The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
The dye solution of Methylene blue was adsorbed onto bioadsorbent- sugarcane bagasse. Parameters studied were pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye conc.
The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different processes in dyeing and finishing processes. The low-cost, easily available naturally prepared coagulants like moringa seed powder, maize seed powder, green bean powder and tamarind seed powder as an alternative to recent expensive coagulant methods for reactive dye removal has been investigated in this study. Various process parameters like pH, coagulant dose, flocculation time and also its optimization were exploited. The maximum percentage color removal was found to be 80.26, 78.30, 74.04, 72.68 and 70.53 for moringa, corn, aluminium sulphate, green bean and tamarind, respectively, at pH 9.0, coagulant dose of 30 mgL-1, flocculation time 120 min. The sludge volume index (SVI) was calculated for these parameters including process optimization. Natural coagulants were better coagulant than aluminium sulphate which corresponds to color removal and sludge volume index.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
The dye solution of Methylene blue was adsorbed onto bioadsorbent- sugarcane bagasse. Parameters studied were pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye conc.
The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different processes in dyeing and finishing processes. The low-cost, easily available naturally prepared coagulants like moringa seed powder, maize seed powder, green bean powder and tamarind seed powder as an alternative to recent expensive coagulant methods for reactive dye removal has been investigated in this study. Various process parameters like pH, coagulant dose, flocculation time and also its optimization were exploited. The maximum percentage color removal was found to be 80.26, 78.30, 74.04, 72.68 and 70.53 for moringa, corn, aluminium sulphate, green bean and tamarind, respectively, at pH 9.0, coagulant dose of 30 mgL-1, flocculation time 120 min. The sludge volume index (SVI) was calculated for these parameters including process optimization. Natural coagulants were better coagulant than aluminium sulphate which corresponds to color removal and sludge volume index.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
To reduce the concentration of the dye activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent but due to the high cost of activated charcoal, the purpose of my project was to find an alternative low-cost adsorbent.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
France Strategie - 2017-2017 - TendancesEric LEGER
Une étude prospective mettant en avant quelques pistes pour lesquelles il faudrait agir, repenser leurs modèles : formation et éducation, distribution des revenus, mobilité sociale, discrimination, innovation, capital risque, etc.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
To reduce the concentration of the dye activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent but due to the high cost of activated charcoal, the purpose of my project was to find an alternative low-cost adsorbent.
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Aimed to investigate the potential of untreated jute stick charcoal as an alternative adsorbent for the treatment of dye containing wastewater. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using jute stick charcoal has been investigated. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are carried out by observing the effect of experimental parameters, namely, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial methylene blue concentration. The maximum removal of MB dye was 90.57% at pH 9, contact time 120 min, adsorbent dose 3 g/L and 20 mg/L initial dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption of MB followed Pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich equation fit better than the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm equation at was 29.33 mg/g. To conclude, jute stick charcoal holds promise for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution and can be used for other dyes removal and applicable in dyeing industries in Bangladesh where centralized effluent treatment plant is absent.
France Strategie - 2017-2017 - TendancesEric LEGER
Une étude prospective mettant en avant quelques pistes pour lesquelles il faudrait agir, repenser leurs modèles : formation et éducation, distribution des revenus, mobilité sociale, discrimination, innovation, capital risque, etc.
Pourquoi et comment nous relisons ensemble tout le code que nous produisons - retour d'expérience du WebCenter AXA sur la revue de code, accompagnés par Octo.
G/O Digital's medical industry expert explains how an omni-channel approach is necessary to intersect those in need of, and searching for, healthcare. The presentation dives into the consumer journey, developing impactful messaging and influencing factors on those pursuing healthcare solutions.
G/O Digital social expert explains which social platforms are dominating consumers’ time and how they can be leveraged to help achieve your business goals.
NCET Tech Bite | Melissa Marsh, Prepare for GrowthDave Archer
Melissa Marsh, founder/owner of HRinDemand share tips on "Three Ways to Refresh Your Employment Strategy for 2016!" Get ready to build a strong and resilient employment strategy with a renewed focus on:
- Creative recruiting
- Preparing and planning for increased pay rates and perks
- Developing your current workforce - "Love the Ones You're With"
Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao E...IOSR Journals
For the first time in solar physics, this paper reports a comprehensive study how 235Uranium fission
causes Sunlight by the atomic phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao Effect against the theory of fusion. The first major
breakthrough lies in identifying as many as 153 solar lines in the Bharat Radiation range from 12.87 to 31 nm
reported by various researchers since 1960s. The Sunlight phenomenon is explained as follows. For example, the
energy equivalence 72.48 eV of the most intense 17.107 nm emission in the middle of solar spectrum is the energy
lost by β, γ, or X-ray energy of a fission product while passing through core-Coulomb space. This energy loss is the
Bharat Radiation energy that cause EUV, UV, visible, and near infrared emissions on valence excitation. From vast
data of emissions and energies of various fission products, 606.31 keV β (Eβmax) energy of 131I was chosen as the
source of 17.107 nm emission. For the first time a typical Bharat Radiation spectrum was observed when plotted
energy loss against β, γ, or X-ray energies of fission products supposedly present in solar flare and atmosphere :
113Xe, 131I, 137Cs, 95Zr, 144Cs, 134I, 140Ba, 133I, 140La, 133In etc that caused solar lines. Consistent presence of a sharp
line for four months in AIA spectral EUV band at 335A exemplifies self-sustained uranium fission from a small site
appeared in SDO/AIA image at 304A. Sun’s dark spot is explained as a large crater formed on Sun’s core surface as
a result of fission reaction that does not show any emission since fission products would be thrown away from the
site during fission. Purely the same Sun’s core material left over at the site after fission reaction devoid of fission
products and any emission seems to be the familiar dark Matter. This could be the first report on the existence of
Sun’s Dark Matter.
Implications of Organisational Culture on Performance of Business OrganisationsIOSR Journals
This article discusses the implications of organizational culture on the performance of business organizations in Nigeria. The first objective of the paper is to elaborate on organisational culture as a determinant of organisational performance. The second objective is to identify four dimensions of African culture as bases for more effective organization culture in the Nigerian context. Works of well known authors in the fields of Culture and Management were reviewed for perspectives and evidence. It is shown from the reviews that a relationship exists between organisational culture and performance of business organisations. In addition, the review suggests that relationship is mediated by reward perception and role perception. Social support, accommodation at work places, religious referencing, supervisor-subordinate age ratio and ethnic diversification are identified as culture factors likely to have positive impact on the performance of business organisations in Nigeria. It is recommended that business organizations in the country should give adequate attention to the development of corporate cultures that integrate the above factors in order to enhance their performance.
Low Power FPGA Based Elliptical Curve CryptographyIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. The development of public-key cryptography is the greatest and perhaps the only true revolution in the entire history of cryptography. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the public-key cryptosystem showing up in standardization efforts, including the IEEE P1363 Standard. The principal attraction of elliptic curve cryptography compared to RSA is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size, thereby reducing the processing overhead. As a Public-Key Cryptosystem, ECC has many advantages such as fast speed, high security and short key. It is suitable for the hardware of implementation, so ECC has been more and more focused in recent years. The hardware implementation of ECC on FPGA uses the arithmetic unit that has small area, small storage unit and fast speed, and it is an extremely suitable system which has limited computation ability and storage space.[1][2] The modular arithmetic division operations are carried out using conditional successive subtractions, thereby reducing the area. The system is implemented on Vertex-Pro XCV1000 FPGA. Index Terms – VHDL, FSM, FPGA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.
The influence of Rolling process on the porosity and wear behavior of Spray-f...IOSR Journals
Spray forming, also called spray casting or spray deposition, is the inert gas atomization of a liquid metal stream into variously sized droplets. These droplets are interrupted by a substrate which collects and solidifies the droplets into coherent, near fully dense perform. The present work concerns with this techniques. This technology was applied to produce Al-6%Si-20%Pb alloys. The spray droplets were deposited over a copper substrate to achieve a disc shape perform. After spray deposition samples were rolled at room temperature on two high rolling mills and total porosity and wear characteristic of spray deposits were studies. The total porosity decreases with the increase in the percentage of reduction in thickness of the samples. Thickness of the samples in both middle and peripheral region. Wear testing of spray formed and rolled Al-Si-Pb alloy were investigated on a pin on disc type wear machine. Wear rate behavior with applied load and increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of samples was observed. Wear rate increased with increasing the load and decreased with increase in percentage of reduction in thickness of the sample.
Improving Sales in SME Using Internet MarketingIOSR Journals
Abstract : In Indonesia, SMEs are the backbone of the Indonesian economy. Number of SMEs until 2011 to
reach around 52 million. SMEs in Indonesia is very important for the economy because it accounts for 60% of
GDP and 97% of the workforce holds. But access is limited to financial institutions only 25% or 13 million
SMEs who have access to financial institutions. Indonesian government, SMEs, through the Department of
Cooperatives and SMEs, in each province or regency / city.
Although Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is driving the nation's economy, but in reality many of
the problems SMEs are still entangled. The main thing to note is the ability of SMEs to access a wider market.
Because of the ability to change and adapt to a changing environment will determine the existence of small
businesses in the nation's economy. In the end, the existence of small businesses that have high competitiveness
will strengthen the nation's economy as a whole. Thus, in this study will use an appropriate technology tools
that can provide assistance in introducing products through internet and increase sales in each SME
This study uses a sample of students at the State University of Malang that can make a significant
contribution in the small and medium businesses that are being initiated by students.
Keywords: Small Medium Enterprise, Internet Marketing, Sales Improvement
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 6, Issue 5 (Jan. 2014), PP 01-08
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of
Methylene Blue Dye using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum
A Kasthuri1
, S Arivoli2
*, V Marimuthu2
and A Peter Pascal Regis3
1
Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Tamilnadu
2*
Department of Chemistry, Thiru.Vi.Ka. Government Arts College Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract: The research of the present work was to investigate the removal of methylene blue dyes from
aqueous solution by using Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI). Generally, dyes are organic
compounds used as colouring products in chemical, textile, paper, printing, leather, plastics and various food
industries. The need for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water passed out from the industry. In this
study, Abutilon Indicum Leaves were studied for its potential use as an adsorbent for removal of a cationic dye
methylene blue. The various factors affecting adsorption, such as initial dye concentration, contact time,
adsorbent dose and effect of temperature, were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo-
second order kinetic model. The equilibrium of adsorption was modeled by using the Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherm models. The objective of the present work suggests the AAAI may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent
for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution.
Key words: Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves (AAAI); Methylene blue; Adsorption isotherm; Kinetics;
Equilibrium models.
I. Introduction
Dyes are widely used, generally in the textiles, plastics, paper, leather, food industry to color products.
In process of washing and finishing coloured products, waste water contaminated with dyes is generated. The
contaminated waste waters are hazardous, which is a great threat to environment [1-3]. Dye contamination in
wastewater causes problems in various ways: the presence of dyes in water, even in very low quantities, is
highly visible and undesirable; color interferes with penetration of sunlight into waters; retards photosynthesis;
inhibits the growth of aquatic biota and interferes with gas solubility in water bodies. These materials are the
complicated organic compounds and they resist against light, washing and microbial invasions [4-7]. The need
for the treatment of dye contaminated waste water arose from the environmental impact [8]. Activated minerals
are one of the most popular adsorbents used for the removal of toxic substances from waste water. This could be
related to their extended surface area [9]. The major use of Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves is in
solution purification and for the removal of colour, odors and other unpleasant impurities from liquids, water
supplies and vegetable and animal oils.
In recent years it has been increasingly used for the prevention of environmental pollution and
antipollution laws have increased the sales of low-cost activated minerals for control the of air and water
pollution. Various techniques like precipitation, ion exchange, chemical oxidation and adsorption have been
used for the removal of toxic pollutant from, wastewater. Methylene blue (MB) is selected as a model
compound for evaluating the potential of AAAI to remove dye from aqueous solution.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Adsorption studies
Methylene blue (MB) was employed for the adsorbate in the adsorption experiments. Adsorption from
the liquid phase was carried out to verify the nature the porosity and the capacities of the samples. An aqueous
solution with a concentration of 25-125 mg/L was prepared by mixing an appropriate amount of MB with
distilled water adsorption experiments were conducted by placing 0.025 g of the AAAI samples and 50 ml of the
aqueous solution in a 250 ml of glass-stoppered flask. The flask was then put in a constant-temperature shaker
bath with a shaker speed of 150 rpm. The isothermal adsorption experiments were performed at 30 ±2°C.
2. Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Acid
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2.2 Preparation of adsorbent materials
Abutilon Indicum
The Abutilon Indicum Leaves collected from agricultural area nearby Thiruvarur districts was
Carbonized with concentrated Sulphuric Acid and washed with water and activated around 600°C in a muffle
furnace for 5 hrs the it was taken out, ground well to fine powder and stored in a vacuum desiccators.
2.3 Preparation of adsorbate
Methylene blue was chosen in this work because of its strong adsorption onto solids and it recognized
usefulness in characterizing adsorptive material Methylene blue is employed to evaluate the adsorption
characteristics of carbon. A known weight of 1000 mg of MB was dissolved in about one litre of distilled water
to get the stock solution.
Structure of Methylene Blue
2.4 Batch equilibrium method
The adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch process at 30, 40, 50 and 60˚ C. A known
weight of AAAI was added to 50 ml of the dye solutions with an initial concentration of 25 mg/L to 125 mg/L,
which is prepared from 1000 mg/L of methylene blue stock solution. The contents were shaken thoroughly
using a mechanical shaker with a speed of 150 rpm. The solution was then filtered at present time intervals and
the residual dye concentration was measured.
III. Result and Discussions
3.1 Characteristics of the adsorbent
Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves is an effective adsorbent for the abatement of many pollutant
compounds (organic, inorganic, and biological) of concern in water and wastewater treatment. Most of the solid
adsorbents possess micro porous fine structure, high adsorption capacity, high surface area and high degree of
surface, which consists of pores of different sizes and shapes. The wide usefulness of AAAI is a result of their
specific surface area, high chemical and mechanical stability. The chemical nature and pore structure usually
determines the sorption activity. The physico-chemical properties of the chosen adsorbent are listed in Table 1.
Table 1-Characteristics of the Adsorbent
Properties AAAI
Particle size(mm) 0.010
Density (g/cc) 0.1935
Moisture content (%) 0.1784
Loss in ignition (%) 0.010
pH of aqueous solution 5.2
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4.2 Effect of contact time and initial dye concentration
The effect of contact time on the amount of dye adsorbed was investigated at 1000 mg/L concentration
of the dye Fig. 1. It is observed that the percentage removal of dye increases rapidly with an increase in contact
time initially, and thereafter, beyond a contact time of about 45 min, no noticeable change in the percentage
removal is observed the percentage removals after 45 min were 85%. Therefore, the optimum contact time is
considered to be 45 min. this is also the equilibrium time of the batch adsorption experiments, since beyond a
contact time of 45 min, adsorption is not changed. The rapid removal of dye is observed at the beginning of the
contact time due to the percentage of large number of binding sites available for adsorption. The experimental
results of adsorptions at different concentrations (25 to 125mg/L) collected in Table 2 observed that percent
adsorption decreased with increase in initial dye concentration, but the actual amount of dye adsorbed per unit
mass of AAAI increased leads to increase in dye concentration. This means that the adsorption is highly
dependent on initial concentration of dye. At lower concentration, the ratio of the initial number of dye
molecules to the available surface area is low. Subsequently, the fractional adsorption becomes independent of
initial concentration. However, at high concentration the available sites of adsorption become less and hence the
percentage removal of dye is dependent upon initial concentration [10, 11].
4.3 Effect of adsorbent dosage
The adsorption of the methylene blue dye on AAAI was studied by varying the adsorbent dose (25–125
mg/50ml) for 50 mg/L of dye concentration. The percentage of adsorption increased with increases in the AAAI
concentration, which is attributed to increased carbon surface area and the availability of more adsorption sites
[12, 13]. Hence, all studies were carried out with 0.025g of adsorbent /50 ml of the varying adsorbate
solutions.25, 50, 75, 100 and 125. The Results obtained from this study are shown in Fig. 2. The amount of MB
adsorbed per gram reduced with increase in the dosage of AAAI. This reveals that the direct and equilibrium
capacities of MB are functions of the activated AAAI dosage.
4.4 Effect of solution pH
The solution pH is one of the most important factors that control the adsorption of dye on the sorbent
material. The adsorption capacity can be attributed to the chemical form of dye in the solution at specific pH. In
addition, due to different functional groups on the adsorbent surface, which become active sites for the dye
binding at a specific pH the effect of adsorption can vary substantially. Therefore, an increase in pH may
cause an increase or decrease in the adsorption, resulting different optimum pH values dependent on the type of
adsorbent. To examine the effect of pH on the % removal of MB dye , the solution pH were varied from 2.0 to
10.0 by adding acid and base to the stock solution This increases may be due to the presence of negative charge
on the surface of the adsorbent AAAI that may be responds for the dye binding. However, as the pH is lowered,
the hydrogen ions compete with dye for the adsorption sites in the adsorbent AAAI, the overall surface charge
on the particles become positive and hinds the binding of positively charged dye. On other hand, decrease in the
adsorption under pH >6.3 may be due to occupation of the adsorption sites by OH-
ions which retard the
approach of such dye further toward the adsorbent AAAI surface. From the experimental results, the optimum
pH range for the adsorption of the MB dye is 2.0 to 6.5 shown in Fig.3.
4.5. Adsorption isotherms
4.5.1 Langmuir isotherm
The theoretical Langmuir isotherm is used for adsorption of a solute from a liquid solution as
monolayer adsorption on a surface containing a finite number of identical sites. Therefore, the Langmuir
isotherm model was chosen for estimation of the maximum adsorption capacity corresponding to complete
monolayer coverage on the adsorbent surface. The Langmuir non-linear equation is commonly expressed as
follows:
Ceq/Qeq = 1/Qmb + Ceq/Qm ………………… (1)
Where Ceq is the equilibrium concentration of adsorbate in the solution (mg/L), Qeq is the amount
adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), Qm and b are Langmuir constants related to adsorption efficiency and energy of
adsorption, respectively. The linear plots of Ceq/ Qeq vs. Ceq suggest the applicability of the Langmuir
isotherms. The values of Qm and b were calculated from slope and intercepts of the plots are given in Table 3.
From the results, it is obvious that the value of adsorption efficiency Qm and adsorption energy b of the AAAI
increases on increasing the temperature. The values can conclude that the maximum adsorption corresponds to a
saturated monolayer of adsorbate molecules on adsorbent surface with endothermic nature of adsorption [14,
15]. To confirm the favorability of the adsorption process, the separation factor (RL) was determined and given
in Table 4.The values were established to be between 0 and 1 and confirm that the ongoing adsorption process is
favorable [16].
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4.5.2 The Freundlich isotherm
The Freundlich isotherm model is the earliest known equation describing the adsorption process. It is
an empirical equation and can be used for non-ideal sorption that involves heterogeneous adsorption. The
Freundlich equation was employed for the adsorption of methylene blue dye on the adsorbent. The Freundlich
isotherm was represented by the following equation.
log Qe = log Kf +1/n log Ce …………………. (2)
Where Qe is the amount of methylene blue dye adsorbed (mg/g), Ce is the equilibrium concentration of
dye in solution (mg/L), and Kf and n are constants incorporating the factors affecting the adsorption capacity and
intensity of adsorption, respectively. Linear plots of log Qe versus log Ce shows that the adsorption of methylene
blue obeys the linear plots of log Qe versus log Ce shows that the adsorption of methylene blue dye obeys the
Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The values of Kf and n are given in Table 3 shows that the increase of negative
charges on the adsorbent surface makes electrostatic force like Vanderwaal’s between the AAAI surface and dye
ion. The molecular weight and size either limit or increase the possibility of the adsorption of the dye onto
adsorbent. However, the values clearly show the dominance in adsorption capacity.
The intensity of adsorption is an indication of the bond energies between dye and adsorbent, and the
possibility of slight chemisorptions rather than physisorption [17, 18]. However, the multilayer adsorption of
methylene blue through the percolation process may be possible. The values of n are less than one, indicating
the physisorption is much more favorable.
4.6 Effect of temperature
To study the effect of temperature on the adsorption of dye adsorption by AAAI, the experiments were
performed at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60°C. As it was observed that, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of
MB onto AAAI was found to increase with increasing temperature, especially in higher equilibrium
concentration, or lower adsorbent dose because of high driving force of adsorption. This fact indicates that the
mobility of dye molecules increased with the temperature. The adsorbent shows the endothermic nature of
adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the AAAI increased with increase of the temperature in the system from
30° to 60°C. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy ( G°) (kJ/mol), enthalpy ( H°)
(kJ/mol) and entropy ( S°) (J/K/mol) were determined using the following equations.
K0 = Csolid/Cliquid…………………… (3)
G° = -RT lnKO…………………. (4)
logK0 = S°/ (2.303R) - H°/ (2.303RT)………….. (5)
Where Ko is the equilibrium constant, Csolid is the solid phase concentration at equilibrium (mg/L),
Cliquid is the liquid phase concentration at equilibrium (mg/L), T is the temperature in Kelvin, and R is the gas
constant. The H° and S° values obtained from the slope and intercept of Van’t Hoff plots are given in Table
5.The values of H° is the range of 9 to 17 kJ/mol, indicate the physisorption. The results show that
physisorption is much feasible for the adsorption of methylene blue. The positive values of H° show the
endothermic nature of adsorption which governs the possibility of physical adsorption [19, 20]. Because in the
case of physical adsorption, while increasing the temperature of the system, the extent of dye adsorption
increases, there is no possibility of chemisorption. The negative values of G° (Table 5) show that the
adsorption is highly favorable and spontaneous. The positive values of S° (Table 5) show the increased
disorder and randomness at the solid solution interface of methylene blue with AAAI adsorbent. The
enhancement of adsorption capacity of the activated AAAI at higher temperatures was ascribed to the
enlargement of pore size and activation of the adsorbent surface.
4.7. Adsorption kinetics
The study of adsorption dynamics describes the solute up take rate and evidently this rate controls the
residence time of adsorbate uptake at the solid-solution interface .The kinetics of MB dye adsorption on the
AAAI were analyzed using pseudo second-order[21] Elovich [22] and intra-particle diffusion[23] kinetic
models. The conformity between experimental data and the model predicted values was expressed by the
correlation co- efficient () and the values are close or equal to 1. A relatively high correlation coefficient ()
value indicates that the pseudo second-order model successfully describes the kinetics of MB dye adsorption.
4.7.1 The pseudo second- order equation
The pseudo second-order adsorption kinetic rate equation is expressed as
dqt/dt = k2(qe-qt)2
…………..(6)
Where: k2 is the rate constant of pseudo second- order adsorption (g mg/min). For the boundary conditions t = 0
to t= t and qt = 0 to qt = qt the integrated form of Eq. (6) becomes:
5. Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Acid
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1/(qe – qt) = 1/qe + K2t ………………. (7)
This is the integrated rate law for a pseudo second-order reaction. Equation (7) can be rearranged to obtain
Eq.(8),which has a linear form:
t/qt=(1/k2qe
2
)+ ((1/qe)t ……………….(8)
If the initial adsorption rate (h) (mg g-1
min-1
) is :
h=k2qe
2
………………………………. (9)
Equation (8) and (9) becomes,
t / qt = 1 / h + 1 / qe t …………….. … (10)
The plot of (t/qt) and t of Eq. (10) should give a linear relationship from which qe and k2 can be
determined from the slope and intercept of the plot, respectively. The pseudo-second order rate constants K2, the
calculated h values, and the correlation coefficients () are summarized in Table (6).At all studied initial MB dye
concentrations, the straight lines with extremely high correlation co-efficient (>0.99) were obtained. From table
6, the values of the rate constant k decrease with in increasing initial MB dye concentration for AAAI. This is
shows that the sorption of MB dye on AAAI follows pseudo second order kinetic model [24, 25].
4.7.2 The Elovich equation
The Elovich model equation is generally expressed as
dqt / dt = α exp (-βqt) ……..(11)
Where; α is the initial adsorption rate (mg g-1
min-1
) and β is the desorption constant (g/mg) during any one
experiment. To simplify the Elovich equation [22] assumed t>>t and by applying boundary conditions qt = 0
at t= 0 and qt = qt at t = t Eq. (11) becomes:
qt = 1/ ln () + 1/ ln t …………… (12)
If MB dye adsorption fits with the Elovich model, a plot of qt vs. ln (t) should yield a linear relationship
with a slope of (1/β)and an intercept of (1/β)ln (αβ). The Elovich model parameters α, β, and correlation
coefficient () are summarized in table 6. The experimental data such as the initial adsorption rate () adsorption
constant (β) and the correlation co-efficient (γ) calculated from this model indicates that the initial adsorption
(α) increases with temperature similar to that of initial adsorption rate (h) in pseudo-second–order kinetics
models. This may be due to increase the pore or active site on the AAAI adsorbent.
4.7.3 The intra particle diffusion model
The intra-particle diffusion model used here refers to the theory proposed by Weber and Morris [23]
based on the following equation for the rate constant:
qt =kid t(1/2)
+C………………(13)
Where kid is the intra-particle diffusion rate constant (mg/g/min) and C is the constant. If the
rate limiting step is intra-particle diffusion, then the graph drawn between (qt) (mg/g) verses square root of the
contact time (t1/2
) should yield a straight line passing through the origin. The slope of the will give the value of
the intra-particle diffusion coefficient (kid) and correlation coefficient () indicate the fitness of this model. The
value of C gives an idea about the thickness of the boundary layer. From these data the intercept value indicate
that the line were not passing through origin, there are some other process affect the adsorption. But the
correlation coefficient (γ) value is very high, so that the intra-particle diffusion takes place along with other
process that may affect the adsorption. The values are given in table 6.
4.7.4 Desorption studies:
Desorption studies help to elucidate the nature of adsorption and recycling of the spent adsorbent and
the dye. If the adsorbed dye can be desorbed using neutral pH water, then the attachment of the dye molecule of
the adsorbent is by weak bonds. The effect of various reagents used for desorption studies. The results indicate
that hydrochloric acid is a better reagent for desorption, because we could get more than 90% removal of
adsorbed dyes. The reversibility of adsorbed dyes in mineral acid or base is in agreement with the pH dependent
results obtained. The desorption of dye molecules by mineral acids and alkaline medium indicates that the dye
was adsorbed onto the AAAI through physisorption as well as by chemisorptions mechanisms.
IV. Conclusion
The present study has shown the effectiveness of using AAAI in the removal of methylene blue dye
from aqueous solutions. Acid Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves in different forms has a great role in modern
life to clean environment. Abutilon Indicum Leaves can be good precursors for producing highly porous Acid
Activated Abutilon Indicum Leaves by simple preparative methods. An adsorption test has been carried out for
industrial pollutants (methylene blue) under different experimental conditions in batch mode. The adsorption of
methylene blue was dependent on adsorbent surface characteristics, adsorbent dose, methylene blue
6. Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Acid
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concentration, time of contact and temperature. A study of the kinetic models on sorption showed that sorption
fitted the pseudo second- order kinetics model. The G0
, H0
, and S0
reveals the favorability of adsorption.
The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption on AAAI was a spontaneous and endothermic
process.
Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for providing the fund
from Major Research Project.
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Table: 2 Equilibrium Parameters for Adsorption of MB Dye onto AAAI
M0
Ce (Mg / L) Qe (Mg / g) Removal (%)
30
C
40
C
50
C
60
C
30
C
40 C 50 C 60 C
30
C
40
C
50
C
60
C
25 1.45 1.26 1.03 1.09 47.09 47.47 47.92 47.81 94.18 94.94 95.84 95.62
50 5.28 4.84 3.21 3.00 89.43 90.30 93.56 93.98 89.43 90.30 93.56 93.98
75 11.63 10.35 10.00 9.07 126.7 129.28 129.98 131.84 84.48 86.18 86.65 87.89
100 25.76 23.26 10.00 19.62 148.4 153.46 179.98 160.75 74.23 76.73 89.99 80.37
125 41.87 37.76 21.76 30.76 166.2 174.46 206.47 188.47 66.50 69.78 82.58 75.38
8. Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Isotherm Studies on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye using Acid
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10 20 30 40 50 60
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Fig:1- Effect of Contact Time on the Removal of MB Dye
[MB]=50 mg/L;Temprature 30
o
C;Adsorbent dose=25mg/50ml
%RemovalofMB
Contact Time in min
0 50 100 150 200 250
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Fig;2- Effect of Adsorbent dose on the removal of MB Dye
[MB]=50mg/L;Contact Time 50min;Temprature 30
0
C
%RemovalofMB
Adsorbent dose in mg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
40
50
60
70
80
90
Fig;3- Effect of Initial pH on the removal of MB Dye
[MB]=50 mg/L;Temprature 30
o
C;Adsorbent dose=25mg/50ml
%RemovalofMB
Initial pH