This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
- Iran is facing extreme water scarcity due to low average rainfall of 250 mm/year and climate change impacts, which is preventing moisture from reaching Iran.
- According to the World Bank, Iran is one of the developing countries most at risk from drought and other climate change threats. Based on available water per capita, Iran will face water stress by 2021 and water scarcity soon after.
- Due to 10 consecutive years of drought, over 50% of the population's drinking water has been affected, placing strain on water resources. Adaptive responses are needed to address vulnerabilities like fluctuations in water levels and hydropower generation.
Cloud seeding for india (an effective weapon to fight the draughts) by prof s...Shreehari Marathe
1. Cloud seeding can help address water scarcity issues by increasing rainfall. Many countries regularly use cloud seeding to augment water supplies for agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric power.
2. Water availability is decreasing globally due to population growth and development. By 2025, over a third of the world's population may face "catastrophically low" water supplies under 1000 cubic meters per person per year.
3. Forests help increase rainfall by recycling water through transpiration. Deforestation reduces rainfall and increases risks of drought, flooding, and water scarcity. Reforestation is needed to improve water security in many countries.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable water management and international trade. It discusses how water resources are unevenly distributed globally and how this leads to differences in production techniques and opportunities for international agricultural trade. It notes that while water-intensive agricultural exports can generate significant earnings for some countries, it also represents a loss of scarce water resources. The document advocates for policies that promote sustainable agricultural growth while considering a country's water endowment.
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses proposals for inter-basin water transfers in India to address issues of uneven rainfall distribution that cause flooding in some areas and drought in others. It provides background on India's water resources, noting that some regions receive ample rainfall while others experience drought. It then discusses the National Water Development Agency's proposal to link India's river systems through 30 transfer links to move water from surplus basins to deficit ones. This would help reduce flooding and drought impacts to support social and economic growth across India. Existing inter-basin water transfer projects in India and other countries are also summarized.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM & PROSPECTS WR...IWRS Society
This document discusses inter-basin transfers of water for national development in India. It notes that India's water resources are unevenly distributed, with some areas facing recurring water shortages while other areas experience floods. Large-scale migration occurs due to water shortage problems. The document explores the concept of inter-basin transfers to move water from surplus to deficit areas as one option to address this imbalance. It examines India's water resources potential and needs, constitutional provisions around inter-state water transfers, various proposals that have been made for inter-basin transfer systems and national water grids, and the work of the National Water Development Agency in assessing water balances and deficits and proposing linkage projects. Key issues involved in inter-basin transfers
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...IJRAT
This document summarizes a study on rural residents' satisfaction with water supply systems and willingness to pay for improvements in Uttar Pradesh, India. It conducted surveys of rural households in Bijnor district to determine preferences for improved water facilities and how much people are willing to contribute financially or through labor. The results will help the government determine appropriate water supply charges and policies to generate revenue to improve services in a sustainable manner. Data was collected through questionnaires across 11 villages and analyzed using statistical software to identify key factors influencing water system preferences.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
- Iran is facing extreme water scarcity due to low average rainfall of 250 mm/year and climate change impacts, which is preventing moisture from reaching Iran.
- According to the World Bank, Iran is one of the developing countries most at risk from drought and other climate change threats. Based on available water per capita, Iran will face water stress by 2021 and water scarcity soon after.
- Due to 10 consecutive years of drought, over 50% of the population's drinking water has been affected, placing strain on water resources. Adaptive responses are needed to address vulnerabilities like fluctuations in water levels and hydropower generation.
Cloud seeding for india (an effective weapon to fight the draughts) by prof s...Shreehari Marathe
1. Cloud seeding can help address water scarcity issues by increasing rainfall. Many countries regularly use cloud seeding to augment water supplies for agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric power.
2. Water availability is decreasing globally due to population growth and development. By 2025, over a third of the world's population may face "catastrophically low" water supplies under 1000 cubic meters per person per year.
3. Forests help increase rainfall by recycling water through transpiration. Deforestation reduces rainfall and increases risks of drought, flooding, and water scarcity. Reforestation is needed to improve water security in many countries.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable water management and international trade. It discusses how water resources are unevenly distributed globally and how this leads to differences in production techniques and opportunities for international agricultural trade. It notes that while water-intensive agricultural exports can generate significant earnings for some countries, it also represents a loss of scarce water resources. The document advocates for policies that promote sustainable agricultural growth while considering a country's water endowment.
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses proposals for inter-basin water transfers in India to address issues of uneven rainfall distribution that cause flooding in some areas and drought in others. It provides background on India's water resources, noting that some regions receive ample rainfall while others experience drought. It then discusses the National Water Development Agency's proposal to link India's river systems through 30 transfer links to move water from surplus basins to deficit ones. This would help reduce flooding and drought impacts to support social and economic growth across India. Existing inter-basin water transfer projects in India and other countries are also summarized.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM & PROSPECTS WR...IWRS Society
This document discusses inter-basin transfers of water for national development in India. It notes that India's water resources are unevenly distributed, with some areas facing recurring water shortages while other areas experience floods. Large-scale migration occurs due to water shortage problems. The document explores the concept of inter-basin transfers to move water from surplus to deficit areas as one option to address this imbalance. It examines India's water resources potential and needs, constitutional provisions around inter-state water transfers, various proposals that have been made for inter-basin transfer systems and national water grids, and the work of the National Water Development Agency in assessing water balances and deficits and proposing linkage projects. Key issues involved in inter-basin transfers
A Statistical Analysis of Consumer’s Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Su...IJRAT
This document summarizes a study on rural residents' satisfaction with water supply systems and willingness to pay for improvements in Uttar Pradesh, India. It conducted surveys of rural households in Bijnor district to determine preferences for improved water facilities and how much people are willing to contribute financially or through labor. The results will help the government determine appropriate water supply charges and policies to generate revenue to improve services in a sustainable manner. Data was collected through questionnaires across 11 villages and analyzed using statistical software to identify key factors influencing water system preferences.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
WATER MANGMENT A SOLUTION TO PAKISTAN WATER SCARCITY m waseem noonari
This document discusses water management solutions for Pakistan's water scarcity issues. It notes that Pakistan's population is growing while available water resources are decreasing. The key points made are:
1. Pakistan needs better management of its water resources through small-scale solutions like maintaining irrigation channels, constructing small dams and run-of-river structures, and increasing storage capacity in river beds and reservoirs.
2. A public-private partnership (PPP) model is proposed for water management, with federal, provincial, and district water authorities responsible for large-scale river management and smaller-scale canal maintenance respectively, funded through water user fees.
3. Improved maintenance of canals and channels through community participation can reduce water
Increased water scarcity is fundamentally a problem of managementGuYing van Bommel
Increased water scarcity is a problem of management rather than availability. Pricing water can make it more accessible, healthy, and sustainable over the long term by incentivizing conservation and funding infrastructure. An effective pricing system considers ability to pay and charges more for higher usage or pollution. Pricing faces limitations like increasing costs for vulnerable groups or farmers but is still important for allocating scarce water resources efficiently and sustainably.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
11.five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical analysis of rural water supply in India under various Five Year Plans. It discusses:
1) The historical development of rural water supply systems in ancient India and recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee and Environmental Hygiene Committee on water supply.
2) Funding and progress made on rural water supply under different Five Year Plans from the first to the third plan, as well as the three annual plans between 1966-1969. Billions have been invested but maintenance remains an issue.
3) Key issues remain around providing sustainable water services to rural populations in developing countries like India despite significant investments over decades. Coordination between agencies and local contributions are important for progress.
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical analysis of rural water supply in India under various Five Year Plans. It discusses:
1) The historical development of rural water supply systems in ancient India and recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee and Environmental Hygiene Committee on water supply.
2) Funding and progress made on rural water supply under different Five Year Plans from the first to the third plan, as well as the three annual plans between 1966-1969. Billions have been invested but maintenance remains an issue.
3) Key issues remain around providing sustainable water services to rural populations in developing countries like India despite significant investments over decades. Coordination between agencies and local contributions are important for progress.
This document discusses municipal wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Madurai City, India. It begins with background on global and local water demand trends, then discusses wastewater reuse practices internationally and in India. The document estimates current and future wastewater generation quantities from Madurai City Corporation. It finds potential to irrigate 3000 hectares currently and 6000 hectares by 2044 with treated wastewater. Existing minor irrigation tanks could help store and polish treated water quality for reuse in irrigation.
Water Problem, water Savings, water needs, water wastage and their obstacles RebekahSamuel2
Discuss the problems of water, saving of water, needs of
water, wastage of water, and also discuss the obstacles in
the way of water saving, water shortage and how to
improve the water resources in Pakistan?
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Control Management by using EmbankmentIRJET Journal
1) Embankments are constructed to retain water for irrigation and supply, and to protect people, land, and property from flooding. Embankment failures can endanger those nearby and disrupt services.
2) The paper reviews issues with existing embankment failure models and data used for calibration. It proposes options for multi-purpose embankments in Miraj based on field visits and data collection.
3) Maintaining embankments and accurately predicting their performance under various conditions is important for ensuring reliable water and flood management. More research is needed to improve understanding and use of best practices.
The document discusses transboundary rivers between China and neighboring countries. It notes that China shares transboundary rivers with 13 countries and the water flowing from China represents over 30 times the amount flowing into China. It then outlines China's contributions to neighboring countries through development of hydropower resources on transboundary rivers while ensuring environmental protection. Effective cooperation mechanisms have been established with various countries. Prospects include continued cooperation and sharing of China's experiences to enhance regional water, energy and food security.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Aging water infrastructure in the United States poses serious public health risks. Over half of water main breaks between 2001-2002 were found to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Many water pipes in the U.S. are over 100 years old and approaching the ends of their useful lives. This increases the risks of water contamination from leaks and breaks. Case studies show the extensive costs and challenges cities like Los Angeles face in repairing and replacing their aging systems to protect public health and water resources. Strategies proposed to address this national problem include increased investment in assessing infrastructure conditions, strengthening research on rehabilitation methods, and reforming regulatory programs and funding at state and federal levels.
The document discusses the interdependence between water and power in India. It notes that water is needed for power generation through hydropower and thermal power, while power is needed to transport, pump, and treat water. Both water and power scarcity are growing issues in India due to increasing demand. Addressing the water-power nexus presents an opportunity to jointly address these challenges. Key areas that demonstrate this nexus include irrigation, where groundwater pumping relies on subsidized power, and hydropower generation, which relies on adequate water supplies. The document calls for more research and awareness to better understand and manage this nexus.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
A Review of Tanzania’s Water Resources the Quality and Management with Partic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on fresh water resources management in Tanzania. It identifies 7 major river basins in Tanzania - Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa, Rufiji River, Pangani River, Ruaha River, and Ruvu and Wami Rivers. It examines the management structures and challenges facing integrated water resources management in Tanzania. Some key challenges identified are population growth putting pressure on water resources, internal and external conflicts over water bodies, low budget allocation to water resources, and ideologies that place most responsibility for water conservation on women. The document recommends increasing government budget for water, supporting indigenous water harvesting methods, and improving cooperation between formal and informal institutions in water management.
A Glance at One Decade of Water Occupancy Rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake, Sivas, ...AI Publications
This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake in Sivas of Turkey between 2010-2019. While the highest occupancy rate of Maksutlu Dam Lake was found as 32.36% in 2011, the lowest occupancy rate was determined as 2.50% in 2014. The average occupancy rate was calculated as 16.33±11.44 between 2010 and 2019. This shows that approximately eighty percent of Maksutlu Dam Lake has been empty at one decade. Accordingly, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in water occupancy rates in Maksutlu Dam Lake between 2010-2019 due to drought. Therefore, the water of Maksutlu Dam Lake should be used rationally. In addition, it is very important to take the necessary precautions against the water crisis that will occur in dry periods and to prepare a water management plan for Maksutlu Dam Lake.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
This document summarizes the key issues around water supply and sanitation in India. It notes that a team led by Mr. Ajay Kumar Keshari prepared the report. The main problems are identified as lack of access to water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas, poor water quality due to contamination, low cultural prioritization of hygiene, lack of education on sanitation, and poverty exacerbating all other issues. Coverage of water supply and sanitation remains inadequate in both rural and urban regions of India.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change and land use change on water resources and food security in the Pangani River Basin in Tanzania. Researchers found that between 1987 and 2010, land used for cultivation increased while forest and grassland decreased. Hydrological modeling showed this decreased average river flows. Climate change is also projected to decrease stream flows by 5.3% by 2060, increasing unmet water demands. Water scarcity threatens livelihoods and food security in the basin. The study recommends integrated water resource management, efficient irrigation, and capacity building to help adapt to these challenges.
WATER MANGMENT A SOLUTION TO PAKISTAN WATER SCARCITY m waseem noonari
This document discusses water management solutions for Pakistan's water scarcity issues. It notes that Pakistan's population is growing while available water resources are decreasing. The key points made are:
1. Pakistan needs better management of its water resources through small-scale solutions like maintaining irrigation channels, constructing small dams and run-of-river structures, and increasing storage capacity in river beds and reservoirs.
2. A public-private partnership (PPP) model is proposed for water management, with federal, provincial, and district water authorities responsible for large-scale river management and smaller-scale canal maintenance respectively, funded through water user fees.
3. Improved maintenance of canals and channels through community participation can reduce water
Increased water scarcity is fundamentally a problem of managementGuYing van Bommel
Increased water scarcity is a problem of management rather than availability. Pricing water can make it more accessible, healthy, and sustainable over the long term by incentivizing conservation and funding infrastructure. An effective pricing system considers ability to pay and charges more for higher usage or pollution. Pricing faces limitations like increasing costs for vulnerable groups or farmers but is still important for allocating scarce water resources efficiently and sustainably.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
11.five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical analysis of rural water supply in India under various Five Year Plans. It discusses:
1) The historical development of rural water supply systems in ancient India and recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee and Environmental Hygiene Committee on water supply.
2) Funding and progress made on rural water supply under different Five Year Plans from the first to the third plan, as well as the three annual plans between 1966-1969. Billions have been invested but maintenance remains an issue.
3) Key issues remain around providing sustainable water services to rural populations in developing countries like India despite significant investments over decades. Coordination between agencies and local contributions are important for progress.
11.[26 37]five year plans and rural water supply in indiaAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical analysis of rural water supply in India under various Five Year Plans. It discusses:
1) The historical development of rural water supply systems in ancient India and recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee and Environmental Hygiene Committee on water supply.
2) Funding and progress made on rural water supply under different Five Year Plans from the first to the third plan, as well as the three annual plans between 1966-1969. Billions have been invested but maintenance remains an issue.
3) Key issues remain around providing sustainable water services to rural populations in developing countries like India despite significant investments over decades. Coordination between agencies and local contributions are important for progress.
This document discusses municipal wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Madurai City, India. It begins with background on global and local water demand trends, then discusses wastewater reuse practices internationally and in India. The document estimates current and future wastewater generation quantities from Madurai City Corporation. It finds potential to irrigate 3000 hectares currently and 6000 hectares by 2044 with treated wastewater. Existing minor irrigation tanks could help store and polish treated water quality for reuse in irrigation.
Water Problem, water Savings, water needs, water wastage and their obstacles RebekahSamuel2
Discuss the problems of water, saving of water, needs of
water, wastage of water, and also discuss the obstacles in
the way of water saving, water shortage and how to
improve the water resources in Pakistan?
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Control Management by using EmbankmentIRJET Journal
1) Embankments are constructed to retain water for irrigation and supply, and to protect people, land, and property from flooding. Embankment failures can endanger those nearby and disrupt services.
2) The paper reviews issues with existing embankment failure models and data used for calibration. It proposes options for multi-purpose embankments in Miraj based on field visits and data collection.
3) Maintaining embankments and accurately predicting their performance under various conditions is important for ensuring reliable water and flood management. More research is needed to improve understanding and use of best practices.
The document discusses transboundary rivers between China and neighboring countries. It notes that China shares transboundary rivers with 13 countries and the water flowing from China represents over 30 times the amount flowing into China. It then outlines China's contributions to neighboring countries through development of hydropower resources on transboundary rivers while ensuring environmental protection. Effective cooperation mechanisms have been established with various countries. Prospects include continued cooperation and sharing of China's experiences to enhance regional water, energy and food security.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Aging water infrastructure in the United States poses serious public health risks. Over half of water main breaks between 2001-2002 were found to be associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Many water pipes in the U.S. are over 100 years old and approaching the ends of their useful lives. This increases the risks of water contamination from leaks and breaks. Case studies show the extensive costs and challenges cities like Los Angeles face in repairing and replacing their aging systems to protect public health and water resources. Strategies proposed to address this national problem include increased investment in assessing infrastructure conditions, strengthening research on rehabilitation methods, and reforming regulatory programs and funding at state and federal levels.
The document discusses the interdependence between water and power in India. It notes that water is needed for power generation through hydropower and thermal power, while power is needed to transport, pump, and treat water. Both water and power scarcity are growing issues in India due to increasing demand. Addressing the water-power nexus presents an opportunity to jointly address these challenges. Key areas that demonstrate this nexus include irrigation, where groundwater pumping relies on subsidized power, and hydropower generation, which relies on adequate water supplies. The document calls for more research and awareness to better understand and manage this nexus.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
A Review of Tanzania’s Water Resources the Quality and Management with Partic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on fresh water resources management in Tanzania. It identifies 7 major river basins in Tanzania - Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa, Rufiji River, Pangani River, Ruaha River, and Ruvu and Wami Rivers. It examines the management structures and challenges facing integrated water resources management in Tanzania. Some key challenges identified are population growth putting pressure on water resources, internal and external conflicts over water bodies, low budget allocation to water resources, and ideologies that place most responsibility for water conservation on women. The document recommends increasing government budget for water, supporting indigenous water harvesting methods, and improving cooperation between formal and informal institutions in water management.
A Glance at One Decade of Water Occupancy Rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake, Sivas, ...AI Publications
This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake in Sivas of Turkey between 2010-2019. While the highest occupancy rate of Maksutlu Dam Lake was found as 32.36% in 2011, the lowest occupancy rate was determined as 2.50% in 2014. The average occupancy rate was calculated as 16.33±11.44 between 2010 and 2019. This shows that approximately eighty percent of Maksutlu Dam Lake has been empty at one decade. Accordingly, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in water occupancy rates in Maksutlu Dam Lake between 2010-2019 due to drought. Therefore, the water of Maksutlu Dam Lake should be used rationally. In addition, it is very important to take the necessary precautions against the water crisis that will occur in dry periods and to prepare a water management plan for Maksutlu Dam Lake.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asia’s decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the river’s ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
IRJET- Rejuvenation and Utilization of Surface Water Sources in Gwalior CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the need to rejuvenate and utilize surface water sources in Gwalior City, India. It identifies several unutilized surface water bodies in the city, including Motijheel, Janak Taal, Suraj Kund, Lakshman Taal, and Baija Taal. These water bodies are becoming polluted and degraded due to waste dumping, bathing, washing activities, and discharge of untreated household waste water. The document recommends upgrading these water bodies to collect and store stormwater and rainwater in order to help meet the city's growing water demand, recharge groundwater levels, and maintain a healthy urban environment.
WATER QUALITY IN THIRTY FRESHWATER SPRINGS AND TWENTY FOUR BRACKISH SPRINGS I...Asramid Yasin
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the water quality of 30 freshwater springs and 24 brackish springs in the karst area of Buton Tengah Regency, Indonesia. The study found that some springs exceeded water quality standards for parameters like hardness, total dissolved solids, and chloride. However, most parameters could be addressed so the freshwater springs could qualify as drinking water and brackish springs could be used for non-drinking domestic purposes. The results aim to help manage water resources sustainably in the region.
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IAEME Publication
As longas human being continues to exists,urbanization continues. Urbanizationhasa direct effect on environment which in turn effects the variations in hydrology. It may results from changes inthe land use pattern to built-up areas resulting in runoff which ultimately leads to flood. Most of the studies revealed thatland use pattern has drastically changed in whichthe builtup area increases year after year.The land use land cover changes can be identified using GIS. Many researchers have found that urbanization has an impact on hydrological parameters such as runoff volume, discharge in drains, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration etc. An attempt has been made to consolidate the review of literature related to impact of urbanization on hydrological parameters.
This document summarizes current trends in water quality and resources management. It discusses how a holistic policy approach is crucial for sustainable development. The objectives of policy should be to establish transparent structures for water supply, ensure long-term availability and sustainability of water, and regulate for the benefit of consumers. It uses Malaysia as a case study, noting initiatives have included meeting domestic and industrial demand, improving efficiency in water supply systems and quality, and privatizing the water supply industry for better management.
Climate Change Adaptation and Integrated Water Resource Management in the Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impacts of climate change adaptation and integrated water resource management on water use and sustainability in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that while Liberia has abundant water resources, implementation of integrated water resource management has faced challenges and Liberia scores the lowest in implementation status compared to other West African nations. There has also been little progress in designing a national climate change adaptation plan for the water sector. The document reviews Liberia's water resources, integrated water management efforts, the link between climate change and water resources, and limitations of current climate prediction models.
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This document summarizes a study on the water supply situation in Shao, Kwara State, Nigeria. It finds that water is supplied once a month, sometimes with no supply for several months due to treatment plant issues. The supply only lasts a few hours and water is mostly available at public fetching points. The population of Shao was projected to be 13,112 in 2016, with a daily domestic water demand of 786,000 liters when accounting for losses and other uses. Household sizes ranged from 5-8 persons for 40% of households to over 12 persons for 16% of households.
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document analyzes the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. It finds that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has a negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The study uses weekly time series data from 2000-2010 and a linear regression model to analyze the impact of factors like modern irrigation methods, temperature, and stored water on total irrigation water. It finds that temperature has a positive and significant impact, and that stored water also has a positive and significant impact, but that modern irrigation methods do not significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water used.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
Iraq is one of the countries that have water scarcity problem. Many reasons have made this problem to be more complex. The modern irrigation methods have used as one solution to the water problem in Iraq. This paper investigates the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. The paper tests the impact of using modern irrigation methods on the amount of water used for irrigation. The study uses Liner Regression Model (LRM) as a statistical estimation model. The study data were taken from the ministry of water resources, and the ministry of agriculture in Iraq.
This study uses weekly time series data from 2000 -2010. The results show that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The results shows that temperature (climate effect) has positive and significant impact on total irrigation water. The results shows that stored water has positive and significant impact on irrigation water.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
Comparison and Evaluation of Water Occupancy Rates of the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake ...AI Publications
This study was carried out in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake in northeastern Turkey. Kılıçkaya Dam is a dam built between 1980-1989 to generate energy on Kelkit Stream. With this study, the water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which has a proportionally large area, between the years 2010-2021 were compared and evaluated. If a general conclusion is drawn for Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, it has been determined that the water occupancy rates between the years 2010-2021 varied between 18.40 and 56.80 percent. The slope line of the water occupancy rates obtained in this study is downward. The results showed that the water occupancy rates in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake have a decreasing trend on an annual basis. When the average of the water occupancy rates between 2010-2021 is evaluated, the water occupancy rate values in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake indicate drought. The results obtained will be of great benefit to various users and decision makers in terms of their future planning within the framework of a comprehensive and large-scale drought management plan that is proposed to be prepared for the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake.
IRJET - Impact of Urban Development on Water Bodies and EnvironmentIRJET Journal
The document discusses the impact of urban development on water bodies and the environment. It notes that ancient civilizations developed along river banks which provided essential water resources. However, modern unplanned urbanization has led to shrinking and pollution of water bodies in several ways. The large-scale paving over of land has reduced water absorption and increased runoff, while pollution from sewage, industrial waste, and religious practices has made water unsafe. This urbanization has also altered the water cycle by reducing rainfall through deforestation and increasing waste discharge. As a result, glaciers and groundwater are depleted while pollution grows. The shrinking and pollution of vital water bodies upsets ecosystems and harms human livelihoods.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
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2. N. N. I. M. Azlan, M. A. Malek, Salina. D, J. M. Salim and T. A. Mohammad
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 281 editor@iaeme.com
for the provisioning service is aquaculture and the cultural services are recreation,
ecotourism and cultural heritage have been analysed from ecosystem of Kenyir Lake.
Key words: Water demand, Provisioning services, Cultural services, Micro-component
analysis.
Cite this Article: N. N. I. M. Azlan, M. A. Malek, Salina. D, J. M. Salim and T. A.
Mohammad, A Review on Water Demand Analyses, Provisioning Service and Cultural
Service From Ecosystem of Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, MalaysiaInternational Journal
of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(02), 2019, pp. 280–290
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=02
1. INTRODUCTION
Insufficient supply of water is a significant issue around the world and it is closely related to
economic growth. When countries especially developing countries have well managed
economy, they are far from having such a problem. Besides that, water scarcities occur when
there is shortage in supply but high in demand. The changes in population growth and climate
change also a part of water depletion thus estimating water demand is a critical step in
governing water demand and supply [1]. There are many studies regarding water demand such
as water demand management and water demand calculation on residential, industrial,
agricultural and commercial water use. Babel and Shinde [2] worked on water demand
calculation using regression analysis and time series methods that resulted in surplus estimation
demand.
There are many factors affecting water demand such as population, water price, seasonal
variations, household demographics and other characteristics. The reliability of water demand
estimation depends on how much factors being considered in relation to the major socio-
economic and climatic factors affects water use [3]. Correspondingly, choosing the right
method in water demand calculation is also crucial. Information collected from any study
determines the suitable water demand method and model need to be picked. It is also important
for proper planning an implementation of water demand management by water providers [3].
Ecosystems of area like lakes also influence the water demand. As water controversy
increases, value of ecosystem services of a lake and any related ecosystem also increases [4].
Liu and Yang [5] clarified that ecosystem services is more significant compare to water demand
estimation. Ecosystem services in simple definition are benefits of ecosystem to human.
According to Millennium Ecosystem (MA) [6], ecosystem services includes, provisioning
services, regulating services, cultural services and supporting services.
Preferable meaning of ecosystem service units in a way that the procedure and financial are
uniform with the interpretation of goods and services used in standard income accounts [7].
Not only the unit of things such as car, house etc. that are bought or sold required to have a
value, but also the ecosystem services. Bear in mind that value and benefits of ecosystem is not
provided to people without the existence of people itself, their communities and built
environment [8].
This paper provide procedures of water demand calculation from broad method and models
for water demand study such as econometric method, micro-component analysis method, end
use methods, artificial neural networks and scenarios based methods with brief explanation on
variable and determinants on each methods. In this paper also presents the synoptic survey on
services and the value of ecosystem. Lastly, the method for water demand estimation and
ecosystem services are mend with current situation of Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia for
3. A Review on Water Demand Analyses, Provisioning Service and Cultural Service From
Ecosystem of Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 282 editor@iaeme.com
future study. Brief explanation on overview of physical conditions and situations at Kenyir
Lake is in the ensuing sections.
2. OVERVIEW ON KENYIR LAKE, TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
Kenyir Lake is situated in area of Hulu Terengganu and western region of Terengganu. A total
area of 209199 hectare covered Kenyir Lake that comprise of 171199 hectare of land and 38000
hectare of water body. After construction of Sultan Mahmud hydropower station, Kenyir Lake
was formed as South-East Asia’s biggest artificial lake with 369 square kilometres of artificial
lakes [9]. Initially in 1986, Kenyir Lake was inundated to generate hydroelectric power and
receive water from Terengganu River and Terengan River [10]. This man-made lake consist
on 340 islands, 14 waterfalls and plentiful of rivers.
Hakimi et al. [11] stated that ecotourists have high chance to experience Kenyir Lake’s
natural environments due to low density of development in there. Kenyir Lake is a promising
ecotourism destination with numerous natural resources and rich in diversity. The richness of
its forested land offer variety nature-based activities such as jungle trekking, fishing, camping,
visiting waterfalls and caves and also enjoying few parks around Kenyir Lake such as bird
park, orchid park, butterfly park and herbal park. Definition of ecotourism by Ceballos-
Lascurain [12] is visiting and travel that are within undisturbed natural areas and natural
resources, which bring joy and appreciation towards the surrounding nature, encourage
conservation, low tourist influence and benefit significantly for local people in socio economic
involvement.
3. FACTORS AFFECTING WATER DEMAND
Essential water needs in fulfilling human demands namely for showering and toilet use,
cleaning services and household necessities especially in preparing foods and drinks is a
minimum of 50 litres/person day (lpd) [13]. Nevertheless, not all countries are able to meet
such a demand of the basic needs of water mentioned. Worthington and Hoffman [14] verified
that cost per evaluation of water of any household linked to the billing frequency and level of
water consumption. As water consumption increase, the water bill also increases. Water
demand of any household depends on amount of water consumed. Therefore, factors
influencing water consumption also influence water demand. The trend of water consumption
or demand changes from country to country, depending on various factors including climate,
availability of resources, technological advancement, water price structure, incentives and
legislative provisions [15]. Some of the factors affecting water demand to focus in this paper
are population, water price, climate and other attributes.
Numbers of people whether it is big or small affect the water demand of any area. That is
why one factor that acts upon water demand is population. Generally, the number of people
and water demand increase simultaneously because high numbers of people tend to use more
water. However, in the study of Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) [16]
clarified a single person household consume higher volume of water by 40% than in two person
household. This shows that as the quantity of people increases in a family, they are thriftier in
consuming water. Kenyir Lake is known as ecotourism spot, so large contribution of movable
population is by tourists. It can be proved by Aznan et al. [17], since year 2006, more than
20,000 tourists were attracted to discover Kenyir Lake and enjoy the nature activities for
instance fishing, camping, bird watching, sight-seeing and jungle trekking. The number of
tourists visited Kenyir Lake keeps on increasing every year that is one of the factor to determine
water demand.
4. N. N. I. M. Azlan, M. A. Malek, Salina. D, J. M. Salim and T. A. Mohammad
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 283 editor@iaeme.com
Water price is agreed through investigation and study of the water consumption of
consumers related to the economy and population of a country by water providers and
government. The water rate structure varies according the type of building whether it is
residential, commercial or industrial type. Increases and decreases of water demand also
depend on water price. In Singapore, as years goes by they imply a new water tariff and the
result showed decreased in water consumption per capita per day. These also become a notable
instrument to water demand management [18]. For Kenyir Lake, Pengkalan Gawi Jetty uses
water from the state’s water provider. The water provider, Syarikat Air Terengganu (SATU)
has confirmed that the water price structure in this area has not changed for the last 30 years.
Moreover, climate changes also influence the fluctuation of water demand. When
experiencing hot weather, people tend to consume more water for drinking, showering and
gardening. In Malaysia, we only experience dry and wet season and water demand is highly
affected when dry season as the water consumption also high. The importance of climate
change proven in the study of Howe and Lineweaver [19] determined sprinkling water demand
model precisely on summer precipitation and maximum day evapotranspiration. During wet
season, activities around Kenyir Lake are minimal. Boats being the only transportation
available are inconvenient during rainy days. Therefore, less water are consume during wet
season at the parks, chalets and resorts within Kenyir Lake.
Other attributes include access to appliances and household type. An example of access to
appliances is on water closet, whether it is single flush or dual flush. Nowadays, most of the
toilet use water closets with dual flush as it save more water than a single flush. The appliances
use by community of Kenyir Lake is likely of the basic common technology since the place
was open for public in year 1986. Barkatullah [20] also mentioned that other variables, access
to appliances and house size are applicable in affecting water demand. Bungalow house, terrace
house, apartments, and flat is household type that influence water demand. This characteristic
was studied by Russec et al. [21] and found that water demand in detached house was the
highest and vice versa for flat. Detached house is high in water demand, mainly because of
space available for appliances and large area of garden for watering.
4. METHODS USED FOR WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
Researchers have developed large numbers of methods on water demand estimation. Choosing
the right method for water demand calculation is compulsory in order to achieve high
performance result to use in future water management and planning. Currently, many complete
water demand estimation are easily accessed online but the method is only applicable for
specific geographical regions and climate [3]. However, the application of the method can be
used in other ways with researchers own surveys and study of past literatures. Econometric
method, artificial neural network (ANN), end use method, scenarios based method and micro-
component analysis method is described briefly in next section. In addition, relevant method
of water demand estimation will be choose correspond to Kenyir Lake’s geographical
characteristics.
4.1. Econometric model
To perform econometric method, both models of demand and multivariate requirement need to
be included. According to Singh et al. [3], econometric model for water demand was expressed
by ordinary least square (OLS) multivariate linear regression techniques. The techniques derive
the model by precisely taking account on autocorrelation of error terms. The simple way to
comprehend the variables, model output and measure the elasticity value of econometric model
is using linear regression. In the study of Wang et al. [22], an OLS technique was used to
5. A Review on Water Demand Analyses, Provisioning Service and Cultural Service From
Ecosystem of Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 284 editor@iaeme.com
correlate with linear regression model. And one vital benefit of applying econometric method
in water demands estimation is to verify the individual explanatory variable in elasticity water
demand to changes in dependent variable.
Water scarcity always has close relationship with economic growth and become one of the
main reasons to re-evaluate the water price. This method is simple yet reliable in calculating
water demand. Moreover, it creates interest for water provider which they can use as guideline
to set for water price. Water providers have lack of information in consumer’s water usage such
as household characteristics, garden are, presence of swimming pool and pricing [23]. Study
of water demand using this method is resourceful for water provider as they do not have much
access to explore on micro-level data. Other parameters used in econometric model beside
water price are population, average water consumption and daily mean temperature.
4.2. Artificial neural network (ANN)
Since 90s era, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been introduced as effective tool in water
resources application specifically for forecasting and modelling. ANN model is progressively
developing in engineering practices. There are also few techniques of artificial neural networks
have been studied and applied for forecasting of water demand by numbers of researchers that
include Back-propagation, Delta-rule, generalized regression neural network (GRNN),
Kohonen neural network, feed forward neural network (FFNN), cascade correlation algorithm,
conjugate gradient algorithm and radial basis neural network (RBNN) [1,2, 24, 25].
Back propagation of ANN is practiced for the first time in Paris, France regarding hourly
and daily water demand of some communities there [26]. Based on the result of back
propagation ANN, comparison of the result and statistical model was drawn and the
performance of the technique is reliable. Generally, most water demand forecasting made by
researchers only applicable for specific area since many factor contribute in one place such as
meteorological condition, socio-economic variation and government policies. Babel and
Shinde [2] expressed it is mandatory to develop a city specific model in water demand
prediction. And the most accurate and relevant prediction of dynamic artificial neural network
model was using historical water demand as input variable [24, 27, 28].
4.3. Time series method
Direct water consumption estimation method without considering other influencing factor of
water consumption is time series method. This method uses an assumption of historical data in
water consumption and disintegration of various trends that affect water consumption over time
as a foundation for water demand forecasting. Time series method is a traditional approach to
predict water demand in future by multiplying the population per capita estimated in future and
it caused over estimation [29]. Other than that, this method does not take into consideration of
other factor clearly and the low in data accuracy for future reference.
Extrapolative and univariate time series method, exponential smoothing time series method
and box Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) or seasonal
autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model are all techniques of time series
method. The time series method can be used for limited variables is extrapolative while for
larger number of variables is univariate. Exponential smoothing time series method is broadly
used in short to medium term forecasting. While, Box-Jenkins ARIMA or SARIMA model is
suitable for complex profile of discrete-time or continuous-time formulation [30]. This forecast
is generally accurate for short term forecasting since least data required.
4.4. Hybrid method
6. N. N. I. M. Azlan, M. A. Malek, Salina. D, J. M. Salim and T. A. Mohammad
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Hybrid method is combination of two or more method to estimate water demand and aim for
broader verification on water demand calculation. A few combinations of ANNs built by
bootstrap sampling and wavelet analysis were delivered and being compared with
autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), autoregressive integrated moving
average model and exogenous input variables (ARIMAX) and conventional ANNs [31]. The
performance of the combinations was analysed in daily, weekly and monthly and proven that
hybrid method more precise in water demand estimation than the conventional time series and
also ANN models. But the method is not broadly used for water demand forecasting because
extensive data need to be collected and it is costly.
4.3. Micro-component analysis method
Micro component analysis method or end-use method is statistically information collected from
the consumers and the end uses such as occupancy per household, consumer’s age, time taken
of water use in a time, frequency of flushing toilet, doing laundry, washing dish, washing hands
and more [32]. Every water use categories is being considered and added for water demand
calculation. All consumer’s activities and appliances used must be evaluated to avoid under
estimation of water demand.
In micro-component analysis, per capita consumption is calculated by adding up water
contributions for each appliances or activity in a household using the following Eq. (1) [33].
Total water consumption or water demand is a total of each appliances or activities.
= ∙ ∙ + 1
where pcc is per capita consumption, Oi is proportion of household using appliance or activity,
Fi is average frequency of use of appliance or activity, Vi is volume of water consume by
appliance or activity per use and pcr is per capita residual demand.
The change in appliance usage pattern is enough to quantify water demand using this
model. Memon and Butler [15] explained that this method does need significant and specify
data on appliances or activities characteristics. Historical data covering several years is useful
to support the calculated water demand forecasting. And the most accurate and relevant
prediction of dynamic artificial neural network model was using historical water demand as
input variable [24, 27, 28].
5. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Russell et al. [34] stated that people around the world hinge on the ecosystem for their living
and these include food, social relationship and spiritual needs. However, most of the main
ecosystems are damaged by human activities [35]. Ecosystem is becoming less valuable and
being ignored due to declining quality of ecosystem [36]. Communities expressing most of the
ecosystem services as ‘no charges’ and not commercialized, inclusive of emotional, cognitive,
and ethical preferences, demands or needs [37]. From that expression, people tend to take
ecosystem for granted. Therefore, to address a value of each ecosystem services, land planning
and decision making process need to be done [38].
Estimating value of ecosystem services has many positive outcome including ecosystem
understanding and concern, detailed guideline analysis, land use developing, and payment for
ecosystem services plans [8]. A variety of approaches applied from different sectors in order
to gain more community involvement in decision-making and valuation of ecosystem [35].
Payment for ecosystem services is the most reasonable method to overcome the degradation of
7. A Review on Water Demand Analyses, Provisioning Service and Cultural Service From
Ecosystem of Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia
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the ecosystem. There are several methods used, such as benefit transfer, market price, hedonic
price and travel cost.
The research on interactions between ecosystem services has recently gained numbers of
attention in the scientific community [39]. Provisioning, regulating and cultural services
instantly impacting people. However, supporting services need to balance other services.
D’Amato et al. [40] stated that ecosystem services aid in live of the local people in under-
developed areas include provisioning services, such as collection of raw materials; cultural
services, such as value of ecotourism and recreation in forests; and wider socioeconomic
benefits, such as employment, income and local development.
5.1 Provisioning services
The term provisioning means providing or making something available. These services include
food, fibre and fuel, biochemical, natural medicines and pharmaceuticals, genetic resources
and ornamental resources. Provisioning services are extensively known as essential to human
life such as nutrition, shelter and safety [41]. According to Castella et al. [42], some sector of
provisioning ecosystem services become household consumption so they tend to collect it in
their daily life. However, others choose to collect on seasonal time for other needs.
In addition, provisioning services are vital in economic growth and usually have well-
developed markets and valuation systems. In Finland, wood has large contribution in their
economy and the most crucial provisioning service there. Study by Wang et al. [43] also
showed that hydroelectricity provisioning of Daguan, Xizaikou and Tiangong is the most
beneficial to hydropower development which effects the irrigation, flood control, aquaculture
and more.
5.2 Regulating services
The content of regulating services as claimed by The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity
(TEEB) [44], regulating services are the assistance that ecosystems contribute by acting as
regulators such as monitoring the quality of air and soil by disease control and providing flood.
Regulating services include air quality maintenance, bioremediation of waste, water
purification or detoxification, water regulation, natural hazard protection and climate
regulation
Regulating services are more complex than other services but now have caught public
attention by discussion of climate change and natural disaster [41]. Miles and Kapos [45]
discover that there is booming concern in regulating ecosystem services related to climate
change, such as carbon sequestration in different types of ecosystems, including opportunities
to protect carbon stocks in tropical forests, e.g. Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and
forest Degradation (REDD). [24, 27, 28].
5.3 Cultural services
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [46] defines cultural services as non-material benefits
that people obtain from ecosystems. The list of cultural services is spiritual and religious
values, social relations, aesthetic values, cultural heritage values, recreation and ecotourism.
The value of cultural services slightly depends on ecosystems such as historic building and
paintings. All categories of ecosystem services including cultural services need to show
interaction between the ecosystem structures and functions as required in the biophysical
domain and fulfilment of human needs [41].
Gobster et al. [47] clarified that most cultural services are experienced directly, appreciated
naturally and often raise public support for protecting ecosystem. Besides that, most cultural
8. N. N. I. M. Azlan, M. A. Malek, Salina. D, J. M. Salim and T. A. Mohammad
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services are also delighted in “bundles” and can thus foster the orientation of ecosystem
services management toward multi functionality, which is a frequently expressed, but rarely
achieved desideratum in land-use science and policy [48]. From the study of Plieninger et al.
[48], cultural services was observed close to lakes, fishing ponds, settlements and the
campground with surrounding forest.
5.4 Supporting services
Ecosystem services are generated by ecosystem functions which in turn are underpinned by
biophysical structures and processes called ‘‘supporting services’’ by the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment [6]. These services are necessary for the production of all other
ecosystem services. Soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, primary production, water
cycling, production of atmospheric oxygen and provision of habitat are the supporting services.
Fundamental services to all other services is supporting services but their relationship to
one another can be indirect or complex [41]. Rodriguez et al. [49] stated that supporting
services are more likely to be “taken for granted”. The importance of supporting services
cannot be seen clearly by people so they tend to prioritize other services. Supporting services
need to get enough attention as it play an important role to other services.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on synoptic survey of water demand estimation from past studies, micro-component
analysis is the most suitable method in water demand estimation for Kenyir Lake. This is
because the information at Kenyir Lake is limited and its developments are not fully
dependable on water being supply by the water provider. Other sources of water were utilized
such as rainfall and lake. By conducting micro-component analyses of each appliances and
activities at Kenyir Lake, water demand can be estimated thoroughly. Apart from this, this
technique involves calculation and comparison from the actual billed water used at some parts
of Kenyir Lake.
Provisioning and cultural services are broad categories that need to be investigated at
Kenyir Lake. Provisioning services involve forest within Kenyir Lake such as wood, timber
and aquaculture. Sultan Mahmud Hydropower Dam located at Kenyir Lake also contributes to
provisioning services since it benefited the community by supplying electricity. Meanwhile,
cultural services are the activities currently taking place within Kenyir Lake. Since cultural
services consider aspects of recreation, ecotourism and cultural heritage, questionnaire and
actual ground data will be collected.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is financially funded by The Chair in Energy Economics (GCEE) Grant: Institute of
Energy Policy Research (IEPRe), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Project code:
2018002KETST.
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