The physicochemical properties of some selected water sources within a quarry site at locations (L1, L2, L3, and L4) in Afao-Ekiti
were investigated using standard analytical methods. At the quarry site the following parameters were undertaking (pH, total dissolved solids, the total hardness, phosphate, electrical conductivity, chloride, and fluoride and nitrate) and were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. However, the metal samples investigated also fell within WHO permissible limits for drinking water except for iron (L3) and manganese (L4). These results showed that water sources in this environment were not contaminated and fit for human consumption. This study also investigates the suitability of water for drinking purposes based on Water Quality Index (WQI) estimated. The Communities within the studied area require alternative sources of potable water for drinking and
domestic purposes other than the previous model.
IRJET- Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Parameters in Mullaghori Khyb...IRJET Journal
This study assessed the drinking water quality in Mullaghori, Khyber Agency. Water samples were collected from 5 areas and tested for physical and chemical parameters. Most samples showed color levels higher than WHO and NEQS standards. Alkalinity levels were within standards in most samples but higher levels can cause health issues like nausea and vomiting. While nitrate levels were acceptable, other parameters showed some variation from standards that could impact community health. The study highlights the need for improved water sources and treatment in the remote mountainous region.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
This document summarizes a research project assessing groundwater quality in Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 10 major boreholes serving the local community and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, cations, anions, metals, chloride, nitrate, and total hardness. The results found that pH and total dissolved solids ranged from 5.3-7.2 and 24-208 mg/L, respectively. When compared to WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards, the water quality parameters indicate the water is not suitable for drinking without treatment but can be used for domestic and industrial purposes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
IRJET- Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Parameters in Mullaghori Khyb...IRJET Journal
This study assessed the drinking water quality in Mullaghori, Khyber Agency. Water samples were collected from 5 areas and tested for physical and chemical parameters. Most samples showed color levels higher than WHO and NEQS standards. Alkalinity levels were within standards in most samples but higher levels can cause health issues like nausea and vomiting. While nitrate levels were acceptable, other parameters showed some variation from standards that could impact community health. The study highlights the need for improved water sources and treatment in the remote mountainous region.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Ilorin, North Central NigeriaAZOJETE UNIMAID
This study assessed the quality of groundwater samples collected from eight open wells in Ilorin, Nigeria between 2014-2015. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples. The results found that temperature, pH, turbidity and total solids of most samples met national and international guidelines. However, two samples exceeded the turbidity limit. Additionally, all water sources showed total bacterial and coliform counts above recommended limits, indicating contamination with pathogens like E. coli and their unsuitability for human consumption. In general, the study found evidence of groundwater pollution in the area from anthropogenic activities that threatens the water resources and public health.
This document summarizes a research project assessing groundwater quality in Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 10 major boreholes serving the local community and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, cations, anions, metals, chloride, nitrate, and total hardness. The results found that pH and total dissolved solids ranged from 5.3-7.2 and 24-208 mg/L, respectively. When compared to WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards, the water quality parameters indicate the water is not suitable for drinking without treatment but can be used for domestic and industrial purposes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
The document summarizes various studies on water quality in Erbil governorate. It finds that water sample quality varied by time and location, with some sites showing pollution. Testing of the Greater Zap river found the water was not safe for drinking due to bacterial indicators. Some lake water also showed eutrophic conditions. The objectives are to summarize existing information on natural and drinking water quality and identify gaps. It concludes that groundwater is generally suitable for drinking but some showed nitrate and mineral contamination. Surface water quality varied, with some parameters within WHO guidelines and others exceeding limits. Improved management strategies are needed like establishing water quality standards, a national water quality database, and a Kurdistan Environmental Protection Agency to continuously monitor water
M.J. Adeniyi-water-contamination_in_nigeria_and_body_defense_issuesAdeniyi M. Jeremiah
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that over time, human activities like oil spills, sewage leaks, and waste disposal have contaminated water sources in Nigeria. This poses health risks as contaminated water can cause digestive issues, impact the immune system, and increase oxidative stress in the body. The document examines several coping strategies the body uses in response to water contamination, such as increasing antioxidant enzymes, but notes these may not be sufficient to fully defend against health effects.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
This document discusses factors that influence domestic and urban water requirements. It divides water needs into 5 categories: domestic, civic/public, industrial, business, and loss/waste. For domestic use, it estimates consumption of 135 liters per capita daily for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, sanitation, animals, and gardening. Civic use includes 5 liters daily for road washing, 2-3 liters for sanitation, and 1 liter for fire demands. Industrial and business water needs vary greatly depending on the type and size of facilities. Loss and waste are estimated at 30-40% of total consumption. Climate, cost, infrastructure, habits, and presence of industries all impact total water demand.
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Toxic Heavy Metals in Water Fro...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality samples from three sites along the Kali River in Meerut, India. Physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, conductivity, BOD, COD and heavy metals were found to exceed permissible limits for drinking water. pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.3, TDS from 1643-3145 mg/L, and BOD and COD indicated high organic pollution. Dissolved oxygen levels were very low. Heavy metal analysis found levels of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe and Zn exceeded limits for irrigation and drinking water. The study indicates the river water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste and requires treatment before use.
A comparative assessment of the quality of harvested rainwater, underground w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed and compared the quality of harvested rainwater, underground water, and surface water in Ughelli, Southern Nigeria for domestic use. Water samples were collected from these three sources and analyzed in the laboratory according to WHO standards for drinking water quality. The study found variations in physico-chemical parameters between the different water sources, but parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, sulphate and zinc met WHO standards. The study concluded domestic water sources need protection and monitoring to safeguard human health and ensure sustainable water quality supply.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In present scenario,the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows. Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark fut ure of fresh water we have to think out of the box for new,better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes:complexation,chelation,coordination,ion exchange,precipitation,and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metal s from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the trea tment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters.. The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under whic h the objectives stated below are studied and researched.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
This document summarizes research on using fresh coconut trunks to filter river water. The researchers tested filtering river water from four rivers in Banjarbaru, Indonesia through coconut trunks. They found that filtration with coconut trunks was able to reduce turbidity by 157.1 NTU. Two of the rivers had filtered water quality that met standards for Class A clean water (below 5 NTU turbidity), while the other two rivers were still above this standard after filtration. The document provides background on water quality issues, membrane filtration technologies including reverse osmosis, and properties of coconut trunks that make them suitable for filtration applications similar to reverse osmosis membranes.
A Lake Erie Twofer: Tiny Plastic Particles and Toxic Algae Threaten Lake WatersOhio Environmental Council
A panel of experts discuss the impact of toxic algae and microbeads on the health and well-being of Lake Erie.
Presenters:
- Dr. Jeffery Reutter, Director Ohio Sea Grant College Program
- Dr. Sue Watson, Research Scientist, WHERD, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada
- Andy McClure, Administrator, Collins Park Water Treatment, Toledo, OH
- Dr. Sheri Mason, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at SUNY Fredonia
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water samples from Otamiri River in Owerri, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from five locations along the river, with one location serving as a control site upstream of waste inputs. The study found that many of the physicochemical parameters exceeded normal levels at some locations downstream of municipal waste dumping, mechanical workshops, and other human activities. Microbiological analysis showed high bacterial counts in the river water, which was attributed to leachate from human waste dumping along the riverbanks. Statistical analysis found several physicochemical parameters, such as turbidity, phosphates, and nitrates, were positively correlated with increased microbial levels in the river
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world’s streams, lakes, oceans and rain and it is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. It is the cradle of life which is a common heritage. Pure water is a clear, colourless and tasteless and odourless liquid with a boiling point of 100oC , a freezing point of 0oC, maximum density of 1g/cm3 at 4oC.Water is an important but often overlooked nutrient .The normal human body contains 40 liters of water. Water is not only vital for mere existence, but it is also essential for optimum health. An insufficient amount of water causes weakness, problematic skin, a weakened immune system—virtually every health issue under the sun requires water as part of the “healing squad.” Electrochemical system of water treatment has not received adequate attention. Electrochemistry, a link between chemistry and electronic science has been proven to be a clean,versatile and powerful tool for development of a new advanced method for water purification. Electrochemically reduced water is functional water which is capable of destroying microorganisms present in water and also can scavenge reactive oxygen species hence free radicals. The active agents in reduced water are hydrogen (atoms and molecules), minerals and nanoparticles.
appraisal of groundwater quality in ado ekiti metropolitan area, nigeriaIJAEMSJORNAL
This study examined the groundwater quality in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Water samples were randomly collected from ten hand-dug wells (HDW) covering the entire Ado-Ekiti metropolis. The water samples collected using standard method was promptly taken to water laboratory at the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti for analysis. Physical, chemical and bacteriological tests were carried out. Most physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters analysed were found to be at disparity with both Nigerian and World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water quality. The ground water pollution may not be unconnected with poor and improper waste disposal. In order to guide against cholera and other water borne diseases, public enlightenment on proper waste management is require to be carried out. It is recommended that samples of well water use for drinking and other domestic chores should be taken to laboratory chemical and bacteriological tests once in six months.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Ground Water Analysis in and Around Peenya Industrial AreaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater quality in and around the Peenya Industrial Area of Bengaluru, India. Water samples were collected from bore wells in the area and tested for 22 parameters including pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and more. The results found pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.35. Hardness ranged from 520 to 1100 mg/L. Nitrates were between 11 to 22 mg/L. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the area and compare it to national standards to protect water resources.
The document summarizes various studies on water quality in Erbil governorate. It finds that water sample quality varied by time and location, with some sites showing pollution. Testing of the Greater Zap river found the water was not safe for drinking due to bacterial indicators. Some lake water also showed eutrophic conditions. The objectives are to summarize existing information on natural and drinking water quality and identify gaps. It concludes that groundwater is generally suitable for drinking but some showed nitrate and mineral contamination. Surface water quality varied, with some parameters within WHO guidelines and others exceeding limits. Improved management strategies are needed like establishing water quality standards, a national water quality database, and a Kurdistan Environmental Protection Agency to continuously monitor water
M.J. Adeniyi-water-contamination_in_nigeria_and_body_defense_issuesAdeniyi M. Jeremiah
This document summarizes a study on water contamination in Nigeria and its effects on human health. It finds that over time, human activities like oil spills, sewage leaks, and waste disposal have contaminated water sources in Nigeria. This poses health risks as contaminated water can cause digestive issues, impact the immune system, and increase oxidative stress in the body. The document examines several coping strategies the body uses in response to water contamination, such as increasing antioxidant enzymes, but notes these may not be sufficient to fully defend against health effects.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
This document discusses factors that influence domestic and urban water requirements. It divides water needs into 5 categories: domestic, civic/public, industrial, business, and loss/waste. For domestic use, it estimates consumption of 135 liters per capita daily for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, sanitation, animals, and gardening. Civic use includes 5 liters daily for road washing, 2-3 liters for sanitation, and 1 liter for fire demands. Industrial and business water needs vary greatly depending on the type and size of facilities. Loss and waste are estimated at 30-40% of total consumption. Climate, cost, infrastructure, habits, and presence of industries all impact total water demand.
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Toxic Heavy Metals in Water Fro...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality samples from three sites along the Kali River in Meerut, India. Physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, conductivity, BOD, COD and heavy metals were found to exceed permissible limits for drinking water. pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.3, TDS from 1643-3145 mg/L, and BOD and COD indicated high organic pollution. Dissolved oxygen levels were very low. Heavy metal analysis found levels of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe and Zn exceeded limits for irrigation and drinking water. The study indicates the river water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste and requires treatment before use.
A comparative assessment of the quality of harvested rainwater, underground w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed and compared the quality of harvested rainwater, underground water, and surface water in Ughelli, Southern Nigeria for domestic use. Water samples were collected from these three sources and analyzed in the laboratory according to WHO standards for drinking water quality. The study found variations in physico-chemical parameters between the different water sources, but parameters like pH, temperature, TDS, sulphate and zinc met WHO standards. The study concluded domestic water sources need protection and monitoring to safeguard human health and ensure sustainable water quality supply.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In present scenario,the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows. Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark fut ure of fresh water we have to think out of the box for new,better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes:complexation,chelation,coordination,ion exchange,precipitation,and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metal s from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the trea tment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters.. The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under whic h the objectives stated below are studied and researched.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
This document summarizes research on using fresh coconut trunks to filter river water. The researchers tested filtering river water from four rivers in Banjarbaru, Indonesia through coconut trunks. They found that filtration with coconut trunks was able to reduce turbidity by 157.1 NTU. Two of the rivers had filtered water quality that met standards for Class A clean water (below 5 NTU turbidity), while the other two rivers were still above this standard after filtration. The document provides background on water quality issues, membrane filtration technologies including reverse osmosis, and properties of coconut trunks that make them suitable for filtration applications similar to reverse osmosis membranes.
A Lake Erie Twofer: Tiny Plastic Particles and Toxic Algae Threaten Lake WatersOhio Environmental Council
A panel of experts discuss the impact of toxic algae and microbeads on the health and well-being of Lake Erie.
Presenters:
- Dr. Jeffery Reutter, Director Ohio Sea Grant College Program
- Dr. Sue Watson, Research Scientist, WHERD, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada
- Andy McClure, Administrator, Collins Park Water Treatment, Toledo, OH
- Dr. Sheri Mason, Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at SUNY Fredonia
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of water samples from Otamiri River in Owerri, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from five locations along the river, with one location serving as a control site upstream of waste inputs. The study found that many of the physicochemical parameters exceeded normal levels at some locations downstream of municipal waste dumping, mechanical workshops, and other human activities. Microbiological analysis showed high bacterial counts in the river water, which was attributed to leachate from human waste dumping along the riverbanks. Statistical analysis found several physicochemical parameters, such as turbidity, phosphates, and nitrates, were positively correlated with increased microbial levels in the river
Sanitation Mapping of Groundwater Contamination in a Rural Village of IndiaKavya Prabhakar
This study analyzed groundwater samples from 50 wells in a rural village in India to assess microbial contamination. Laboratory tests found high levels of total coliform, E. coli, and other bacteria in the samples, indicating the water was microbiologically unfit for consumption. A geographic analysis using GPS and GIS mapping found that most wells were located very close to latrines (average distance of 6.44 meters), shorter than the EPA guideline of 15.24 meters. Higher bacterial counts were found in wells located closer to latrines. The study concluded that poor siting of wells near latrines was a key reason for the groundwater contamination in the village.
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world’s streams, lakes, oceans and rain and it is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. It is the cradle of life which is a common heritage. Pure water is a clear, colourless and tasteless and odourless liquid with a boiling point of 100oC , a freezing point of 0oC, maximum density of 1g/cm3 at 4oC.Water is an important but often overlooked nutrient .The normal human body contains 40 liters of water. Water is not only vital for mere existence, but it is also essential for optimum health. An insufficient amount of water causes weakness, problematic skin, a weakened immune system—virtually every health issue under the sun requires water as part of the “healing squad.” Electrochemical system of water treatment has not received adequate attention. Electrochemistry, a link between chemistry and electronic science has been proven to be a clean,versatile and powerful tool for development of a new advanced method for water purification. Electrochemically reduced water is functional water which is capable of destroying microorganisms present in water and also can scavenge reactive oxygen species hence free radicals. The active agents in reduced water are hydrogen (atoms and molecules), minerals and nanoparticles.
appraisal of groundwater quality in ado ekiti metropolitan area, nigeriaIJAEMSJORNAL
This study examined the groundwater quality in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Water samples were randomly collected from ten hand-dug wells (HDW) covering the entire Ado-Ekiti metropolis. The water samples collected using standard method was promptly taken to water laboratory at the Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti for analysis. Physical, chemical and bacteriological tests were carried out. Most physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters analysed were found to be at disparity with both Nigerian and World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water quality. The ground water pollution may not be unconnected with poor and improper waste disposal. In order to guide against cholera and other water borne diseases, public enlightenment on proper waste management is require to be carried out. It is recommended that samples of well water use for drinking and other domestic chores should be taken to laboratory chemical and bacteriological tests once in six months.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IRJET- Ground Water Analysis in and Around Peenya Industrial AreaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater quality in and around the Peenya Industrial Area of Bengaluru, India. Water samples were collected from bore wells in the area and tested for 22 parameters including pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and more. The results found pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.35. Hardness ranged from 520 to 1100 mg/L. Nitrates were between 11 to 22 mg/L. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the area and compare it to national standards to protect water resources.
A Review Of Environmental Effects Of Surface Water PollutionJeff Brooks
This document summarizes a literature review on the environmental effects of surface water pollution. It finds that surface waters across the globe are increasingly polluted by human activities like agriculture, domestic waste, and industry. All studies reviewed found pollutant levels exceeding safety limits, with adverse health and environmental impacts. Effects include waterborne diseases in humans and negative impacts on plants, aquatic life, and the surrounding environment. Proper treatment of surface water is needed before human and industrial use to prevent health crises. Ongoing monitoring and enforcement of water quality standards are needed to address the growing pollution problem.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
This study examined the effects of a dumpsite on groundwater quality in a poultry community in Liberia. Water samples were collected from 8 wells near the dumpsite and tested for various physical parameters. The results found that 4 of the wells exceeded Liberian standards for turbidity, total suspended solids, and other measures. The dumpsite is concluded to be polluting the local groundwater supply due to leachate migration from decomposing waste. Recommendations include closing the dumpsite, constructing a proper landfill, and efforts by government agencies to address the public health risks from groundwater pollution.
Shallow Well Water Quality in Akure Metrapolis .by Ojo MaryNSEAkure
This study analyzed water quality in shallow wells in Akure, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells and tested for physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality. The results found that 30% of samples exceeded the WHO limit for total dissolved solids. Additionally, 60% of samples tested positive for E. coli, indicating fecal contamination. While most samples met WHO standards for turbidity, taste, and metals, 90% fell outside the recommended pH range of 6.5-8.5. The study concluded water treatment like disinfection is needed for some wells due to contamination issues.
Comprehensive Assessment of Groundwater from various areas of Aurangabad city...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes groundwater samples from various areas of Aurangabad city, India. Physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were measured monthly from January to June. The results found that all parameters were within acceptable limits according to drinking water guidelines except for a few samples that showed slightly acidic pH, indicating potential industrial influence on groundwater quality in some areas. Overall, the study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region.
Impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution in lipakala farms, on...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural wastes on groundwater pollution at Lipakala Farms in Nigeria. Water samples from the main water well supplying the farm were tested. Results showed elevated levels of ions like lead and nitrates. Physical characteristics like temperature and turbidity were within acceptable limits, but taste indicated high salt deposits. Microbial analysis found bacterial and coliform contamination, indicating pollution from waste. The well is located downstream from a waste dump and farmland, making it susceptible to runoff. Improved waste disposal and public education are recommended to prevent further groundwater contamination.
water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
IRJET- Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Usilampatti Region in TamilnaduIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the groundwater quality of the Usilampatti region in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from 5 bore wells and tested for various physico-chemical parameters. The results found that temperature, phosphate and calcium levels exceeded standards in some samples. Total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides and conductivity were also high in few samples. This indicates that the groundwater is contaminated and unfit for drinking and domestic use without treatment. Rainwater harvesting is suggested to minimize inorganic chemical levels in groundwater and regular monitoring is needed to prevent further pollution.
The document summarizes the key steps in the water treatment process. It begins by explaining that natural water sources often contain contaminants that make them unsuitable for human consumption. The water treatment process aims to eliminate pollutants through a series of steps including aeration, coagulation, flocculation and filtration. Aeration introduces oxygen and removes dissolved gases. Coagulation and flocculation work to destabilize particles and form larger ones that can be removed through settlement and filtration, producing clean water that is safe for drinking.
An Overview Of Water Pollution Status In Ethiopia With A Particular Emphasis ...Nat Rice
This document reviews water pollution in Ethiopia, with an emphasis on the Akaki River in Addis Ababa. It finds that the Akaki River is polluted from domestic and industrial wastewater discharged without treatment. Pollutants have deteriorated the river's water quality beyond standards. Studies show 30% of Addis Ababa residents lack toilets and many discharge wastewater directly into the river. The river is now used for irrigation and drinking, despite being polluted and unsafe. This poses health risks like diarrhea to those exposed to the contaminated water. Proper management is needed to mitigate Akaki River's pollution problems.
water supply engineering ( PDFDrive ).pdfM.A.H. Badsha
The document discusses various types of water demands that must be considered when designing a water supply scheme for a city or town, including domestic, industrial, institutional/commercial, public use, and fire demands. Domestic demand typically accounts for the largest portion at around 135 liters per capita per day. Industrial demand usually represents 20-25% of total demand, while institutional/commercial demand varies based on the type of building.
The document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from hand dug wells and tested for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The results found that electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids fell within WHO standards. Major ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium also met standards. Trace metals were generally low levels but within acceptable limits. Total bacteria and coliform counts were high in some samples, indicating potential contamination from waste. Based on water quality index analysis, 22% of samples were good, 72.2% were medium quality, and 5.5% were bad. The study concluded that while the groundwater was not suitable for drinking, it
Similar to Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research (20)
A 5-year old boy, with an established diagnosis of a topic
dermatitis, previously treated by topical corticosteroids and emollient cream with a good improvement, developed widespread papules on his legs, hands and forearm that appeared 5 months ago.
Methods: Retrospectively, the file records of the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were examined. Demographic features, Body Mass Index (BMI), the mouth opening, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference measurements and videolaryngoscopic examination results were recorded Results: In a total of 140 consecutive patients (58 male, 82 female) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 35.40 ± 9.78 and the mean BMI of the patients was 44.33 ± 7.52 kg/m2
. The mean mouth opening of the patients was 4.82 ± 0.54 cm
and the mean neck circumference was 43.52 ± 4.66 cm. The mean thyromental distance was 8.02 ± 1.00 cm and the mean sternomental distance was16.58 ± 1.53 cm. Difficult intubation was determined in 8 (5.7%) patients. In logistic regression analysis, age (p : 0.446), gender (p : 0.371), BMI (p : 0.947), snoring (p : 0.567), sleep apnea (p : 0.218), mouth opening (p : 0.687), thyromental distance (p :0.557), sternomental (p : 0.596) and neck circumference (p : 0.838) were not the independent predictors of difficult intubation. However, Mallampati score (p : 0.001) and preoperative direct laryngoscopy findings (p : 0.037) performed in outpatient clinic were the significant
predictors of difficult intubation. Interestingly, all patients with grade 4 laryngoscopy findings had difficult intubation.
Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery has been performed in Mexico since 1989, but no reports about training tendencies exist. We conducted a national survey in 2015, and here we report the results concerning training characteristics during the surgical residence of the respondents. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted through a survey questioning demographic data, laparoscopic training during pre and post surgical residency and other of areas of laparoscopic practice. The sample was calculated and survey piloted before
application. Special interest in this report was placed on type and quality of training received. Data are reported in percentages.
Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is defined as pathological bone formation at locations where bone normally does not exist. The
presence of HO has been found to be a rare complication after stroke in several studies, whereas there are only sporadic references relating HO to Cerebral Palsy (CP) and few for CP and stroke. No effective treatment for HO has yet been found, whereas the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been completely understood. Therefore, increased awareness among physicians is required, as a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment. A case of a male patient with CP, who developed HO on the paretichip joint following an ischemic stroke is presented.
Objectives: To assess the practice of food hygiene and safety, and its associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Shashemane, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Ethiopia, 2019.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was applied from December 28, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Data was collected from 120 food handlers, which were selected by purposive sampling techniques. Information was gathered from interview and field observation by conducting food safety survey and using questionnaires via face to face interview. The collected data was entered using Epi Data 3.1 and finally, it was analyzed using SPSS VERSION 20.
A Division I football player experienced acute posterior leg pain while playing. An ultrasound examination revealed an unusual injury - a complete rupture of the plantaris tendon mid-substance. This type of isolated plantaris tendon injury has rarely been reported. Ultrasound was useful for diagnosis and guided rehabilitation by monitoring healing over time. The athlete was able to return to full competition within 3 weeks through a progressive rehabilitation program focused on restoring range of motion and strength. This case suggests isolated plantaris tendon injuries may allow for faster return to play than other potential causes of posterior leg pain.
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), is a severe disease, representing 5-10% of all reported cases of diabetes worldwide. Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) is a subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus that is largely characterized by the abrupt onset of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and severe hyperglycemia without insulin defi ciency. Viral infections have been hypothesized to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D) through the complete and rapid destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Coxsackie viral infection has been detected in islets of 50% of the pancreatic tissue recovered from recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients. In this report we have highlighted a case where the patient developed a Group B Coxsackie virus infection culminating in the development of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (FT1D).
Methods: Cercariae are released by infected water snails. To determine the occurrence of cercariae-emitting snails in SchleswigHolstein, 155 public bathing places were visited and searched for fresh water snails. Family and genus of the collected snails were determined and the snails were examined for the shedding of cercariae, using a standard method and a newly developed method.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Femoral hernias, comprise 2% to 4% of all hernias in the inguinal region, and occur most commonly in women. Th ey present typically with a mass below the level of the inguinal ligament. The sac may contain preperitoneal fat, omentum, small bowel, or other structures and have a high rate of incarceration and strangulation due to the small size of the hernia neck orifice, requiring emergency surgery. We present the case of a 54-year-old female patient with intestinal occlusion due to incarcerated femoral hernia, repaired by laparoscopic approach, that gave the patient the opportunity to attend her daughter’s wedding the same day.
Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC) is a rare genetic condition marked by the presence of an extra chromosome to the 46 human chromosomes. This case report describes a 4 year old child with SSMC on the 46th chromosome. The child presented with delayed speech and language development, seizures and mild developmental delay. Speech and Language evaluation was carried out and management options are discussed.
A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials that serve a broad range of functions, but mainly catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat disease or perform surgical procedures. Catheters have been inserted into body cavities, ducts, or vessels to allow for drainage, administration of therapeutic fluids or gases, operational access for surgery. Catheters help perform tasks in various systems such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic systems. A dataset of 12 patients with varying “weights” and “heights” was recorded along with the lengths of their catheter tubes. This data set was found from two revered statistical textbooks on linear regression and the Department of Scientific Computing at Florida State University. This data set was not able to be linked to any particular clinical or experimental research studies, but the data set can be used to help catheter manufacturers and medical professionals better decide on what particular catheter lengths to use for patients knowing only their height & weight. These research insights could be helpful to healthcare professionals that have patients with incomplete or no healthcare records
to decide what catheter length to use. The main investigative inquiry that needed to be answered was how does patient weight & height influence catheter length together and separately? We conducted linear regression and other statistical analysis procedures in R program & Microsoft Excel and discovered that this data exhibited a quality called multi collinearity. With multi collinearity, all predictors (2 or more
independent variables) are not significant in an all encompassing linear aggression, but the predictors might be significant in their own individual linear regressions. Individual linear regression analyses were conducted for both patient height & weight to see how much they both contribute to varying catheter length. Patient weight was found to be more impatful than patient height in relationship to catheter length, even though height and weight are a classical example of multi collinearity predictors.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
A 36-year-old female developed right upper quadrant pain and nausea after taking the herbal supplement kratom for two weeks to manage back pain. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes. A liver biopsy ruled out other causes and determined she had drug-induced liver injury from kratom use. Her symptoms and liver enzymes gradually returned to normal over six weeks after stopping kratom. The case report discusses kratom's potential for hepatotoxicity and advises clinicians to consider its effects on patient health.
The assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients is extremely challenging. Patients often deteriorate whilst being
reviewed and their rapidly changing pathophysiology barrages healthcare professionals with new data. Furthermore, comprehensive assessments must be postponed until the patient has been stabilised. So, important data and interventions are often missed in the heat of the moment. In emergency situations, suboptimal management decisions may cause signifi cant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, standardisation and careful design of documentation (i.e. proformas and checklists) can enhance patient safety. So, I have developed a series of checklist proformas to guide the assessment of critically ill patients. These proformas also promote the systematic recording and presentation of information to facilitate the retrieval of the precise data required for the management for critically ill patients. The proformas have been modifi ed extensively over the last twenty years based on my personal experience and extensive consultation with colleagues in several world-renowned centres of excellence. The proformas were originally developed for use in the intensive therapy unit
or high dependency unit. However, they have been adapted for use by outreach teams reviewing patients admitted outside of critical care areas. The use of these tools can direct eff orts to provide appropriate organ support and provides a framework for diagnostic reasoning.
This review article discusses microvascular and macrovascular disease in systemic hypertension. It summarizes that:
1) Cardiac imaging plays a crucial role in risk stratifying hypertensive patients and identifying management strategies by properly diagnosing microvascular and coronary artery disease.
2) The nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G298 gene allele may be a marker for microvascular angina in hypertensive patients, as studies have found it to be more prevalent in hypertensive patients with chest pain and reversible myocardial defects but normal coronary arteries.
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This study characterized dengue infections in Pakistan by analyzing hematological and serological markers in 154 suspected dengue cases and 146 control patients with other febrile illnesses. NS1 antigen was detected in 55% of dengue cases, IgM antibodies in 30%, and both in 15%. Control groups primarily had malaria (71%) and enteric fever (20%). Hematological markers (platelet count, hematocrit, WBC) measured before and after treatment showed significant differences for platelet count and hematocrit but not WBC count between the groups. Analysis of clinical symptoms and serological/hematological markers helps diagnose dengue, assess prognosis, and inform prevention efforts to reduce morbidity, mortality and spread of the disease.
Researchers from Utrecht recently published yet another paper on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)demonstrating an additional failed attempt to understand the importance of qualitative versus quantitative imaging, and anatomic versus physiologic imaging. Th e implications of this failure here cannot be overstated.
Introduction: Stroke is an even more dramatic major public health problem in young people. Goal of the study: Contribute to the knowledge of strokes in young people. Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of 02 years (January 2017 to December 2018) including the files of patients aged 18 to 49 years hospitalized for any suspected case of stroke in the Neurology department of the University Hospital
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Background: This report describes a unique case of a patient that developed psychotic symptoms believed to be secondary
to a tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. These psychotic symptoms subsequently abated with placement of a
ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Case description: 60-year-old female was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility on a psychiatric involuntary commitment petition due to progressive paranoia, homicidal ideation and psychosis. The work up showed a calcified six cm tentorial meningioma with associated hydrocephalus. The patient initially rejected treatment but later became amenable to placement of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
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2. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 0016
ABSTRACT
The physicochemical properties of some selected water sources within a quarry site at locations (L1, L2, L3, and L4) in Afao-Ekiti
were investigated using standard analytical methods. At the quarry site the following parameters were undertaking (pH, total dissolved
solids, the total hardness, phosphate, electrical conductivity, chloride, and fluoride and nitrate) and were all within the World Health
Organization (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. However, the metal samples investigated also fell within WHO permissible
limits for drinking water except for iron (L3) and manganese (L4). These results showed that water sources in this environment were not
contaminated and fit for human consumption. This study also investigates the suitability of water for drinking purposes based on Water
Quality Index (WQI) estimated. The Communities within the studied area require alternative sources of potable water for drinking and
domestic purposes other than the previous model.
Keywords: Physicochemical; Heavy metals; Water; Quarry; Contamination
INTRODUCTION
According to Efe et al. [1], it has been reported in most cities,
towns, and villages in Nigeria, that valuable man-hour was spent on
seeking and fetching water, often of doubtful quality from distant
sources. About 1.1 billion people lack access to drinking water supply
[2]. Water in its pure state is acclaimed key to health and one of the
most abundant and generally essential to life. Water according to
Upong and Okon [3] covers about 97% volume on earth's surface,
0.8% underground, 0.009% in inland freshwaters such as lakes, while
0.00009% is contained in rivers [4]. Consequently, water is one of the
keynotes that has contributed solely to live, without the presence of
water no reaction can take place in the body system, water constitutes
the major functional mechanism that generalizes life availability.
According to Muyi [5], man requires a steady and accessible supply
of water because man can go without food for twenty-eight days, but
only three days without water because water serves as an emulsifier,
and dissolution in the body system.
Water pollution is a global problem that needs to be solved
urgently and has a significant impact on the efficiency of sustainable
cities [6]. Rudimentary household water rations have been suggested
at 50 liters per person per day apart from the water needed in the
gardens [7]. The water we drink is needed for cell function and its
volume rations, any decrease in our daily water intake will affect the
efficiency of cells and other body activities [8]. In addition to water
intake by humans and for health necessities, water is also needed
in agriculture, industrial, recreational and other purposes. In most
religions, water is considered a purifier and makes life unique [9].
Every usage of water is essential, however, water for human sanitation
and consumption is considered to have the highest social and
economic importance since the health of people has a direct influence
on all other activities [10].
Groundwater is already used extensively in Nigeria through
wells and boreholes [4]. Groundwater is the water underneath the
surface where all the hollowness in the rocks and soil are filled. Wells,
boreholes, and springs originate from groundwater. A borehole is
generally hydraulic structured, properly designed and constructed to
permittheeconomicwithdrawalofwaterfromanaquifer.Itisanarrow
well drilled with the machine. Borehole water, unlike well water, it
is obtained from a borehole drilled into the aquifer or underground
water zone, which is usually a fully saturated subterranean zone, some
distance below the water table purposely to suit the comfort of the
people dwelling and their habitat [11]. Borehole water like water from
any other source is not ultimately pure. Its purity varies depending on
the geological conditions of the soil through which the groundwater
flows and some anthropogenic activities. Until this present age, the
groundwater has been thought of as being a standard for any form of
water purity itself [12].
According to Ukpong and Abaraogu [13], groundwater usage
is based on the hypothesis that it precludes from the atmosphere
and hence less susceptible to pollution. However, groundwater is
sometimes vulnerable to quality problems that may have serious
impacts on human health [4]. But water as reported by Umara et al.
[14], is the most precious natural needs of life after oxygen, and "key"
to health, it should be qualitative before being used. Any polluted
waters, irrespective of the pollutants, if consumed, may lead to a
variety of diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, skin, and
mental disorders, etc.
To safeguard the health of people to the barest minimum of
dreadful experiences of drinking, and/or use of low-quality waters,
it is essential that the quality of water should be monitored with a
view to finding a lasting solution to health problems related to the
use and drinking of low-quality waters. Both solid and liquid wastes
materials dumped either on the soil surface or buried, decompose
to produce leachate that penetrates the aquifers and contaminate
the groundwater thereby raising the potential toxicity of the water
to consumers. Nowadays, surface dumping and burying of both
industrial and domestic waste are common practices among rural and
urban dwellers to which most people or inhabitants do not pay much
attention. However, the quality of good water depends principally on
the element(s) present in it as it percolates the underground surface.
The world health organization WHO sets a quality guideline for
drinking water and recommends that the properties of drinking water
should fall within the acceptable limit specified in this guideline. The
research work is aimed at assessing the quality parameters of water
collected from the quarry site in Afao-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Water Quality Index (WQI) is a valuable and unique rating to
depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful
for the selection of appropriate treatment techniques to meet the
concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of
different water quality parameters and communicates water quality
information to the public and legislative decision-makers. In spite of
the absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality,
some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality
data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been
made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking
water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws
attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted
“Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which may be used at
large and could represent the reliable picture of water quality [15].
3. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 0017
Table 1: Physicochemical properties of water sources in Afao-Ekiti.
Physicochemical
parameters
L1
(Quarry
Water)
L2
(Borehole
Office)
L3
Blasting
L4
(Hand
Dug
Well)
WHO
(2003)
pH 7.09 6.88 7.75 6.91 6.5-8.5
Temperature (o
C) 26.8 26.3 27.1 26.4 25-30
Colour Clear Clear Dirty Clear Clear
Turbidity (NTU) 5 4 7 3 5
Electrical Conductivity
(μs/cm)
27.5 18.13 38.62 89.18 250
Total Dissolved Solids
(mg/L)
12.68 8.07 28.31 15.59 250-500
Alkalinity (mg/L) 1.3 1.3 1 1 600
Chloride (mg/L) 7.83 8.97 7.6 8.1 250
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.1 0 0 0 10
Fluoride (mg/L) 0 0 0.01 0 1.5
Sulphate (mg/L) 1.43 2.35 2.42 0.47 500
Phosphate (mg/L) 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.02 5
Total Hardness (mg/L) 141 100 211.5 131.9 150-500
Calcium Hardness (mg/L) 125 89 196 85 75
Magnesium Hardness
(mg/L)
16 11 15.5 46.9 50
Potassium (mg /L) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 200
Sodium (mg/L) 3 2.8 2.2 2.5 200
Copper (mg/L) 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.04 2
Zinc (mg/L) 0.46 0.01 0.23 0.55 3
Lead (mg/L) 0.01 Nd 0.01 Nd 0.01
Nickel (mg/L) Nd Nd Nd Nd 1
Cadmium (mg/L) Nd Nd Nd Nd 0.003
Iron (mg/L) 0.3 0.02 12.6 0.3 0.3
Chromium (mg/L) 0.05 Nd 0.02 Nd 0.05
Manganese (mg/L) 0.22 0.02 0.46 0.53 0.5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling sites
Afao-Ekiti is located in Irepodun Local Government Area of Ekiti
State. The settlers are predominantly peasant farmers and the major
industrial activities sited in the area are quarry due to the availability
of rocks. The rural folks in the area depend on hand-dug wells and
boreholes for the sources of water for drinking and domestic purposes.
For this study, three water samples were collected at the IBD
IMPLEX LTD quarry site and control sample from Afao town.
(Sample A, N 70
411
4.329611
, E 50
151
44.3711
at elevation 113.0m) were
taken in blast site, (Sample B, N 70
411
49.329611
, E 50
151
44.3711
at
elevation 376.0m) from borehole in front of the quarry office which is
almost 500m away from blasting site and (Sample C, N 70
411
4.873211
,
E 50
181
45.694811
at elevation 374.0m) were taken from milling site
which was about 1 kilometers away from the quarry site. Sample D (N
70
421
23.648411
, E 50
191
16.777211
at elevation 372.0m) were taken from
hand-dug manual drilled borehole encamped with a manual pump as
control sample which was about 2-kilometer to the quarry site located
at Afao township.
Sample collection and analysis
The samples were collected at four different sampling points with
2000ml plastic containers. The portion of the water sample for metal
analysis was treated with 1ml of Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) in a 500ml
sample bottle to arrest microbial activities while those for non-metal
analysis were freshly refrigerated in a cooler packed with, ice blocks to
avoid microbial action affecting their concentration.
The physicochemical properties of the water samples were
determined using standard analytical methods. The pH, Colour,
Temperature, Total alkalinity, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total
hardness, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) were analyzed. The heavy metal concentration was estimated
using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method
after acid digestion. Sodium and potassium were determined with
a flame photometer using a direct aspiration method [16]. The data
generated were compared with the World Health Organization [17]
standards for drinking water.
DATA ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and compared for significance at P < 0.05 using SPSS
package version 21.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result in table 1 shows the physicochemical properties of
water sources compared with the World Health Organization [17]
standards for drinking water. The water at Afao-Ekiti quarry site was
found to have lower total alkalinity value ranging between 1.0 and
1.3 mg/L and the pH range of 6.88 to 7.75 (slightly acidic to slightly
alkaline). Phosphate, fluoride, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate were
below the stipulated WHO range. This showed that the water samples
in this area are suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. The
temperature of the water samples was between 26.3o
C and 27.1oC.
Turbidity value between 3 and 7 NTU, respectively. The values of
electrical conductivity ranged between 18.13 and 89.18μs/cm. All
the colors were moderately clear except that of L3. Total dissolved
solids ranged between 8.07 and 15.59 mg/L. In L1, L2, and L4, the
values of turbidity were in agreement with WHO except in L3 which
a result of quarry activities around the vicinity was. The hardness
of the groundwater is influenced by the presence of carbonates
and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, sulphates, chlorides,
nitrates. The hardness in the analyzed samples ranged from 100 to
211.5 mg/L. The chloride concentration in all the samples analyzed
was found to be within the permissible limits. A high chloride
content may harm the metallic pipes and structure. Excess of chloride
in groundwater imparts salinity in the water and affects human
consumption. The alkalinity of groundwater was due to the presence
of carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides. The concentration of
fluorides present was within the acceptable WHO limits. Fluoride
ions have dual importance in water supplies, a high concentration of
fluoride causes dental fluorosis, while a concentration lesser than 1.0
mg/L results in dental caries. The water samples in the study area can
be considered as safe for drinking since the fluoride content in the
samples was lower than 1.5mg/L (Table 1). Sulphates ions originated
in natural water due to oxidation of sulphite ores or gypsum and other
sulphur bearing ores. However, ingestion of water containing a high
concentration of sulphate can have laxative effects, which is enhanced
when sulphate is consumed in combination with magnesium.
Sulphate values in all the samples analyzed are well within the limits.
Nitrates are believed to occur in groundwater mainly due to leaching
4. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 0018
pH Temp Turbidity EC TDS Alkalinity Cl-
NO3
-
F-
SO3
-2
PO4
-3
TH CH MH K Na
pH 1
Temp 0.923 1
Turbidity 0.942 0.924 1
EC -0.158 -0.203 -0.468 1
TDS 0.93 0.824 0.755 0.213 1
Alkalinity -0.491 -0.312 -0.169 -0.749 -0.771 1
Cl-
-0.712 -0.858 -0.601 -0.269 -0.781 0.53 1
NO3
-
-0.111 0.271 0.098 -0.334 -0.268 0.577 -0.328 1
F-
.974*
0.812 0.878 -0.1 0.934 -0.577 -0.584 -0.333 1
SO3
-2
0.51 0.357 0.685 -0.825 0.215 0.28 0.171 -0.173 0.547 1
PO4
-3
0.477 0.363 0.681 -0.879 0.16 0.367 0.168 -0.071 0.494 .994
**
1
TH .968*
0.927 0.852 0.063 .976*
-0.629 -0.845 -0.072 0.927 0.278 0.244 1
CH .990
*
.957
*
.975
*
-0.258 0.88 -0.376 -0.722 0.016 0.937 0.543 0.525 0.948 1
MH -0.326 -0.338 -0.608 .984*
0.039 -0.619 -0.159 -0.256 -0.276 -0.898 -0.94 -0.103 -0.416 1
K -0.354 -0.047 -0.051 -0.626 -0.605 0.905 0.148 0.87 -0.522 0.079 0.184 -0.417 -0.218 -0.507 1
Na -0.692 -0.425 -0.432 -0.423 -0.858 0.907 0.419 0.714 -0.81 -0.145 -0.05 -0.729 -0.583 -0.261 0.92 1
*.Correlation is significantatthe 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**.Correlation is significantatthe 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2: Physicochemical properties of water sources in Afao-Ekiti.
from soil organic matter, leaching of fertilizers applied to the soil,
while leachates from refuse dumps and industrial discharge also
contribute to presence of nitrate. In excessive amounts, it contributes
to the illness of infant methemoglobinemia or blue baby syndrome.
The concentration of nitrates in the analyzed groundwater samples is
well within the permissible WHO limits.
The results of heavy metals examined in this study showed a
wide difference from the two sampling points (2km away from the
quarry site) which could be a result of specks of dust from the quarry
sites [18]. It may also be due to anthropogenic influence trending in
the society such as small-scale entrepreneur activities which include
open-air solid waste combustion, farming, quarrying, and smoke
from automobiles [18,19]. A report of Ikem et al. [20], Vinodhini and
Narayanan, [21], and Agbafor et al. [22] indicated that high level of
heavy metals could relatively leads to increase serum liver enzymes,
kidney function parameters and reduction in haemoglobin level
packed cell volume and Red Blood Cells. Therefore, from this study,
it was evident that of all the metals investigated, samples from L1 and
L3 sites should be properly monitored because, in the future, there
may be an increase in the level of lead which could later result in
health-related hazards for the dwellers. The level of non-metallic ion
such as nitrate, chloride, phosphate, and fluoride of the potable waters
could be associated with dissociation of their metallic compounds,
oxidation of other forms of the compounds, high degree organic
pollution, and type of minerals in the bedrock, eutrophication,
agricultural activities and use of detergents [23,24]. High nitrate
concentration above 10mg/l is dangerous to pregnant women and
could as well poses a serious health threat to infants less than 3 to 6
months of age because of its ability to cause methaemoglobinaemia or
blue baby syndrome in which blood loses its ability to carry sufficient
oxygen [25] while high fluoride level in drinking water may lead to
reduction in total erythrocyte, haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit
value, protein content and then fluorosis [26] but from this study, it
was clearly shown that all the physicochemical parameters were in
line with international standards.
WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)
The water quality index reveals some interesting and important
information about the quality of groundwater in the study area. The
recommended limit of WQI for drinking water is 100. WQI of all sites
has been found between 70 to 90%, therefore, it can be said that the
quality of groundwater in the study area is satisfactory for drinking
purposes.
CONCLUSION
This study has provided data on the level of physicochemical
properties of water from the quarry site and Afao-Ekiti community.
Considering the results obtained from the investigations, the
following conclusions were drawn: sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate
concentrations met the WHO standards and all heavy metals
analyzed fell within the WHO limits. The heavy metal concentrations
of samples of water from locations L1, L2, L3, and L4 were all within
the set limit by WHO, except iron and manganese for L3 and L4
respectively. Significant differences existed among the results of
fluoride, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness
across all the samples at p > 0.05 confidential limit whereas the results
of phosphate showed significant difference at p > 0.01 confidential
limit. This implies that the potable water in Afao-Ekiti is confirmed
5. Advanced Journal of Toxicology: Current Research
SCIRES Literature - Volume 3 Issue 1 - www.scireslit.com Page - 0019
unpolluted with organic and inorganic substances and therefore fit
for drinking. It is therefore recommended that standard measures
be taken by the appropriate authorities to ensure proper treatment
of the waters to safeguard the health consumers. An analysis of this
nature should be carried out regularly. Water users should also be on
the watch and to report every high level of any physical or chemical
properties to the appropriate authorities to sustain water quality for
consumption.
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2. WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Vol. 1 Geneva. Addendum to
the 3rd Vol. 1 Recommendations. World Health Organization. 2006; 23-48.
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