The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust (negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah, considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers
1. The study examined teachers' dedication, discipline, knowledge and skills in Kwara State basic schools in Nigeria. It surveyed head teachers, assistant head teachers, principals, vice principals, and students.
2. The findings revealed that teachers' dedication in Kwara State basic schools was average, with some aspects like preparing lesson notes and ensuring student understanding being average, and others like arriving to class on time and keeping records being high.
3. The conclusion was that Kwara State basic school teachers should be more dedicated by regularly preparing lessons, arriving on time, and helping students better understand concepts, in order to improve students' academic performance.
The Leadership Style of Headmaster in Guiding the Character of Teachers in th...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research aims to (1) discover the democratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (2) to know the autocratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (3) to know the paternalistic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (4) to know the laissez-faire leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto. This research was an explanatory research and the method used was survey method, whereas the number of population and the sample was 34 people. Then, from the research was obtained some results, they were: (1) the implementation of democratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the very high category that was the average score 3,29, (2) the implementation of autocratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher and obtained the average score 3.00 with high category, (3) the implementation of paternalistic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the average score 3,23 included the very high category, and (4) the implementation of laissez-faire leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the average score 1,32 and belonged to low category.
05. hapzi ali, mukhtar, sofwan, uin jambi, www.serialjournals.comHapzi Ali
This document summarizes a study on the work ethic and transformative leadership of boarding school principals in Jambi Province, Indonesia and their impact on the effectiveness of boarding school management. The study found that work ethic and transformative leadership can explain 69% of boarding school management effectiveness, while the remaining 31% is influenced by other variables. Both work ethic and transformative leadership were found to have a positive and significant impact on boarding school management effectiveness, both individually and collectively. Schools with stronger work ethics and transformative leadership tended to have more effective management.
This study examines the relationship between the instructional leadership of school principals, teacher work discipline, teacher work motivation, and student academic achievement in primary schools in Central Jakarta. The study uses quantitative methods to analyze survey data collected from primary schools. The results showed a significant relationship between the instructional leadership of principals, teacher work discipline, teacher work motivation, and student academic achievement. Strong principal instructional leadership and high teacher work discipline were found to increase teacher work motivation and improve student learning outcomes.
Empowerement To Teacher By Participatory And Motivating Methodsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that aimed to increase the motivation and competence of teachers in implementing thematic learning methods through participatory and motivating approaches. The study involved empowering 10 teachers through various training activities while collecting data on teacher motivation and competence before and after the activities. The results showed that teacher motivation and competence increased slightly as a result of the empowerment program but the increases were not significant. Motivation had a greater influence on competence than the empowerment program. The study concluded that both teacher motivation and competence in implementing thematic learning are important to address, as motivation is easier to increase than competence.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A theoretical and empirical review of the relationship between head teachers’...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the relationship between headteachers' leadership styles and student performance on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exam in public primary schools in Kenya. The study used questionnaires, interviews and document analysis administered to headteachers and PTA chairs. The findings showed that schools with headteachers exhibiting democratic and consultative leadership styles had higher average KCPE scores than those with autocratic styles. Additionally, lack of consultation with teachers and stakeholders was found to negatively impact student performance. The researchers concluded that understanding the relationship between leadership styles and exam results could help improve education policies and training for headteachers.
An Examination of the Influence of Leadership in the Achievement of Goals and...iosrjce
This study sought to examine the influence of the school head’s leadership in the achievement of
goals and objectives using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The
target population comprised of all secondary school teachers from Chikomba District in Mashonaland East
Province in Eastern Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of 120 teachers randomly sampled and of these, 64 were
female and 56 male. All the information was collected through a questionnaire which largely had close-ended
questions and two-open ended questions. The study revealed that the majority of teachers were not confident
with the leadership provided by their heads. The study recommends that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary
Education should prioritise training or retraining of heads on leadership skills.
1. The study examined teachers' dedication, discipline, knowledge and skills in Kwara State basic schools in Nigeria. It surveyed head teachers, assistant head teachers, principals, vice principals, and students.
2. The findings revealed that teachers' dedication in Kwara State basic schools was average, with some aspects like preparing lesson notes and ensuring student understanding being average, and others like arriving to class on time and keeping records being high.
3. The conclusion was that Kwara State basic school teachers should be more dedicated by regularly preparing lessons, arriving on time, and helping students better understand concepts, in order to improve students' academic performance.
The Leadership Style of Headmaster in Guiding the Character of Teachers in th...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research aims to (1) discover the democratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (2) to know the autocratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (3) to know the paternalistic leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto, (4) to know the laissez-faire leadership style in guiding the characters of teachers at Public Senior High School 2 Limboto. This research was an explanatory research and the method used was survey method, whereas the number of population and the sample was 34 people. Then, from the research was obtained some results, they were: (1) the implementation of democratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the very high category that was the average score 3,29, (2) the implementation of autocratic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher and obtained the average score 3.00 with high category, (3) the implementation of paternalistic leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the average score 3,23 included the very high category, and (4) the implementation of laissez-faire leadership style in guiding the characters of teacher, it was obtained the average score 1,32 and belonged to low category.
05. hapzi ali, mukhtar, sofwan, uin jambi, www.serialjournals.comHapzi Ali
This document summarizes a study on the work ethic and transformative leadership of boarding school principals in Jambi Province, Indonesia and their impact on the effectiveness of boarding school management. The study found that work ethic and transformative leadership can explain 69% of boarding school management effectiveness, while the remaining 31% is influenced by other variables. Both work ethic and transformative leadership were found to have a positive and significant impact on boarding school management effectiveness, both individually and collectively. Schools with stronger work ethics and transformative leadership tended to have more effective management.
This study examines the relationship between the instructional leadership of school principals, teacher work discipline, teacher work motivation, and student academic achievement in primary schools in Central Jakarta. The study uses quantitative methods to analyze survey data collected from primary schools. The results showed a significant relationship between the instructional leadership of principals, teacher work discipline, teacher work motivation, and student academic achievement. Strong principal instructional leadership and high teacher work discipline were found to increase teacher work motivation and improve student learning outcomes.
Empowerement To Teacher By Participatory And Motivating Methodsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that aimed to increase the motivation and competence of teachers in implementing thematic learning methods through participatory and motivating approaches. The study involved empowering 10 teachers through various training activities while collecting data on teacher motivation and competence before and after the activities. The results showed that teacher motivation and competence increased slightly as a result of the empowerment program but the increases were not significant. Motivation had a greater influence on competence than the empowerment program. The study concluded that both teacher motivation and competence in implementing thematic learning are important to address, as motivation is easier to increase than competence.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A theoretical and empirical review of the relationship between head teachers’...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the relationship between headteachers' leadership styles and student performance on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exam in public primary schools in Kenya. The study used questionnaires, interviews and document analysis administered to headteachers and PTA chairs. The findings showed that schools with headteachers exhibiting democratic and consultative leadership styles had higher average KCPE scores than those with autocratic styles. Additionally, lack of consultation with teachers and stakeholders was found to negatively impact student performance. The researchers concluded that understanding the relationship between leadership styles and exam results could help improve education policies and training for headteachers.
An Examination of the Influence of Leadership in the Achievement of Goals and...iosrjce
This study sought to examine the influence of the school head’s leadership in the achievement of
goals and objectives using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The
target population comprised of all secondary school teachers from Chikomba District in Mashonaland East
Province in Eastern Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of 120 teachers randomly sampled and of these, 64 were
female and 56 male. All the information was collected through a questionnaire which largely had close-ended
questions and two-open ended questions. The study revealed that the majority of teachers were not confident
with the leadership provided by their heads. The study recommends that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary
Education should prioritise training or retraining of heads on leadership skills.
This document summarizes the teaching of higher-order thinking skills in Malaysian classrooms. It discusses how Malaysia formally began teaching these skills in the early 1990s by developing curriculum and training teachers. It also describes the education system in Malaysia and key reforms over time to emphasize thinking skills. The document analyzes implementation of thinking skill programs in schools and teacher education colleges. It discusses the models and guidelines provided to teachers and findings from a study on teaching thinking skills in language classrooms. The study found teachers felt less knowledgeable about teaching higher-order thinking skills compared to teaching their subject matter.
LEADERSHIP IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSSupriadi Fadel
Artikel dengan Judul: "LEADERSHIP IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS" telah terbit di Jurnal At-ta'lim IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang dengan alamat akses: http://www.journal.tarbiyahiainib.ac.id/index.php/attalim/article/ view/104
This document presents the background and introduction to a research proposal on examining the impact of school leadership on student academic performance in schools in Rwampala County, Mbarara District, Uganda. It discusses the importance of academic achievement and the government's priority of improving performance in science and mathematics. The study aims to explore the relationship between school leadership and student outcomes in Ugandan secondary schools using a mixed-methods approach. It will examine different leadership styles, their impact on academic performance, and measures to improve performance. The document provides context on leadership theory and the need to understand leadership practices in everyday school settings.
Assessment of personnel management skills among private school owners in ifak...ResearchWap
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the teachers’ assessment of personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State.
Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and multi-stage sampling method which involved proportionate, stratified and random sampling techniques was adopted to draw a total of 100 respondents that participated in the study. Teaching methods adopted by basic science teachers and the implication Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) of inferential statistics were used to test the null hypotheses postulated for the study at 0.05 alpha level while, frequency count and percentages were used to compute the demographic data collected.
The findings of the study revealed that There is a significant relationship between teachers’ assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There is a significant difference between the financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that there should be seminar giving to the teachers on important of assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The document discusses the teaching of higher-order thinking skills in Malaysian classrooms. It provides background on Malaysia's education system and details the country's efforts to promote teaching thinking skills since the early 1990s. This included developing new curriculum and resources for teachers, training programs, and monitoring implementation. The document also reports findings from a study which found that while teachers felt knowledgeable about teaching their subject areas, they perceived having less knowledge on teaching higher-order thinking skills within those subjects.
This research aims to describe: First, the application of character education in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. Second, the impact of the application of character education the school in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. This was a qualitative research employing the naturalistic approach, carried out in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. The data were collected through observations in debt interview, and document. The research finding, the following conclusions are drawn: (1). The development of school culture to build character in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar, consisting of planning, application, supervision, and evaluation, runs well. The application of character education in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar runs well, supported by the school personal and school committee. (2). The impacts of character, among others, manifested in: caring cleanliness; religious service obedience; conformity to the rules; mutual respect politeness, and family like relationship; honesty and responsibility; togetherness; and all personal school, including teacher and staff participation.
This document discusses the administration and management system of Shamsul Islam Bhuiyan High School in light of Bangladesh's National Education Policy of 2010. The school follows a democratic management system where decisions are made through majority agreement after considering various opinions. Five key areas of focus for the school aligned with the national policy are gender equity, environmental awareness, developing productive students, implementing a uniform curriculum, and reducing discrimination. The document also outlines some challenges implementing the policy including unwanted interference and how training helps overcome issues.
The Implementation of Curriculum Innovation and Islamic Religious Education L...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore curriculum innovation and PAI teaching at Al Azhar integrated SMA in Medan. This research used qualitative approach with four research questions: How does the curriculum innovation, strategy, media and evaluation of PAI learning in integrated Senior high school Al Azhar Medan? Data collection was done through interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of the study are: Curriculum. The Learning used 2013 curriculum with a scientific-based approach, and KTSP curriculum. The method/strategy. The learning model is a goal-oriented, but the majority has shifted towards the process and achievement of competence, although not total. Applied learning methods have also undergone innovation in order to support a smooth learning. Media, media was used quite well, but in order to support a smooth and achievement of learning in line with the principles embodied in the curriculum applied, this fact needs to be improved towards better, both in terms of accuracy, presentation and materials used. Evaluation, applying the evaluation, including: an oral question in class, quizzes, daily tests, individual assignments, group assignments, repeat semester examination, reports practical work or lab reports, response or practice exams, and a final exam.
Assessment of Prospective Teachers Attitudes towards Teaching Profession: The...iosrjce
Quality education is an indispensable instrument for national development. However the provision of
quality education depends largely on the quality of teachers. Similarly, teacher education programme is
designed to produce teacher with requisite training and sound professional background which requires a
favourable attitude and certain specific competencies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the
Northwest University, Kano prospective teachers’ attitudes towards profession of teaching. Field of study,
gender and level of study’s influence on their attitude were also examined. A descriptive survey design was
adopted with a sample of 220 prospective teachers selected using a stratified random sampling technique.
Professional Attitude Scale for Prospective Teachers (PASPT) constructed and validated by the researchers was
used to collect data. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Independent Sample t-test
to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that prospective teachers have positive
attitude towards the profession. Similarly, asignificant gender difference was observed in their attitudes towards
the profession. However theresults further showed no significant difference in the prospective teachers’
attitudes towards the profession in relation to field of study and level of study.The implication is that,
thisfavourable attitude towards teaching profession will bring about professional competence in the future
practice.The study recommended among others, that further study should be conducted to investigate the factors
responsible for the favourable or unfavourable attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession
which will provide an insight on how stakeholders can bring attitudinal change towards the teaching profession.
This document discusses the relationship between instructional leadership behaviors of high school principals and teachers' organizational commitment. It analyzes data collected from 441 teachers across 28 high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. The findings show that principals displayed instructional leadership behaviors most in setting and sharing school goals, and least in supporting and developing teachers. Teachers' organizational commitment was low in compliance but medium in identification and internalization. A negative correlation was found between principal behaviors and commitment in adaptation, while a positive correlation was found for identification and internalization. Establishing an organized instructional environment significantly predicted organizational commitment sub-dimensions.
THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE OF HEADMASTERS ON THE JOB SATISFACTIONBatola David
This research article examines the effect of leadership styles exhibited by headmasters on the job satisfaction of teachers in senior high schools in Ghana. The study reviewed literature on levels of job satisfaction and different leadership styles. It revealed that there is no single dominant leadership style among headmasters, and teachers have a moderate level of job satisfaction. Transformational leadership was found to have the highest positive effect on job satisfaction, while laissez-faire leadership had a negative effect. The study recommends training headmasters on different leadership styles and improving teacher compensation to enhance job satisfaction.
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The aims of this research were to find the effect of Academic Supervision of School Principal and Work Motivation toward Teacher’s Performance of Bussines and Management Group State’s and Private’s Vocational High School in Depok City directly or indirectly. The population of this research was Bussines and Management teachers in Depok City amounting to 384 people. The sample in this research amounted to 80 people. The sampling method was done by using proportionate random sampling. Data collection is done by filling questionaires. Analysis of the data used is path analysis. Data processing is performed with IBM SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. The results showed that there is significant influence between Academic Supervision of School Principal to Work Motivation (1), Academic Supervision of School Principal to Teacher’s Performance (2), and Work Motivation to Teacher’s Performance (3). Totally, the magnitude of the effect is known 68,39 % directly and indirectly, while the remaining 37,10% is influenced by other factors not examined in of this research.
This study examined the work motivation levels of primary school teachers in Istanbul, Turkey. A survey was administered to 343 primary school teachers across 14 schools. The results found that the average work motivation score was 41.84 out of 90, indicating a generally low level of motivation. Work motivation did not vary by gender, age, or marital status. The study aimed to evaluate factors that influence teacher motivation to help increase motivation levels.
"Study of Java Access Control Mechanism”IOSR Journals
Abstract: a class as "a collection of data and methods." One of the important object-oriented techniques is
hiding the data within the class and making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as
encapsulation because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it
can be accessed only by trusted users.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class
often contains a number of interdependent fields that must be in a consistent state. If you allow a users to
manipulate those fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus leaving
the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a method to change the field, that method can be sure
to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent. Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal
use only, hiding these methods prevents users of the class from calling them.
The goal is : All the fields and methods of a class can always be used within the body of the class itself. Java
defines access control rules that restrict members of a class from being used outside the class that is done
through keeping the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it can be
accessed only by trusted users.
Keywords: Encapsulation, Access Control, Classes, Constructors, Methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking moving objects and determining their distance and velocity using background subtraction algorithms. It first describes background subtraction as a process to extract foreground objects from video by comparing each frame to a background model. It then discusses several algorithms used in the research, including median filtering for noise removal, morphological operations to smooth object regions, and connected component analysis to detect large foreground regions representing objects. The document evaluates these techniques on video to track a single object, determine the distance and velocity of that object between frames, and identify multiple moving objects.
Antibacterial Property of Essential Oil and its vibrational analysisIOSR Journals
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. In our present work with the vibrational spectroscopy of quantum chemical calculations of Eugenol,Geronial have been carried out. The compounds are responsible for most of the characteristic aroma .DFT analysis is performed before and after application of clove oil on Asbergillus fungi..Vibrational analysis on Eugenol( 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is also carried out.The fluorescent property of the material was also discussed.
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
Evaluation of Level of Precursors of N-Nitrosamine in Vitro in Wistar Rats Fe...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary protein levels on the excretion of precursors of N-
nitrosamine in Wistar rats. Rats were fed either a high (64%), normal (27%), or low (3.5%) protein diet and
administered sodium nitrite and dimethylamine hydrochloride. The rats fed a high protein diet excreted
significantly higher levels of nitrite in their urine compared to rats fed normal or low protein diets. The protein
and nitrite concentrations in the post-mitochondrial fraction of the liver were also highest in rats fed a high
protein diet. This suggests that dietary protein intake affects the metabolism and excretion of nitrite and
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
An Inquiry on the Effect of Knowledge Management and Strategic Leadership on ...IOSR Journals
Organizational dynamic capability and entrepreneurship strategy are two aspects that have contribution in affecting organizational performances particularly by means of knowledge management and strategic leadership. There is a need to identify this presumption, thus current research in this paper were employed in the General Public Hospitals in Makassar in the Provinces of South Sulawesi (Indonesia). Previous research has uncovered important factors of organizational performance such as knowledge management, strategic leadership, dynamic capability, entrepreneurship strategy. Nonetheless they require further conceptual depth and empirical assessment as it remains unclear how these factors holistically affects critical performances in organizational performances. In this paper, we developed the structural model including the introduction of knowledge management and strategic leadership and the more established relationship between dynamic capability and strategic entrepreneurship with organizational performances as a means to understand their interrelatedness and feasibility on improving the body of knowledge in current literature
This document summarizes the teaching of higher-order thinking skills in Malaysian classrooms. It discusses how Malaysia formally began teaching these skills in the early 1990s by developing curriculum and training teachers. It also describes the education system in Malaysia and key reforms over time to emphasize thinking skills. The document analyzes implementation of thinking skill programs in schools and teacher education colleges. It discusses the models and guidelines provided to teachers and findings from a study on teaching thinking skills in language classrooms. The study found teachers felt less knowledgeable about teaching higher-order thinking skills compared to teaching their subject matter.
LEADERSHIP IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSSupriadi Fadel
Artikel dengan Judul: "LEADERSHIP IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS" telah terbit di Jurnal At-ta'lim IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang dengan alamat akses: http://www.journal.tarbiyahiainib.ac.id/index.php/attalim/article/ view/104
This document presents the background and introduction to a research proposal on examining the impact of school leadership on student academic performance in schools in Rwampala County, Mbarara District, Uganda. It discusses the importance of academic achievement and the government's priority of improving performance in science and mathematics. The study aims to explore the relationship between school leadership and student outcomes in Ugandan secondary schools using a mixed-methods approach. It will examine different leadership styles, their impact on academic performance, and measures to improve performance. The document provides context on leadership theory and the need to understand leadership practices in everyday school settings.
Assessment of personnel management skills among private school owners in ifak...ResearchWap
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the teachers’ assessment of personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State.
Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and multi-stage sampling method which involved proportionate, stratified and random sampling techniques was adopted to draw a total of 100 respondents that participated in the study. Teaching methods adopted by basic science teachers and the implication Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) of inferential statistics were used to test the null hypotheses postulated for the study at 0.05 alpha level while, frequency count and percentages were used to compute the demographic data collected.
The findings of the study revealed that There is a significant relationship between teachers’ assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There is a significant difference between the financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that there should be seminar giving to the teachers on important of assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The document discusses the teaching of higher-order thinking skills in Malaysian classrooms. It provides background on Malaysia's education system and details the country's efforts to promote teaching thinking skills since the early 1990s. This included developing new curriculum and resources for teachers, training programs, and monitoring implementation. The document also reports findings from a study which found that while teachers felt knowledgeable about teaching their subject areas, they perceived having less knowledge on teaching higher-order thinking skills within those subjects.
This research aims to describe: First, the application of character education in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. Second, the impact of the application of character education the school in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. This was a qualitative research employing the naturalistic approach, carried out in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar. The data were collected through observations in debt interview, and document. The research finding, the following conclusions are drawn: (1). The development of school culture to build character in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar, consisting of planning, application, supervision, and evaluation, runs well. The application of character education in SMP Negeri 16 Makassar runs well, supported by the school personal and school committee. (2). The impacts of character, among others, manifested in: caring cleanliness; religious service obedience; conformity to the rules; mutual respect politeness, and family like relationship; honesty and responsibility; togetherness; and all personal school, including teacher and staff participation.
This document discusses the administration and management system of Shamsul Islam Bhuiyan High School in light of Bangladesh's National Education Policy of 2010. The school follows a democratic management system where decisions are made through majority agreement after considering various opinions. Five key areas of focus for the school aligned with the national policy are gender equity, environmental awareness, developing productive students, implementing a uniform curriculum, and reducing discrimination. The document also outlines some challenges implementing the policy including unwanted interference and how training helps overcome issues.
The Implementation of Curriculum Innovation and Islamic Religious Education L...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore curriculum innovation and PAI teaching at Al Azhar integrated SMA in Medan. This research used qualitative approach with four research questions: How does the curriculum innovation, strategy, media and evaluation of PAI learning in integrated Senior high school Al Azhar Medan? Data collection was done through interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of the study are: Curriculum. The Learning used 2013 curriculum with a scientific-based approach, and KTSP curriculum. The method/strategy. The learning model is a goal-oriented, but the majority has shifted towards the process and achievement of competence, although not total. Applied learning methods have also undergone innovation in order to support a smooth learning. Media, media was used quite well, but in order to support a smooth and achievement of learning in line with the principles embodied in the curriculum applied, this fact needs to be improved towards better, both in terms of accuracy, presentation and materials used. Evaluation, applying the evaluation, including: an oral question in class, quizzes, daily tests, individual assignments, group assignments, repeat semester examination, reports practical work or lab reports, response or practice exams, and a final exam.
Assessment of Prospective Teachers Attitudes towards Teaching Profession: The...iosrjce
Quality education is an indispensable instrument for national development. However the provision of
quality education depends largely on the quality of teachers. Similarly, teacher education programme is
designed to produce teacher with requisite training and sound professional background which requires a
favourable attitude and certain specific competencies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the
Northwest University, Kano prospective teachers’ attitudes towards profession of teaching. Field of study,
gender and level of study’s influence on their attitude were also examined. A descriptive survey design was
adopted with a sample of 220 prospective teachers selected using a stratified random sampling technique.
Professional Attitude Scale for Prospective Teachers (PASPT) constructed and validated by the researchers was
used to collect data. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Independent Sample t-test
to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that prospective teachers have positive
attitude towards the profession. Similarly, asignificant gender difference was observed in their attitudes towards
the profession. However theresults further showed no significant difference in the prospective teachers’
attitudes towards the profession in relation to field of study and level of study.The implication is that,
thisfavourable attitude towards teaching profession will bring about professional competence in the future
practice.The study recommended among others, that further study should be conducted to investigate the factors
responsible for the favourable or unfavourable attitude of prospective teachers towards teaching profession
which will provide an insight on how stakeholders can bring attitudinal change towards the teaching profession.
This document discusses the relationship between instructional leadership behaviors of high school principals and teachers' organizational commitment. It analyzes data collected from 441 teachers across 28 high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. The findings show that principals displayed instructional leadership behaviors most in setting and sharing school goals, and least in supporting and developing teachers. Teachers' organizational commitment was low in compliance but medium in identification and internalization. A negative correlation was found between principal behaviors and commitment in adaptation, while a positive correlation was found for identification and internalization. Establishing an organized instructional environment significantly predicted organizational commitment sub-dimensions.
THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE OF HEADMASTERS ON THE JOB SATISFACTIONBatola David
This research article examines the effect of leadership styles exhibited by headmasters on the job satisfaction of teachers in senior high schools in Ghana. The study reviewed literature on levels of job satisfaction and different leadership styles. It revealed that there is no single dominant leadership style among headmasters, and teachers have a moderate level of job satisfaction. Transformational leadership was found to have the highest positive effect on job satisfaction, while laissez-faire leadership had a negative effect. The study recommends training headmasters on different leadership styles and improving teacher compensation to enhance job satisfaction.
Contribution of Competence Teacher (Pedagogical, Personality, Professional Co...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The aims of this research were to find the effect of Academic Supervision of School Principal and Work Motivation toward Teacher’s Performance of Bussines and Management Group State’s and Private’s Vocational High School in Depok City directly or indirectly. The population of this research was Bussines and Management teachers in Depok City amounting to 384 people. The sample in this research amounted to 80 people. The sampling method was done by using proportionate random sampling. Data collection is done by filling questionaires. Analysis of the data used is path analysis. Data processing is performed with IBM SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. The results showed that there is significant influence between Academic Supervision of School Principal to Work Motivation (1), Academic Supervision of School Principal to Teacher’s Performance (2), and Work Motivation to Teacher’s Performance (3). Totally, the magnitude of the effect is known 68,39 % directly and indirectly, while the remaining 37,10% is influenced by other factors not examined in of this research.
This study examined the work motivation levels of primary school teachers in Istanbul, Turkey. A survey was administered to 343 primary school teachers across 14 schools. The results found that the average work motivation score was 41.84 out of 90, indicating a generally low level of motivation. Work motivation did not vary by gender, age, or marital status. The study aimed to evaluate factors that influence teacher motivation to help increase motivation levels.
"Study of Java Access Control Mechanism”IOSR Journals
Abstract: a class as "a collection of data and methods." One of the important object-oriented techniques is
hiding the data within the class and making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as
encapsulation because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it
can be accessed only by trusted users.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class
often contains a number of interdependent fields that must be in a consistent state. If you allow a users to
manipulate those fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus leaving
the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a method to change the field, that method can be sure
to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent. Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal
use only, hiding these methods prevents users of the class from calling them.
The goal is : All the fields and methods of a class can always be used within the body of the class itself. Java
defines access control rules that restrict members of a class from being used outside the class that is done
through keeping the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it can be
accessed only by trusted users.
Keywords: Encapsulation, Access Control, Classes, Constructors, Methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking moving objects and determining their distance and velocity using background subtraction algorithms. It first describes background subtraction as a process to extract foreground objects from video by comparing each frame to a background model. It then discusses several algorithms used in the research, including median filtering for noise removal, morphological operations to smooth object regions, and connected component analysis to detect large foreground regions representing objects. The document evaluates these techniques on video to track a single object, determine the distance and velocity of that object between frames, and identify multiple moving objects.
Antibacterial Property of Essential Oil and its vibrational analysisIOSR Journals
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. In our present work with the vibrational spectroscopy of quantum chemical calculations of Eugenol,Geronial have been carried out. The compounds are responsible for most of the characteristic aroma .DFT analysis is performed before and after application of clove oil on Asbergillus fungi..Vibrational analysis on Eugenol( 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol is also carried out.The fluorescent property of the material was also discussed.
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
Evaluation of Level of Precursors of N-Nitrosamine in Vitro in Wistar Rats Fe...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary protein levels on the excretion of precursors of N-
nitrosamine in Wistar rats. Rats were fed either a high (64%), normal (27%), or low (3.5%) protein diet and
administered sodium nitrite and dimethylamine hydrochloride. The rats fed a high protein diet excreted
significantly higher levels of nitrite in their urine compared to rats fed normal or low protein diets. The protein
and nitrite concentrations in the post-mitochondrial fraction of the liver were also highest in rats fed a high
protein diet. This suggests that dietary protein intake affects the metabolism and excretion of nitrite and
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
An Inquiry on the Effect of Knowledge Management and Strategic Leadership on ...IOSR Journals
Organizational dynamic capability and entrepreneurship strategy are two aspects that have contribution in affecting organizational performances particularly by means of knowledge management and strategic leadership. There is a need to identify this presumption, thus current research in this paper were employed in the General Public Hospitals in Makassar in the Provinces of South Sulawesi (Indonesia). Previous research has uncovered important factors of organizational performance such as knowledge management, strategic leadership, dynamic capability, entrepreneurship strategy. Nonetheless they require further conceptual depth and empirical assessment as it remains unclear how these factors holistically affects critical performances in organizational performances. In this paper, we developed the structural model including the introduction of knowledge management and strategic leadership and the more established relationship between dynamic capability and strategic entrepreneurship with organizational performances as a means to understand their interrelatedness and feasibility on improving the body of knowledge in current literature
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
Investigating and Classifying the Applications of Flexible Manufacturing Syst...IOSR Journals
The recent manufacturing environment is characterized as having diverse products due to mass
customization, short production lead-time, and unstable customer demand. Today, the need for flexibility, quick
responsiveness, and robustness to system uncertainties in production scheduling decisions has increased
significantly. In traditional job shops, tooling is usually assumed as a fixed resource. However, when tooling
resource is shared among different machines, a greater product variety, routing flexibility with a smaller tool
inventory can be realized. Such a strategy is usually enabled by an automatic tool changing mechanism and tool
delivery system to reduce the time for tooling setup, hence allows parts to be processed in small batches. In this
research, a dynamic scheduling problem under flexible tooling resource constraints is studied. An integrated
approach is proposed to allow two levels of hierarchical, dynamic decision making for job scheduling and tool
flow control in Automated Manufacturing Systems. It decomposes the overall problem into a series of static subproblems
for each scheduling window, handles random disruptions by updating job ready time, completion
time, and machine status on a rolling horizon basis, and considers the machine availability explicitly in
generating schedules. Two types of manufacturing system models are used in simulation studies to test the
effectiveness of the proposed dynamic scheduling approach. First, hypothetical models are generated using
some generic shop flow structures (e.g. flexible flow shops, job shops, and single-stage systems) and
configurations(Insup,Um.,et al.,2009).They are tested to provide the empirical evidence about how well the
proposed approach performs for the general automated manufacturing systems where parts have alternative
routings. Second, a model based on a real industrial flexible manufacturing system was used to test the
effectiveness of the proposed approach when machine types, part routing, tooling, and other production
parameters closely mimic to the real flexible manufacturing operations.
A Digital Pen with a Trajectory Recognition AlgorithmIOSR Journals
Abstract : Now a days, the development of miniaturization technologies in electronic circuits and components has seriously decreased the dimension and weight of consumer electronic products, those are smart phones and handheld computers, and thus prepared them more handy and convenient. This paper contains an accelerometer-based digital pen for handwritten digit and gesture trajectory recognition applications. The digital pen consists of a triaxial accelerometer, a microcontroller, and an Zigbee wireless transmission module for sensing and collecting accelerations of handwriting and gesture trajectories. with this project we can do human computer interaction. Users can utilize this pen to write digits or make hand gestures, and the accelerations of hand motions calculated by the accelerometer are wirelessly transmitted to a computer for online trajectory recognition. So, by varying the position of mems (micro electro mechanical systems) we can capable to show the alphabetical characters in the PC. The acceleration signals calculated from the triaxial accelerometer are transmitted to a computer via the wireless module. Keywords - ARM, Zigbee, Sensors module
The document presents soliton solutions to four nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) using the Rational Sine-Cosine Method. It summarizes the method and then applies it to obtain solutions for:
1) The Boussinesq Equation, resulting in a soliton solution involving parameters α, β, γ, μ, and c.
2) The Gardner Equation, obtaining a soliton solution involving parameters α, β, γ, μ, and c.
3) The Generalized Boussinesq-Burgers Equations, though no explicit solution is shown.
4) The Mikhailov-Shabat system of equations, though again no solution is displayed.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) . Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and SNR
Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On ZigbeeIOSR Journals
This document describes a voice recognition wireless home automation system based on Zigbee. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a HM2007 speech recognition chip and Zigbee modules to allow voice control of home appliances from a base station. The base station takes voice commands, which are processed by the HM2007 chip and sent via Zigbee to a remote station. The remote station then controls connected devices like lights, fans, and sensors based on the commands. The system is designed for elderly and disabled users to easily operate home automation and appliances with voice.
Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Sand with Crushed Granite Fine (CGF) In the M...IOSR Journals
The economic gain of replacing sand with Crushed Granite Fines in the production of concrete was investigated. Compressive strength and slump tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete using two nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 with the sand component being partially replaced with Crushed Granite Fines. Compressive strength values above 30 N/mm² and 35 N/mm² were obtained for nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 respectively when sand was partially replaced with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines. Based on the economic analysis of the test results, replacement of sand with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines is recommended for use in concrete production.
Biomimetic Materials in Our World: A Review.IOSR Journals
The study of biomineralization offers valuable and incredible insights into the scope and nature of material chemistry at the inorganic and organic surfaces. Biological systems (architecture) are replete with examples of organic supramolecular assemblies (double and triplet helices, multisubunit proteins, membrane-bound reaction centres, vesicle, tubules e. t. c.), some of which (collagen, cellulose and chitin) extend to microscopic dimensions in the form of hierarchical structure, There are ample opportunities of lessons from the biological (on growth and functional adaptation), and physical (properties and compositions) world. This review explores the field of biomimetic material chemistry as it relates to fibres with respect to their historical perspective, the use of the products of biomimetic material, the progressive efforts and a general overview. Conclusively, biomimetic materials research is indeed a rapidly growing and enormously promising field that needs to be explored.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Synthesis and Characterization O-, M- and Para-Toluyl Thiourea Substituted Pa...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Six new derivatives of carbonyl thiourea comprises of o-,m- and p-toluyl at one end of Nitrogen atom and p-methylpyridine or ethyl pyridine at another one end of Nitrogen atom has been synthesized. The compounds are, 2-methyl-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (I), 3-methyl-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (II) and 4-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (III) for Toluyl-MP while 2-methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (IV), 3- methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (V) and 4- methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (VI) for isomer Toluidal-AEP have been successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis). All products shown stretching modes of ν(N-H), ν(C=O), ν(C-N), and ν(C=S) around 3276 cm-1, 1671 cm-1, 1315cm-1 and 1148 cm-1 respectively. All products shown two maximum absorption around 262 nm and 290 nm respectively for carbonyl C=O and thione C=S chromophore. Those both values contributed by n -п* transition. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum showed presence of aromatic, methyl, methine and amide protons except for product III. All products showed presence of carbon thione in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance except for product III. Ionophor interpretation with acetate anion shows color changes by naked eye for compound (I) and (III).
Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Ad...IOSR Journals
High concentration of heavy metals in the environment can be detrimental to a variety of living species. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of baobab (Adsononsia digitata) fruit shells in the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of varying adsorption parameters on the removal of aqueous lead and copper ions. The adsorption of Pb(II) was found to be maximum at pH 5.5 using adsorbent dose of 0.7 g. The adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be optimum at pH 6 using adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g. The adsorption data conformed to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. However the Temkin isotherm showed the best fitting model with highest R2 values for both lead and copper (0.9977 and 0.9967) respectively. Baobab fruit shells can be used as a cost effective adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the treatment of industrial effluent.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator
The document discusses a study that analyzed the effect of education level on job satisfaction and teacher performance in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It surveyed 115 teachers. The study found that education level had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction and teacher performance. It also found that job satisfaction had a significant positive effect on teacher performance. Finally, the study determined that education level had a significant positive effect on teacher performance through increased job satisfaction. The study utilized a quantitative descriptive approach to analyze the relationships between the variables.
SEKOLAH PERJUMPAAN IMPLEMENTATION AS A MODEL OF STRENGTHENING CHARACTER BUILD...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to describe the implementation of SekolahPerjumpaan (SP) at SMAN 1
Gunungsari in improving the quality of institutional governance, analyze the advantages of SekolahPerjumpaan
as a model of strengthening character education in the learning process at SMAN 1 Gunungsari and analyze the
weaknesses of implementing SekolahPerjumpaan as a model of strengthening character education in building
relationships. collegiality) internal and external institutions at SMAN 1 Gunungsari. This study uses a
qualitative approach. Data were obtained by interview, observation, and documentation study. The results of his
research showed that implementing the ASekolahPerjumpaan at Gunungsari 1 Public High School improved the
ethics of everyone in the SekolahPerjumpaan at Gunungsari 1 Public High School. Implementing the
SekolahPerjumpaan at SMAN 1 Gunungsari in the learning process is designed to be flexible in determining the
types of activities that will become SekolahPerjumpaan activities and the time or duration required for its
implementation. So it does not interfere with the system that has been formed and running. While the weakness
of implementing the SekolahPerjumpaan is that not all school members are fully involved in this parentingbased SP program, so parents do not know about the SP program, especially what is being learned.
Misconceptions about SP to the unpreparedness of some school members in terms of setting aside their free time
to attend encounters up to habits with things that are already comfortable with previous conditions.
KEYWORDS: Education, School,Sekolah Perjumpaan, Character Building
This study aims to determine the role of the school environment on moral and cultural literacy of elementary school students. This is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews, questionnaire, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. Data validity using triangulation. Triangulation is to ensure the data validity that takes into consideration aspects of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The subjects are 3 teachers and 27 students of 4th, 5th and 6th grade in Muhammadiyah School of Sleman Regency. The results of this study are (1) teachers-students’ relationships have role to foster the character of honesty, fairness, caring, and teachers as role model for students; (2) students-students’ relationships also have role to habituate good behavior to students; (3) school discipline contributes to the students’ moral and cultural formation such as self-awareness, honesty, justice, responsibility, obedience to the rules, good commitment and unfazed by the changing era; (4) these learning implements have role in self-awareness, responsibility and care, because the teaching implements provided by the teachers becomes the students’ responsibility.
Determining the role of greatness plan on learning the manners and skills of ...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that aimed to determine the role of Iran's greatness plan in teaching life skills and manners of Islamic life to elementary school students.
- The study surveyed teachers and principals, and found that the greatness plan was generally effective in teaching skills like relationship with God, relationships, decision making, and self-esteem, but less so for emotion management.
- The document provides background on the importance of teaching life skills to help students adapt socially and spiritually in accordance with Islamic values.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Principal as Education Leader (Case Study at YPK Ransiki Junior High School)Paulus Robert Tuerah
This document summarizes a study that examined the principal's leadership at YPK Ransiki Junior High School. It described the school context and outlined the research questions. The study used a qualitative case study approach involving interviews with the principal, vice principals, teachers, and committee members. Key findings were that the principal strived to develop teachers through training opportunities, acted neutrally to address issues, collaborated well within the school and community, and motivated teachers to continue improving.
The Effect of Class Management to the Teacher Performance at Muhammadiyah Jun...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore: (1) the performance of teachers at Junior High School (SMP) Muhammadiyah in Medan; and (2) whether the class management influence on the performance of Muhammadiyah Junior High School teachers in Medan. Teacher is one important factor in the organization of teaching in schools. The performance of teachers in the school will be easier achieved if teachers can apply the function of class management properly. With the Class Management, the teacher is easy to see and observe any progress / development achieved by students, especially students who are classified as slow as well as facilitating the important issues raised for discussion in the classroom for the improvement of teaching in the future. Subjects were Muhammadiyah Junior High School teacher in the city of Medan with a total sample of 171 people. Sampling was done by proportional random sampling. The research method is the path analysis aimed at obtaining the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits to the schools in order to improve the factors that can affect school performance. As an input for the interested parties, especially the Branch Manager and education affair of Muhammadiyah and generally the Educational Office of Medan, in order to improve the quality of schools
This document summarizes research on the development of educational management and cultural integration in pesantren-based schools in Indonesia. The researchers explored how pesantren culture is integrated into the management and teaching-learning processes at several pesantren-based junior high schools in Indonesia. The findings showed that pesantren culture is integrated innovatively into every aspect of management to develop students' religious and academic knowledge as well as their character. The management of these schools is also in line with Indonesia's national education standards.
This study examined the work motivation levels of primary school teachers in Istanbul, Turkey. A survey was administered to 343 primary school teachers across 14 schools. The results found that the average work motivation score was 41.84 out of 90, indicating a generally low level of motivation. Work motivation did not vary by gender, age, or marital status. The study aimed to understand factors that influence teacher motivation in order to improve education quality and student success.
This research was aimed at describing how is the model of educational character in High School Al-Istiqamah Simpang Empat, West Pasaman, West Sumatera and what strategy that was used by High School Al-Istiqamah to keep the quality outputs which have character, then this research became a model in organizing educational character related to the sustainable development and capacity human building. To get the aim of the research, the researcher used qualitative ethnography methodology. This study carried out on the condition of natural and cultural nature, it is more descriptive, it emphasis on the process rather than the product or outcome, data analysis conducted inductively, and further emphasize the significance (data behind the observed). The techniques of collecting data consisted of interviewing, observation, documentation, and triangulation. The model of educational character was (1) religious; (2) moderate; (3) smart; and (4) independent. The Strategy which was done to keep the output was forming the school’s culture such behavior, tradition, daily life, and symbols which were applied by all members of school and society around school.
This research was aimed at describing how is the model of educational character in High School Al-Istiqamah Simpang Empat, West Pasaman, West Sumatera and what strategy that was used by High School Al-Istiqamah to keep the quality outputs which have character, then this research became a model in organizing educational character related to the sustainable development and capacity human building. To get the aim of the research, the researcher used qualitative ethnography methodology. This study carried out on the condition of natural and cultural nature, it is more descriptive, it emphasis on the process rather than the product or outcome, data analysis conducted inductively, and further emphasize the significance (data behind the observed). The techniques of collecting data consisted of interviewing, observation, documentation, and triangulation. The model of educational character was (1) religious; (2) moderate; (3) smart; and (4) independent. The Strategy which was done to keep the output was forming the school’s culture such behavior, tradition, daily life, and symbols which were applied by all members of school and society around school.
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THE CARRY-OVER VALUES OF STUDENT ACTIVITIES ON THE FORMATION OF LEADERSHIP T...RayRudolfPastrana1
his study was based on the results of in-person qualitative interviews with
twenty five (25) teachers/club advisers, twenty five (25) student leaders, and ten
(10) alumni of five (5) schools, both private and public, in the Municipality of San
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spirit in the content of character education. In formal schools with the status
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
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1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 33-41
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary
Schoolson Emotional Intelligence: Forward Bass &Avolio Theory.
Sentot Imam Wahjono1
, A. Dzo’ulMilal2
, Anna Marina3
, Sumadji Harryono4
1
(Department of Technopreneurship, UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia)
2
(Department of Education, State Institute for Islamic Studies, SunanAmpel, Indonesia)
3
(Department of Accounting, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Indonesia)
4
(Department of Management, Merdeka University of Surabaya, Indonesia)
Abstract: The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership
behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and
employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on
this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that
Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The
significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust
(negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah,
considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers.
Keywords: Authentic Transformational Leadership, Emotional Intelligence, Muhammadiyah Primary School,
Trust, Value Congruence.
I. Introduction
As a big religious and social organization, Muhammadiyah decided education as one of its service to
the society and nation. Based on this reason, it makes sense that Muhammadiyah has thousands of schools from
kindergarten to university level. The schools are spread out across the nation, from the metropolitan city like
Jakarta to villages in Indonesia. It can be said that there are Muhammadiyah schools in every district of
Indonesia and especially in Java, Sumatra and some other places Muhammadiyah schools can be found in as far
as sub-districts and small villages. Therefore, Muhammadiyah schools has given a significant contribution to the
national education. The Muhammadiyah schools quality will significantly influence the development of
education in Indonesia (Samani, 2011, [1]).
The role played by Muhammadiyah in education improvement is indispensable in the context of the
development of intellectual life of the nation. This is indicated by the number of Muhammadiyah schools spread
throughout Indonesia. Until 2005, the number of Muhammadiyah schools is 13.803 consisting of 9.281
elementary schools and their equivalents, 3.426 junior secondary schools and their equivalents, 929 higher
secondary schools and their equivalents, and 167 universities (Suyanto, 2006: 5, [2]). Some of them have
become superior schools and many of them are making hard endeavor and competing to develop into superior
schools.
The competition to become superior schools is motivated by the shift of educational orientation among
Muhammadiyah schools. Making educational efforts which used to be aimed at freeing people from ignorance
has shifted to the intention of empowering them to improve the quality of their faith and welfare quality. The
shift of orientation is supported by the passing of Act number 20 year 2003 in National Education System.
The superiority of schools does not refer to superior input, superior process, nor superior output, but it
lies on the superior process which requires maximal compliance with anything related to the teaching and
learning process (Yusuf, 2004: 4 [3]). Therefore, competent human resources are required to be able to realize
superior teaching and learning process.
The vision of National Education is oriented to the existence of Competitive and Intelligent Indonesian
People as the vision of 2025 (Sudibyo, 2006: 2 [4]). The term Competitive and Intelligent people refers to those
who are intelligent Spiritually, Emotionally and Socially, Intellectually, and Kinesthetically. The Principals as
the agents who are in charge of forming competitive and intelligent human resources are required to be able to
practice spiritual, kinesthetic, social, intellectual, and emotional intelligence.
2. Transformational Leadership At Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intelligence:
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
The statements above imply the importance of highly qualified human resources in education who are
capable of influencing teaching and learning process at schools in order to form competitive and intelligent
people. Hence, the role of the Principals in managing human resources at schools is very significant. Is there any
relationship between the success of leadership and morality or religion?
This study is intended to uncover the relationship between Authentic Transformational Leadership
(ATL) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) with two intervening variables, namely Value Congruenceand Trust of
the leaders at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools.
Leadership at religion-based educational institutions, such as those in Muhammadiyah, is an interesting
phenomenon to observe. The curricula prescribed for Muhammadiyah schools contain more Islamic religion
lessons than those for state-owned schools. The lessons included in local content curriculum of Muhammadiyah
schools are Aqidah (Faith), Arabic Language, Ibadah(Religious Service), Al-Qur’an and Its Interpretation,
Morality and About Muhammadiyah. Those lessons contain a lot of moral values, especially Islamic values. In
addition to that, moral values are also inculcated through general subjects (such as Science, Mathematics,
Indonesian Language, English, Javanese, Citizenship and Social Science, etc.). Those religious values are the
foundation of Emotional Intelligence (Agustian, 2005, [5]).
The role of Muhammadiyah Education is currently being tested. This is marked by the increasing
enthusiasm of the public to send their children to religion-based schools. Thus, the perception of religion-based
schools as being number two educational institutions has begun to be eliminated. In some cities, the students at
Muhammadiyah schools outnumber those at public schools. (For example, Muhammadiyah Elementary School
4 has 7 parallel classes, Muhammadiyah Junior Secondary School 5 has 7 parallel classes, Muhammadiyah
Senior Secondary School 2 has 10 parallel classes. The data are taken from the Section of Elementary and
Secondary Education, Muhammadiyah Administration for SurabayaMunicipality, for 2005/2006 academic
year).
This implies that the public trust to Muhammadiyah schools is relatively high. This is a challenge for
Muhammadiyah schools to show their readiness and ability to respond to that public trust consistently. The
emergence of religion-based schools has become a new trend in transitional society. The parents’ main
expectation in sending their children to religion schools is to fortify the children from deviational behaviors,
such as drug abuse, free sex, and other abnormal behaviors.
The inculcation of moral values in religion schools is also to prepare the children to face more complex
life problems. They are educated not only to improve their intellectuality but also to exercise their morality.
Various moral values in Al-Qur’an and Hadits (Prophet’s Sayings and Tradition) are presented to the
children as mental education. Moral values (Noble Characters) have become embryonic point of intelligence,
which has now become the central interest of studies to reveal the key factor to a success of leaders, namely
Emotional Intelligence (Agustian, 2005: 200). Goleman et al. (2002, [6]), furthermore, found out that emotional
intelligence is a key success factor for a child in successful life.
Leaders in public organization, such as those at Muhammadiyah schools (in this case the principals),
are now being tested to realize the objective of the organization. Students are educated not only to improve their
intellectuality but also to be intelligent emotionally. Teachers and employees also play their roles in influencing
and directing the children because they are in direct contact with the students. The emotional sensitivity and
intelligence of teachers and employees are expected to induce to students’ hearts. Hence, students are expected
to imitate or duplicate them to form high standard of students’ behavior. The emotional sensitivity and
intelligence of teachers and employees result from the emotional intelligence of authentic transformational
leadership through open loop of limbic system (Goleman et al. 2002, [6]).
Leaders play a very significant and strategic role in any organizations. According to Goleman et al.
(2002: 9), leaders have maximal power to influence other people’s emotion. When the people’s emotion is
directed towards enthusiasm, their performance will increase. When their emotion is dragged towards hatred and
anxiety, on the other hand, their performance will decrease. It implies that when the leader stimulates positive
emotion, he will be able to drag out the best side of all people (Boyatzis&Saatcioglu, 2008, [7]).
Principals have a very strategic role to satisfy the expectation of parents’ and society in general,
including the achievement of the school objectives. One way to develop the organization is through leadership
development. The effectiveness of the principal’s leadership determines the success of the school. Therefore, it
is important to study the effect of authentic transformational leadership on the emotional intelligence of the
teachers and employees at Muhammadiyah schools in Surabaya.
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II. Authentic Transformational Leadership (ATL), Value Congruence, Trust Implied in
Emotional Intelligent (EI)
The following analysis will focus on the Transformational Leadership model described by Bass and
Avolio (1990, [8]) and adapted by Northouse (2004, [9]).These dimensions define the TL behaviors and are
characterized as follows (Table 1; Table2)
Table 1Dimensions of Transformational Leaders (Bass &Avolio, 1990)
Idealized Influence
(II)
Making others feel good, making others proud, earning faithfrom the
subordinate
Inspirational
Motivation (IM)
Leader communicates his/her goals, the manipulation of images, helping
others find meaning in their work
Intellectual
Stimulation (IS)
Leader’s ability to make others think about new ways to perform work,
new ways to look at work, ways to be creative in their own problem-
solving methods
Individual
Consideration (IC)
Individuals develop themselves, leader feedback to subordinates, time
taken by the leader to bring workers into the team or group
Northouse (2004, [9]) noted that the strengths of the TL model are that it allows for various
perspectives, it is intuitive, and it is process-based (Table 2). Another strength is that the process seems intuitive
to the leader because of the focus on the member needs.
Table 2Strengths and Weaknesses of Transformational Leadership (Northouse, 2004)
Strengths Weaknesses
Various-perspective Validity not fully tested
Intuitive State or trait
Process-based Elitist
Augmented other model Very “I” and “me” based
Members’ needs Different contexts
Effective More study needed
Idealized influence of the leaders refers to dreaming, being certain, and forming high standard of
equalizing effort. Inspirational motivation will be taken by the followers to face the challenge in achieving the
goal. Intellectual stimulation of transformational leadership helps the followers to respond to the assumption and
to find more creative solution to the problems. Individualized consideration means to treat each subordinate
individually, to escort, to monitor, and to create chances. Authentic transformational leadership is marked by
high moral and ethical standards of each component above.
Bass (in Bass and Steidmeier, 1998, [10]) characterizes the leaders who implement “Authentic
Transformational Leadership” as follows:Leaders are authentically transformational when they increase
awareness of what is right, good, important, and beautiful, when they help to elevate followers’ needs for
achievement and self-actualization, when they foster in followers higher moral maturity, and when they move
followers to go beyond their self-interests for the good of their group, organization or society.
The literatures concerning authentic transformational leadership are related to the literatures that have
been existent long time ago about moral and virtuous characters, as shown by Socrates and Confucius. These
moral teachings are the foundation of emotional intelligence (Agustian, 2005: 50). Siswanto (2005, [11]) found
out that transformational leadership at Islamic schools of modern pesantren have high values in the above four
components. Kezar (2004, [12]) and Hsu et. al. (2005, [13]) also uncovers similar findings at religious
institutions in Taiwan. This goes in line with Bass’ (1985, [14]) opinion that authentic transformational
leadership is marked by high values of the above four components.
Emotional intelligence is broadly defined as the ability to monitor feelings and self emotion and other’s
emotion to distinguish one from the other, and use such information top direct others’ thought and behavior
(Salovey& Mayer, 1990, [15]). This definition emphasizes on some but related differences. Emotional
intelligence can be conceptualized as individual awareness of self emotion and ability to express such emotions,
to individual perceptions and awareness of such emotions to be expressed to others, to manage self and others’
emotions, and to use those emotions. Goleman (1998, [16]) cites that the balance and management of our
emotion determine the level of our intelligence to act and the success of our life. Goleman (1995, [17]) suggests
a broad model of emotional intelligence. He states that the majority of human abilities which are included in
emotional intelligence are: frustration, tolerance, delayed happiness, motivation, full of spirit, perseverance,
controlling heart behavior, managing heart feelings, empathy, adjustability, expectation, and optimism. There
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are seven components in the variable of emotional intelligence (Yong, 2003, [18]). Those seven components are
measured by “The Yong EQ Inventory”, that is a self-report questionnaire consisting of 28 items measuring the
7 dimensions of emotional intelligence. Those seven dimensions are selected based on the literary study of the
concept of EQ Inventory, such as Bar-on and Parker (2000, [19]), Salovey& Mayer (1990, [15]).
Those seven dimensions include: Intrapersonal skills, namely ability to recognize self emotion and to
create accurate and realistic self model, and the ability to effectively realize the model in life. Interpersonal
skills include ability to understand others, their motivation, how they work, and how to cooperate with them.
Assertive estimates individual ability to express wants, opinions, feelings, and conviction directly,
honestly, and ordinarily. Contentment in life refers to working with individual contentment and happiness in
life. Resilience indicates individual ability to recover from disappointment, learn from failure, progress
continuously, and persistent in facing grief (bad lucks). Self-esteem shows the feeling of pride, self-confidence,
and self-respect.Someone with high self-esteem will think high of himself. Self-actualization measures
individual potential achievement, a level where an individual believes that he has realized his potentials.
This study tests 5 hypotheses of the effect of Authentic Transformational Leadership(ATL) on
Emotional Intelligence (EI) with intervening variables: Value Congruenceand Trust. Those two variables are
regarded intervening variables based on Meglino et al. (1989, [20]), Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996, [21]),
Podsakoff et al. (1990, [22]), and Bass’(1985, [14]) original model. Shamir et. al. (1993, [23]) states that trust
and value congruence have positive role on leadership process. Max Weber, on the other hand, claims the
importance of reverence in leadership process especially in charismatic/authentic transformational leadership.
2.1 The Effect of ATL on Value
Value is a basic beliefthat a certain behavioral mode or the end-state of a specific existence is
individually or socially more preferable than another behavioral mode or an end-state (Robbins, 2005, [24]).
Value contains an element of balance in the sense that it carries individual ideas about what is true, good, or
wanted.
Value has attributes of content and intensity. Content attribute refers to the importance of behavioral
mode or an end-state of existence. Intensity attribute specifies the level of its importance. If we rank individual
values according to their intensity, we will know the values of the person.
Value generally influences attitude and behavior. The topics of values shared by workers and
supervisors in a certain organizational culture have been carried out by some researchers. It is said that there is a
positive relationship between the level of value congruence and performance of some levels in
organization.Avolio and Gardner (2005, [25]) state transformational leadership is appropriate to form congruent
values among members of organization.
Subordinates will voluntarily adjust themselves to the values practiced by their leaders because the
leaders are willing to understand and try to get close with the subordinates. Barling and Kelloway (2000, [26]),
on the other hand, state that the value congruence between subordinates and leaders can be intermediary
between ATL and EI if there is no effect of ATL on EI or if the effect is negative. Barling and Kelloway (2000,
[26]) say that the intermediating ability of value congruence is due to the fact that ATL has significant effect on
value congruence of the subordinates.
2.2 The Effect of ATL on Trust
The trust to the leaders means positive expectation that a leader will not behave opportunistically
(Robbins, 2005, [24]). Trust is historical-dependenceprocess based on relevant but limited samples of
experiences. The term opportunistically refers to inherent risk and susceptibility in every trust relationship. Trust
covers things that make someone susceptible, such as that when we reveal intimate relationship or dependent on
other promises. Because of this attribute, trust gives a chance to disappointment or brings benefits. However,
trust does not contain risk from oneself, but it entails willingness to take a risk. Subordinates’ trust to the leader
is one important variable which may become intervening variable of the effectiveness of transformational
leadership (Podsakoff et. al. 1990, [22]; Yukl, 2010, [26]). The level of subordinates’ trust to the
transformational leader enables him and his followers to perpetually make efforts and face challenges.
Bass &Avolio (1990, [8]) state that the leader who has transformational leader characteristics, such as
showing appreciation to subordinates, being able to understand them, to estimate their ability, to give example
of how to lead life, to recover from disappointment, to learn from failure, to undergo perpetual progress, to be
persistent in facing grieves (misfortunes), and to arouse reverence of the subordinates.
2.3 The Effect of ATL on EI
Barling, Slater, and Kelloway (2000, [26]) find out that the leader who has high emotional intelligence
will prefer to choose transformational leadership style. Yong (2003) states “managers and leaders, need to have
high emotional intelligence because they represent organization to the public, interact with many people inside
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and outside the organization, and create employees’ morality”. According to Goleman (2002, [27]) emotional
intelligence is a requirement for successful leaders, because:
First, the leader knows and can manage hisown emotion. The leader controls himself, delays
satisfaction, and becomes a model for his followers. Thus, it increases trust and reverence (idealized influence).
Second, emphasizing on understanding others’ emotion, the leaders with high emotional intelligence
will be able to increase the expectation of the followers, a sign of inspirational motivation. Third,the main
component of individualized consideration is the ability to recognize the followers’ needs and interact with them
harmoniously. Emphasizing of the empathy and ability to manage positive relationship, the leaders with high
emotional intelligence will show individualized consideration.
Other researchers who relate emotional intelligence and leadership, among others, are: Bass (1985,
[14]), Barlinget. al. (2000, [26]), and Krisnan (2005, [28]).Goleman (1995, [17]) claims that emotional
intelligence is a key success factor for a leader as well as for an individual in life. According to Goleman,
Boyatzis, and McKee (2002, [7]) great leader arouses spirit andinspires his followers through their work by
involving emotion. Agustian (2001, [5]) in his preface says that his experience in implementing transformational
leadership style improves the emotional intelligence of his followers. They feel brightened after Morning
Briefing given for about 30 minutes to start the working days. The materials in the Morning Briefing are not
technical matters about what and how to work to increase their performance but they are dealing with
commitment, integrity, open mind, vision, the meaning of hard work, endurance, and creativity. Although the
materials are not technical works to improve performance, the result is the improvement of performance. This
implies that transformational leadership influences the improvement of emotional intelligence and finally
increases performance.
2.4 The Effect of Value Congruence on EI
Bass (in Bass and Steidmeier, 1998, [10]) claims that the congruence of values between the leader and
the subordinates concerning truth-falsehood, goodness-badness, and beauty increases the emotional intelligence
of the subordinates indicated by a higher level of moral maturity. Value congruence can be mediate the
relationship between Transformational Leadership and Emotional Intelligence (Siswanto, 2005, [11];
Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1996, [21]). Allen et. al. (2005, [29]) suggests that the value congruence between the
followers and organizational culture has positive relationship with the level of commitment of the followers.
Meglinoet. al. (1989, [20]) explains positive influence of value congruence and individual outcome.
They suggest that individuals with congruent values attempt to distribute various certain aspects and the
congruence will help smoothen communication. When the values of the followers is congruent with that of the
transformational leaders, they are expected to change their motivation from focusing on individual benefit to
collective benefit.
2.5 The Effect of Trust on EI
Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996, [21]) state that transformational leaders can exert the trust of the
followers to improve their emotional intelligence by taking care of subordinates’ needs, fulfilling promises,
showing competence and perseverance to achieve the vision, and willing to sacrifice for the sake of organization
and group.Avolio and Gardner (2005, [25]) present an idea, to improve the trust of the followers is done by
frequently empowering and giving spirit to the subordinates to make decision by themselves.Being a role model
and showing appreciation to the subordinates, transformational leaders will be more reverenced, respected, and
trusted along the time (Bass &Avolio, 1990, [8]).
III. Method
There are three kinds of variables in this study: independent variable, intervening variables, and
dependent variable. The independent variable is Authentic Transformational Leadership (ATL). The intervening
variables intermediating between ATL and Emotional Intelligence (EI) are: Value Congruence andTrustof the
leaders. The dependent variable is Emotional Intelligence (EI) of the subordinates.
The data were primary data collected by the researchers using questionnaires distributed to the
respondents. The population was teachers and employees of MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools in Surabaya. Their
number is 459 persons consisting of foundation-owned teachers/employees, hired teachers, and state-owned
teachers. Purposive random sampling was used, that is a sampling technique by taking special consideration.
The samples were teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools under the management
of the Muhammadiyah Administration of Surabaya, consisting of 6PrimarySchools of Muhammadiyah: SDM
(SekolahDasarMuhammadiyah) 4 Pucang, SDM 6 Gadung, SDM 12 Dupak Jaya, SDM 15 KedurusWiyung,
SDM 16 Barata Jaya, SDM 26 Keputih.
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The number of samples was determined using a sampling table developed by Krejcie and Morgan.
With 5% degree of freedom and 459populations of teachers and employees, the number of sample taken was
210 persons.
Based on the research problems and hypotheses, the variables were classified as follows:
1. Independent Variable:
Authentic Transformational Leadership (X1) is broken down into four components:
Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration.
2. Dependent Variable:
The dependent variable in this study is:
Y = Emotional Intelligence
3. Intervening Variables:
The variables intermediating between independent and dependent variables consist of:
X2 = Value Congruence
X3 = Trust
To measure ATL, a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass &Avolio (1990,
[8]) was used. To measure the intervening variables (Value Congruence, Trust, and Reverence), moreover, a
measuring instrument was developed by the researchers, and so was that to measure EI. Therefore, the validity
and reliability of each of the instruments were tested. The items were in the forms of cross checks and responses
to each of the questions measured using Likert Scale: number 1 = very disagreeable, 2 = disagreeable, 3 =
indeterminate, 4 = agreeable, and 5 = very agreeable. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Product
and Service Solution) for Windows Release 17.0.
To test the hypotheses, Path Analysis was used. That is intended to uncover direct and indirect effect of
ATL variable on contention with the leaders and EI with intervening variables: value congruence between
principals and teachers/employeesand trust to the leaders. To obtain consistent result of Path Analysis, checking
assumption and implementing theory of trimming were done. To interpret the analysis results, calculating the
total effect of each variable which has causal effect on endogen variable (Tolmie, Daniel & Erica,2011, [30])
was conducted.
IV. Finding And Discussion
To test the validity of items, the questionnaires were distributed to 30 respondents. The result of testing
validity on ATL variable indicated that 10 items were not valid, namely Q52, Q57, Q70, Q73, Q75, Q77, Q79,
Q80, Q84, and Q 86. The other 27 items were valid. The above 10 non-valid items were revised. There were 6
items which were valid with 5% degree of significance, namely Q56, Q64, Q65, Q67, Q69 and Q71. The other
21 items were valid with 1% degree of significance.
The result of testing validity of instrument to measure Trust of teachers and employees indicated that
all items were valid with 1% degree of significance. And, so are those to measure Value Congruence and
Reverence of teachers and employees. The instrument to measure EI contained 19 items. The test of validity
showed that 3 items were not valid, thus revised, i.e. Q37, Q39, and Q43. Four items were valid with 5% degree
of significance, i.e. Q32, Q35, Q 36, and Q40. The rest were valid with 1% degree of significance.
The reliability test indicated that the instruments were reliable. The reliability of instrument to measure
ATL variable was high, shown in table 3.
Table 3 The Results of Reliability Test of Research Variables
Variables
Alpha
Coefficient
Decision
Independent
Variable
ATL 0.9211 Good reliability
Intervening
Variables
Trust of Subordinates to
Leaders
0.7417
Acceptable
reliability
Value Congruence between
Leaders and Subordinates
0.8298 Good reliability
Dependent Variable EI 0.8630 Good reliability
Source: Data analyzed in enclosed tests of reliability and validity.
4.1 Interpretation the Finding
Hypothesis 1 stating that ATL affects Value Congruence of teachers and employees is accepted. Fig. 1
shows the effect of ATL on Value congruence is 0.717 (t-test = 13.753/sig. = 0.000). This is consistent with
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Avolio and Gardner’s (2005, [25]) idea that transformational leaders are suitable to form value congruence of
the members of organization. Subordinates try to voluntarily adjust themselves to the values practiced by the
leaders because the leaders are willing to understand and to be close to them. Barling&Kelloway (2000, [26]),
on the other hand, say that ATL has significant effect on subordinates’ values congruence.
Hypothesis 2 stating that ATL affects Trust of the teachers and employees to the Principal is accepted.
Fig. 1 describes that the effect of ATL on Trust is 0.548 (T-test = 7.228/sig. = 0.000). This goes in line with
Podsakoff’et. al. (1990, [22]) view, there is a strong influence of transformational on trust. Subordinates will
trust the leaders who comply with transformational leaders’ characteristics, such as escorting when they get
problems, inspiring, and helping them find creative solution. Yukl (2002, [26]) also finds that transformational
leadership affects the trust of subordinates to the leaders.
Hypothesis 3 saying that ATL affects EI of teachers and employees directly is accepted. The three
independent variables simultaneously affect EI with the score 0.587 because F-test = 65.983/sig.= 0.000
(p<5%). Partially, ATL affects EI with the score 0.578 is valid because t-test = 6.451 (p=0,000/p<5%). This is
consistent with Barling’s idea. Barling&Kelloway (2000, [26]) also Bass and Steidmeier (1998, [10]) found out
that the leaders with high EI prefer to choose transformational leadership style. Yong (2003, [18]) states that
managers and leaders, specially need to have high EI because they represent organization to the public, they
interact with many people inside and outside the organization, and they form employees’ morality. This result,
however, does notagree with Siswanto’s (2005, [11]) finding that there is no direct effect of ATL on EI.
Goleman (1998, [16]) says that EI is a pre-requisite for successful leaders, meaning that if ATL does not have
direct effect on EI, intermediating variables which have positive effect on EI should be uncovered.
*p < 0.01; **p0.01-0.05 0.05; ***p >0.05
Figure 1 Path Analysis of the Effect of ATL on EI
Hypothesis 4 claiming that Value Congruence affects EI of teachers and employees is accepted. The
score of 0.579 is valid, because t-test = 3.017 (p=0.000/p<5%). This agrees with Meglino’set. al. (1989, [20])
opinion stating that there is a positive effect of value congruence on individual outcome. Allen et. al (2005, [29])
also say that value congruence between followers and organizational culture has positive relationship with the
commitment level of the followers.
Hypothesis 5 saying that Trust to leaders influences EI of teachers and employees is rejected. The score
of -0.375 is valid, because t-test = -2.188 with significance of 0.054 (p>5%). This is different from Kirkpatrick
& Locke (1996, [21]) who found out that there is a positive effect of trust on EI. This result also diverges from
Avolio& Gardner (2005, [25]) who claim that to improve trust of the followers is done by frequently
empowering and giving spirit to the subordinates to make decision by themselves and to increase their EI.Those
results can be figured as figure 1 above.
4.2 Discussion
The results of this study reveal that among the seven tested hypotheses, five show significant effect,
namely H1, H2, H3, and H4 with high degree of significance (below 1%). The other one (H5), however, having
slightly lower degree of significance (above 5%). The results also show that the five hypotheses (H1, H2, H3,
and H4) are accepted because they have significant effect, whereas the other one (H5) are rejected, because they
have negative effect. The scores of negative effect make the hypotheses rejected which require greater positive
effect.
This implies that ATL has direct effect on EI. This is consistent with Meglinoet al (1989, [20]),
Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996, [21]), Podsakoffet. al. (1990, [22]), Bass’ (1985, [14]) original model, and Shamir
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et. al (1993, [23]). But, it does not agree with Siswanto (2005, [11]) who states that ATL does not have direct
influence on EI of teachers and employees at Madrasah Aliyah(Islamic High Schools) in Jombang, thus it needs
to be mediated by intervening variables.
One of the causes of difference is that the recruitment of Principals in Muhammadiyah schools under
study was more democratic, more transparent, and involved more teachers and employees than that in Madrasah
AliyahJombang. In addition to that, the foundation (in this case The Elementary & Secondary Education
Section) decides and inaugurates only the principals who get the highest scores (and the most votes). The
recruitment process starts from teachers and employees’ submission of candidates. Then, they are tested based
administrative requirements determined by The Elementary & Secondary Education Section.Only those who
comply with the administrative requirements are apt to follow the following process, i.e. fit and proper test. The
result of fit and proper test determines (usually) 3 candidates to be voted by the teachers and employees.
The study also reveals that the effect of ATL on EI is mediated by intervening variables: Value
Congruence and Trust to the leaders. Trust to the leaders variables, however, have negative score in influencing
EI of teachers and employees. This negative effect indicates that the leaders’ behavior to seek trust of the
subordinates turns out to affect negatively on EI. Subordinates’ perception of the leaders’ pursuit of trust is
negative because it is regarded as a sign of the leaders’ lack of self confidence and incapable of showing
individual performance. Hence, teachers and employees consider their principals have been naïve; and this,
consequently, degrades the EI of teachers and employees.
The teachers and employees also see that the principal’s efforts to arouse teachers and employees’
reverence to him, either it is done by himself or through the organization system even degrades their respect and
stimulates their prejudice. Thus, the EI decreases. The teachers and employees prefer that the principal’s
achievements are not showed off. That is because showing off achievements indicatesarrogance, asking for
rewards, and insincerity of the principal. This, consequently, decreases the EI of teachers and employees.
The negative effect brought by intermediating variables of Trust to the leaders of teachers and
employees to the principal in this study does not agree with Podsakoffet. al. (1990, [22]) and Yukl (2010, [26]).
The negativeness of Trust to the leaders may be caused by homogeneity of teachers, employees, and principal.
All of them start from the same ideology, i.e. Muhammadiyah, thus they think they do not need to build a
specific trust of the leaders. The teachers and employees are convinced that the principals working in
Muhammadiyah schools have undergone undoubtedly strict selection system conducted by The Primary
Education Section. Also may caused by the egalitarian condition at the schools under study while set-
upplanning (e.g. a school budgeting), organizing, implementing, and evaluating all school programs are
conducted collectively in accordance with each own role and function. So, the activities and personalities of
teachers and employees are proportionately functional. They all have equal degree, right, and obligation.
V. Conclusion
The advantage of this research is discovery of a direct relationship between ATL with EI it strengthens
the findings of Bass and Steidmeierand just trust that could be intervening.The limitation of this study lies on its
instrumentation. The instruments used were standard instruments, thus opening the possibility of errors in
translation. That affects the perception of teachers and employees. Besides, the analyses of primary schools
were combined despite their different characteristics which might bring about the possibility of different results.
Moreover, all objects of the study were high schools in Surabaya, thus requiring special judgment for
generalization. Possibility to apply for next research is for high school in Muhammadiyah or other religious-
based schools.
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