biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions by maize leaf, International
Journal of Physical Sciences, 1(1), 2006, 23-26.
[2] P.A. Maryan, H.M. Pinheiro, J.A. Teiseira, and M.F. Rosa, Removal efficiency of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) by waste brewery
biomass, pH and cation association effects, Desalination Journal, 124, 2007,137-144.
[3] S.D. Kim, K.S. Park, and M.B. Gu, Toxicity of hexavalent chromium to Daphnia magna: influence of reduction reaction by ferrous
iron, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 93(2), 2002, 155–164.
[4] A.B. Paknikar, A. Ballester, F. Gonzalez, M.L. Blazquez, J.A. Murioz, J. Saez, and M. Zapata, Study of cadmium, zinc and lead
biosorption by orange wastes using the subsequent addition method, Bioresources Technology Journal, 99(17), 2003, 8101-8106.
[5] C.L. Ake, K. Mayura, H. Huebner, G.R. Bratton, and T.D. Phillips, Development of porous clay based composites for the sorption
of lead from water, Journal of Toxicology Environmental Health Part A 63 (6), 2001, 459–4759.
[6] J.C. Ingwe, O.F. Mbonu, and A.A. Abia, Sorption Kinetic, Interparticle Diffusion and Equilibrium Partitioning of Azo Dyes on
Great Millet (Andropogon Sorghum) Waste Biomass, Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(19), 2007, 2840-2847.
[7] Z. Asku, Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review, Process Biochemistry, 40, 2009, 997–10268
[8] M. Lotfi, and N. Adhoum, Modified activated carbon for the removal of copper, zinc, chromium and cyanide from wastewater,
Separation and Purification Technology, 26 ( 2–3), 2002, 137–146.
[9] C.D. Elcey, and B. Manoj, Demineralization of Coal by Stepwise Bioleaching: A study of sub-bituminous Indian coal by FTIR and
SEM, Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 45 (4), 2010, 385-390.
[10] Y.B. Onundi, A.A. Mamun, M.F. Al Khatib, and Y.M. Ahmed, Adsorption of copper, nickel and lead ions from synthetic
semiconductor industrial wastewater by palm shell activated carbon, International Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology, 7(4), 2010, 751-758.
[11] S. Qaiser, R. Anwar, and U. Muhammad, Biosorption of lead (II) and chromium(VI) on groundnut hull: Equilibrium, kinetics and
thermodynamics study, Electronic Journal of biotechnology, 12(4), 2009, 1-4.
[12] E. Sebata, M. Moyo, U. Guyo, N.P. Ngano, B.C. Nyamunda, F. Chigondo, V. Chitsa, and M. Shumba. Adsorptive Removal of
Atrazine from Aqueous Solution Using Bambara Groundnut Hulls (Vigna Subterranean), International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology, 2(5), 2013, 312-321.
[13] M. Moyo, A. Maringe, F. Chigondo, B.C. Nyamunda, E. Sebata, M. Shumba, Adsorptive Removal of Nitrate Ions from Aqueous
Solutions Using Acid Treated Sunflower Seed Husk (Helianthus annuus), International Journal of Advances in Science and
Technology, 5 (6), 2012, 47-66.
[14] S. Tangjuank, N. Insuk, J. Tontrakoon, and V. Udeye, Adsorption of lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solutions by
adsorption on activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shells, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(2),
2009, 298-306.
[15] C.M. Zvinowanda, O.J. Okonkwo, M.M. Sekhula, N.M. Agyei, and R. Sadiku, Application of maize tassel for the removal of Pb,
Se, Sr, U and V from borehole water contaminated with mine wastewater in the presence of alkaline metals, Journal of Harzadous
Materials, 2009, 164, 884-891.
[16] B. Bayat, Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes 1. The case of Nickel(II), Copper(II) and Zinc(II), Journal
of Hazardous Materials, 144, 2002, 251-273.
[17] Y.B. Onundi, A.A. Mamun, M.F. Al Khatib, and Y.M. Ahmed, 2010, Adsorption of copper, nickel and lead ions from synthetic
semiconductor industrial wastewater by palm shell activated carbon, International Journal of Environmental Science Technology,
7(4), 2010, 751-758.
[18] N.M. Andal, and V. Sakthi, A comparative study on the sorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Hg(II) onto activated carbon, Journal
of Chemistry, 7(3), 2010, 967–974.
[19] D.T. Najua, C.A. Luqman, Z. Zawani, and A.R. Suraya, Adsorption of copper from aqueous solution by Elais Guineensis kernel
activated carbon, Journal of Engineering of Science and Technology, 2(1), 2008, 180-189.
[20] N. Sakthi, N. M. Andal, S. Rengaraj, and M. Sillanpää, Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using Bombax ceiba saw
dust activated carbon. Desalination Water and Treatment, 16, 2010, 262-270.
[21] H. Ali, and S.K. Muhammad, Biosorption of crystal violet from water on leaf biomass of Calotropis procera, Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 1(3), 2008, 143-150.
[22] M. Nadeem, A. Mahmood, S.A. Shalid, S.S. Shah, and A.M. Khalid., Sorption of lead from aqueous solution by modified carbon
adsorbents, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 138(3), 2006, 604-613.
[23] M.J. Ketcha, M.H. Ngomo, D. Kouotou, and N.P. Tchoua, Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the adsorption of nitrate ions in
aqueous solutions by activated carbons and zeolite, Resources Journal of Chemistry Environmental, 11(3), 2007, 47-49.
[24] N.T. Abdel-Ghani, M. Henfy, and G.A.F. El-Chaghaby, Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using low cost abundantly
available adsorbents, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(1), 2007, 67-73.
[25] S. Dahiya, R.M. Tripathi, and A.G. Hegde, Biosorption of lead and copper from aqueous solutions by pre-treated crab and arca shell
biomass, Bioresource Technology, 99, 2008, 179-187.