A touchscreen is an electronic display that can detect touches within the display area using technologies like resistive, surface acoustic wave, and capacitive. Touchscreens allow direct interaction with the display without intermediate devices like mice or keyboards. They are common in devices like computers, tablets, phones, and GPS devices.
This document provides an overview of touch screen technology. It discusses the different types of touch screen technologies including resistive, surface, capacitive, surface capacitance, projected capacitance, infrared, strain gauge, and optical imaging. It covers the history of touch screens and how they have evolved from early research labs in the 1960s to become widely used in devices today. The document also discusses touch screen construction, development, ergonomics, and various technologies such as resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, infrared, and optical imaging.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It provides a brief history, describing the development of early touch sensors in the 1970s and the growing popularity and use of touch screens. It then describes the main touch screen technologies - resistive, capacitive, and interruptive - and explains the basic components of a touch screen system, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Finally, it outlines some key advantages of touch screen technology, such as its usefulness for public displays, retail/restaurant systems, customer self-service, control systems, computer-based training, and assistive technology applications.
Touch screen technology allows direct manipulation of digital content on a screen without physical buttons or keys. It detects touch input from fingers or passive objects. There are four main types of touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Touch screens provide advantages like replacing keyboards/mice, intuitive interaction, space savings, durability, and accessibility. However, disadvantages include difficulty entering large amounts of data, potential performance issues if not designed well, and higher costs compared to traditional computers.
The document discusses the working of touchscreen technology. It describes four main types of touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It provides details on resistive touchscreens, including four-wire, eight-wire, six-wire, and seven-wire variations. It also explains the basic components and working of a touchscreen, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver.
Touchscreen technology has evolved significantly over the past few decades and become widespread. There are several main touchscreen technologies including resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and capacitive. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages related to durability, transparency, response time, and sensitivity to environmental factors. Touchscreens are now commonly used in applications such as public kiosks, point-of-sale systems, mobile devices, and more to provide an intuitive user interface.
The document discusses different types of touch screen technologies. It provides a brief history of touch screens, describing the first touch sensor developed in 1971 and first transparent touch screen in 1974. It then explains the basic components and functioning of touch screens, including touch sensors, controllers, and software drivers. The document goes on to describe various touch screen technologies like resistive, capacitive, surface wave, and infrared technologies; and their advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by discussing applications of touch screens in public displays, customer self-service, and other areas.
The document provides an overview of resistive touchscreen technology. It describes how resistive touchscreens work using two electrically resistive layers separated by a small gap. When the layers are pressed together at a point, this allows the location to be detected. It discusses the different types of resistive technologies including analog 4-wire, 5-wire, 8-wire and digital matrix. The key features of resistive touchscreens are also summarized such as low cost, ability to work with any input material, and improved durability and visibility compared to earlier versions.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with digital devices by touching images or words on a display screen. There are several types of touch screen technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like smartphones, tablets, public kiosks and point-of-sale systems due to their simplicity and intuitiveness compared to traditional input methods like keyboards and mice.
This document provides an overview of touch screen technology. It discusses the different types of touch screen technologies including resistive, surface, capacitive, surface capacitance, projected capacitance, infrared, strain gauge, and optical imaging. It covers the history of touch screens and how they have evolved from early research labs in the 1960s to become widely used in devices today. The document also discusses touch screen construction, development, ergonomics, and various technologies such as resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, infrared, and optical imaging.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It provides a brief history, describing the development of early touch sensors in the 1970s and the growing popularity and use of touch screens. It then describes the main touch screen technologies - resistive, capacitive, and interruptive - and explains the basic components of a touch screen system, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Finally, it outlines some key advantages of touch screen technology, such as its usefulness for public displays, retail/restaurant systems, customer self-service, control systems, computer-based training, and assistive technology applications.
Touch screen technology allows direct manipulation of digital content on a screen without physical buttons or keys. It detects touch input from fingers or passive objects. There are four main types of touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Touch screens provide advantages like replacing keyboards/mice, intuitive interaction, space savings, durability, and accessibility. However, disadvantages include difficulty entering large amounts of data, potential performance issues if not designed well, and higher costs compared to traditional computers.
The document discusses the working of touchscreen technology. It describes four main types of touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It provides details on resistive touchscreens, including four-wire, eight-wire, six-wire, and seven-wire variations. It also explains the basic components and working of a touchscreen, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver.
Touchscreen technology has evolved significantly over the past few decades and become widespread. There are several main touchscreen technologies including resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and capacitive. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages related to durability, transparency, response time, and sensitivity to environmental factors. Touchscreens are now commonly used in applications such as public kiosks, point-of-sale systems, mobile devices, and more to provide an intuitive user interface.
The document discusses different types of touch screen technologies. It provides a brief history of touch screens, describing the first touch sensor developed in 1971 and first transparent touch screen in 1974. It then explains the basic components and functioning of touch screens, including touch sensors, controllers, and software drivers. The document goes on to describe various touch screen technologies like resistive, capacitive, surface wave, and infrared technologies; and their advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by discussing applications of touch screens in public displays, customer self-service, and other areas.
The document provides an overview of resistive touchscreen technology. It describes how resistive touchscreens work using two electrically resistive layers separated by a small gap. When the layers are pressed together at a point, this allows the location to be detected. It discusses the different types of resistive technologies including analog 4-wire, 5-wire, 8-wire and digital matrix. The key features of resistive touchscreens are also summarized such as low cost, ability to work with any input material, and improved durability and visibility compared to earlier versions.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with digital devices by touching images or words on a display screen. There are several types of touch screen technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like smartphones, tablets, public kiosks and point-of-sale systems due to their simplicity and intuitiveness compared to traditional input methods like keyboards and mice.
This document summarizes a study on touch screen technology. It begins with an introduction to touch screens and their basic functions. It then provides a block diagram and overview of the major components of a touch screen, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. The document discusses and compares the four main types of touch screen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared/optical. It provides examples of current and potential future applications of touch screen technology. It concludes by noting that while touch screens offer advantages like ease of use, they can also have drawbacks such as reduced visibility and lack of tactile feedback.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses multitouch interaction technology. It provides an overview of hardware, software, user interfaces, market applications, gesture types, and implementation of multitouch. It describes several touch screen technologies including capacitive, resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and optical. Examples of multitouch gestures like tap, pan, pinch zoom are presented. Current and future uses and markets of multitouch include interactive displays, tables, mobile devices. Research continues to enhance multitouch with 3D interaction and larger surfaces.
The document provides information about different touchscreen technologies. It discusses resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared touchscreen technologies. For each technology, it describes how touch detection works, examples of devices that use the technology, and pros and cons. The key points are that resistive touchscreens detect pressure, capacitive uses body conductivity, surface acoustic wave uses ultrasonic waves, and infrared detects infrared light disruption. The document is an overview of the main touchscreen types.
Shudhanshu Agarwal presented on touch screen technology to Mr. Abhishek Srivastava. The presentation covered the introduction, history, working process, technologies including resistive, infrared, capacitive and surface acoustic wave, applications in games, smartphones, ATMs and more, as well as advantages like durability and disadvantages like sensitivity. The conclusion discussed how touch screens are simplifying input and replacing keyboards and mice in the future.
Touch screens work by detecting touch input on the screen. There are several touch screen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, scanning infrared, and near field imaging. Resistive touch screens detect touch input through electrical contacts while capacitive screens detect changes in capacitance. Surface acoustic wave uses ultrasonic pulses while scanning infrared uses a grid of LEDs and detectors. Touch screens are used in a variety of applications including information kiosks, retail point-of-sale systems, museums, industrial controls, and more due to their user-friendly interface.
This document discusses the history and types of touch screens. It describes some of the early touch screen technologies developed in the 1960s and 1970s. It then covers the main types of modern touch screens: resistive, capacitive, and infrared. The document focuses on infrared touch screens, explaining their working principle using infrared LEDs and photo transistors. It notes the advantages of infrared screens like lower cost and long battery life compared to other technologies. It also discusses a company called Neonode that develops infrared touch screen technology.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It begins with an introduction to touch screens and their history. It then describes the main components of a touch screen as the touch sensor, touch controller, and software driver. The document outlines several touch technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, optical imaging, and acoustic pulse recognition. It lists applications such as public information displays, retail systems, and control systems. The document discusses advantages like ease of use and disadvantages like high costs. It concludes by mentioning future uses in video projectors and restaurants.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen by touching it with a finger or stylus. A touch screen includes a touch sensor panel, controller, and driver software. Touch screens were invented in the 1960s and work by detecting changes in signal or voltage at the location touched on the sensor. The main types are resistive, surface capacitive, projected capacitive, and infrared. Touch screens provide an intuitive interface and save space over physical buttons but can be harder to use in direct sunlight and get dirty. They are now widely used in devices, displays, self-service terminals and more.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen, such as through gestures or writing, rather than using indirect input devices such as a mouse. It emerged from research labs in the 1970s and the first touch sensor was developed in 1971. There are two main types: capacitive, which supports multi-touch and works through conductive materials on fingers, and resistive, which requires pressing more firmly but works with styli. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like phones, tablets, and ATMs due to their user-friendly interface, but they can be expensive and screens may get dirty. The market for touchscreen devices is large and growing rapidly.
This presentation provides an overview of multi-touch hardware, products, applications and market examples as well as samples of projects of TNO. More information on http://www.tno.nl/nui
The document discusses various touchscreen technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, optical, infrared, dispersive signal, and multi-touch. Resistive touchscreens work by detecting the contact between two flexible, resistive layers. Capacitive touchscreens use electrodes to detect changes in capacitance when a finger touches the screen. Surface acoustic wave touchscreens use ultrasonic waves that are absorbed at the touch location. Optical, infrared, and dispersive signal technologies detect touches using light beams or bending waves disrupted by a finger or stylus. Multi-touch allows recognition of multiple simultaneous touch points. New in-cell and on-cell technologies integrate touch components directly into display layers for thinner devices.
This document discusses the history and development of touchscreen technology. It describes early touchscreen devices from the 1980s that used infrared sensors to detect touch input. It then covers the development of multi-touch screens in the 2000s and 2010s, including innovations like Frustrated Total Internal Reflection that enabled intuitive multi-touch interfaces. The document also provides details on the working of different types of touchscreen sensors and controllers. Finally, it introduces touchless touchscreen technology developed by Elliptic Labs that allows control of devices through hand gestures without physical contact.
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen.
In 1971, the first "Touch Sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) while he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky.
Neonode started as a mobile phone company in Sweden and now focuses on developing, licensing, and selling their patented optical touch technology called zForce. ZForce uses an invisible grid of infrared light beams to detect touches on any surface like a finger or stylus. It provides advantages over other touch technologies by working with any screen shape and material and detecting touches from any object. The technology senses touch location, size, pressure, and speed using infrared emitters, detectors, and control software to calculate touch positions.
Touch screen technology has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1970s. It began with Dr. Samuel Hurst developing the first touch sensor called "Elograph" in 1971. The first touch screen phone was the Apple phone in 1983. There are four main types of touch screen technologies - resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, and infrared - each with their own advantages and disadvantages for applications like phones, tablets, kiosks and more. Touch screens continue to become more common and advanced, expected to account for over half of mobile phone sales by 2013.
The document discusses touch screen technologies, including their history and current applications. It provides an overview of resistive, capacitive, and surface acoustic wave touch screen technologies. Resistive touch screens use two resistive surfaces that form a closed circuit when touched. Capacitive touch screens use conductive coatings and measure voltage changes when a finger is placed on the screen. Surface acoustic wave screens use transducers to generate and detect sound waves on the screen. The document outlines commercial uses of touch screens in devices like PDAs, tablets, phones and kiosks, and discusses future applications including multi-touch interfaces.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It describes the basic components of a touchscreen - a touch sensor, controller, and software driver. It then explains the main touch screen technologies - resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It discusses the characteristics of touchscreens like resolution, image quality, cost and durability. It provides examples of applications for touchscreens like public displays, retail systems, and mobile devices. Recent developments discussed include Microsoft Surface and Extreme Touch technology.
This document provides an overview of touchscreen technology. It begins with definitions of touchscreens and their ability to detect touch locations. Next, it discusses the history of touchscreen development from 1971-1983. Benefits of touchscreens are then outlined, such as intuitive use without training. The document proceeds to describe four main touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave. It explains the construction of a basic touchscreen including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Applications are listed in various industries. Disadvantages involve screen size and dirt. The conclusion discusses the growing adoption of touchscreens in devices and their potential to replace mice and keyboards.
A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus/pen and-or one or more fingers.
Touchscreen technology has evolved significantly over the past few decades and become widespread. There are several main touchscreen technologies including resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and capacitive. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages related to durability, transparency, response time, and sensitivity to environmental factors. Touchscreens are now commonly used in applications such as public kiosks, point-of-sale systems, mobile devices, and more to provide an intuitive user interface.
This document summarizes a study on touch screen technology. It begins with an introduction to touch screens and their basic functions. It then provides a block diagram and overview of the major components of a touch screen, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. The document discusses and compares the four main types of touch screen technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared/optical. It provides examples of current and potential future applications of touch screen technology. It concludes by noting that while touch screens offer advantages like ease of use, they can also have drawbacks such as reduced visibility and lack of tactile feedback.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses multitouch interaction technology. It provides an overview of hardware, software, user interfaces, market applications, gesture types, and implementation of multitouch. It describes several touch screen technologies including capacitive, resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and optical. Examples of multitouch gestures like tap, pan, pinch zoom are presented. Current and future uses and markets of multitouch include interactive displays, tables, mobile devices. Research continues to enhance multitouch with 3D interaction and larger surfaces.
The document provides information about different touchscreen technologies. It discusses resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared touchscreen technologies. For each technology, it describes how touch detection works, examples of devices that use the technology, and pros and cons. The key points are that resistive touchscreens detect pressure, capacitive uses body conductivity, surface acoustic wave uses ultrasonic waves, and infrared detects infrared light disruption. The document is an overview of the main touchscreen types.
Shudhanshu Agarwal presented on touch screen technology to Mr. Abhishek Srivastava. The presentation covered the introduction, history, working process, technologies including resistive, infrared, capacitive and surface acoustic wave, applications in games, smartphones, ATMs and more, as well as advantages like durability and disadvantages like sensitivity. The conclusion discussed how touch screens are simplifying input and replacing keyboards and mice in the future.
Touch screens work by detecting touch input on the screen. There are several touch screen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, scanning infrared, and near field imaging. Resistive touch screens detect touch input through electrical contacts while capacitive screens detect changes in capacitance. Surface acoustic wave uses ultrasonic pulses while scanning infrared uses a grid of LEDs and detectors. Touch screens are used in a variety of applications including information kiosks, retail point-of-sale systems, museums, industrial controls, and more due to their user-friendly interface.
This document discusses the history and types of touch screens. It describes some of the early touch screen technologies developed in the 1960s and 1970s. It then covers the main types of modern touch screens: resistive, capacitive, and infrared. The document focuses on infrared touch screens, explaining their working principle using infrared LEDs and photo transistors. It notes the advantages of infrared screens like lower cost and long battery life compared to other technologies. It also discusses a company called Neonode that develops infrared touch screen technology.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It begins with an introduction to touch screens and their history. It then describes the main components of a touch screen as the touch sensor, touch controller, and software driver. The document outlines several touch technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, optical imaging, and acoustic pulse recognition. It lists applications such as public information displays, retail systems, and control systems. The document discusses advantages like ease of use and disadvantages like high costs. It concludes by mentioning future uses in video projectors and restaurants.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen by touching it with a finger or stylus. A touch screen includes a touch sensor panel, controller, and driver software. Touch screens were invented in the 1960s and work by detecting changes in signal or voltage at the location touched on the sensor. The main types are resistive, surface capacitive, projected capacitive, and infrared. Touch screens provide an intuitive interface and save space over physical buttons but can be harder to use in direct sunlight and get dirty. They are now widely used in devices, displays, self-service terminals and more.
Touch screen technology allows users to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen, such as through gestures or writing, rather than using indirect input devices such as a mouse. It emerged from research labs in the 1970s and the first touch sensor was developed in 1971. There are two main types: capacitive, which supports multi-touch and works through conductive materials on fingers, and resistive, which requires pressing more firmly but works with styli. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like phones, tablets, and ATMs due to their user-friendly interface, but they can be expensive and screens may get dirty. The market for touchscreen devices is large and growing rapidly.
This presentation provides an overview of multi-touch hardware, products, applications and market examples as well as samples of projects of TNO. More information on http://www.tno.nl/nui
The document discusses various touchscreen technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, optical, infrared, dispersive signal, and multi-touch. Resistive touchscreens work by detecting the contact between two flexible, resistive layers. Capacitive touchscreens use electrodes to detect changes in capacitance when a finger touches the screen. Surface acoustic wave touchscreens use ultrasonic waves that are absorbed at the touch location. Optical, infrared, and dispersive signal technologies detect touches using light beams or bending waves disrupted by a finger or stylus. Multi-touch allows recognition of multiple simultaneous touch points. New in-cell and on-cell technologies integrate touch components directly into display layers for thinner devices.
This document discusses the history and development of touchscreen technology. It describes early touchscreen devices from the 1980s that used infrared sensors to detect touch input. It then covers the development of multi-touch screens in the 2000s and 2010s, including innovations like Frustrated Total Internal Reflection that enabled intuitive multi-touch interfaces. The document also provides details on the working of different types of touchscreen sensors and controllers. Finally, it introduces touchless touchscreen technology developed by Elliptic Labs that allows control of devices through hand gestures without physical contact.
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen.
In 1971, the first "Touch Sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst (founder of Elographics) while he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky.
Neonode started as a mobile phone company in Sweden and now focuses on developing, licensing, and selling their patented optical touch technology called zForce. ZForce uses an invisible grid of infrared light beams to detect touches on any surface like a finger or stylus. It provides advantages over other touch technologies by working with any screen shape and material and detecting touches from any object. The technology senses touch location, size, pressure, and speed using infrared emitters, detectors, and control software to calculate touch positions.
Touch screen technology has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1970s. It began with Dr. Samuel Hurst developing the first touch sensor called "Elograph" in 1971. The first touch screen phone was the Apple phone in 1983. There are four main types of touch screen technologies - resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, and infrared - each with their own advantages and disadvantages for applications like phones, tablets, kiosks and more. Touch screens continue to become more common and advanced, expected to account for over half of mobile phone sales by 2013.
The document discusses touch screen technologies, including their history and current applications. It provides an overview of resistive, capacitive, and surface acoustic wave touch screen technologies. Resistive touch screens use two resistive surfaces that form a closed circuit when touched. Capacitive touch screens use conductive coatings and measure voltage changes when a finger is placed on the screen. Surface acoustic wave screens use transducers to generate and detect sound waves on the screen. The document outlines commercial uses of touch screens in devices like PDAs, tablets, phones and kiosks, and discusses future applications including multi-touch interfaces.
This document discusses touch screen technology. It describes the basic components of a touchscreen - a touch sensor, controller, and software driver. It then explains the main touch screen technologies - resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It discusses the characteristics of touchscreens like resolution, image quality, cost and durability. It provides examples of applications for touchscreens like public displays, retail systems, and mobile devices. Recent developments discussed include Microsoft Surface and Extreme Touch technology.
This document provides an overview of touchscreen technology. It begins with definitions of touchscreens and their ability to detect touch locations. Next, it discusses the history of touchscreen development from 1971-1983. Benefits of touchscreens are then outlined, such as intuitive use without training. The document proceeds to describe four main touchscreen technologies: resistive, capacitive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave. It explains the construction of a basic touchscreen including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Applications are listed in various industries. Disadvantages involve screen size and dirt. The conclusion discusses the growing adoption of touchscreens in devices and their potential to replace mice and keyboards.
A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus/pen and-or one or more fingers.
Touchscreen technology has evolved significantly over the past few decades and become widespread. There are several main touchscreen technologies including resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, and capacitive. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages related to durability, transparency, response time, and sensitivity to environmental factors. Touchscreens are now commonly used in applications such as public kiosks, point-of-sale systems, mobile devices, and more to provide an intuitive user interface.
Touch screens work by detecting touch input on a display screen. There are several types of touch screen technologies but the most common are resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Resistive touch screens detect touch based on electrical currents while capacitive uses electric fields. Surface acoustic wave uses ultrasonic waves and infrared uses infrared light beams. Touch screens are used in devices like smartphones, tablets, ATMs and more because they provide an intuitive interface without needing other input devices.
The document discusses the history and development of touch screen technology, describing the main types including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared touch screens. It provides details on how each type of touch screen works and its applications. The document also compares the different touch screen technologies and discusses the pros and cons of using touch screens.
A touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.
Touch screen can also sense other passive objects such as stylus.
The Screens are sensitive to pressure ; a user interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen .
A basic touch screen has three main components :
Touch sensor
Controller
Software driver
The document discusses touchscreen technology. It begins by defining a touchscreen as a display that can detect touch input, allowing users to interact directly on the screen. It then covers the history and evolution of touchscreen development from the 1960s to modern smartphones and tablets. The key components of a touchscreen like the touch sensor, controller, and software driver are explained. Different types of touchscreen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, infrared and surface acoustic wave are described along with their advantages and applications. The document concludes by discussing future trends towards replacing mice and keyboards with touch interfaces.
The document discusses the history and development of touch screen technology from its inception in 1971 to current applications, providing details on the different types of touch screen technologies including resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, and infrared as well as describing the key components and manufacturers in the industry.
This document provides an overview of touch screen technology, including:
- A brief history starting with the first touch screen developed in 1971 and key developments since then.
- The main components of a touch screen including the touch sensor, controller, and software drivers.
- The main types of touch screen technologies - resistive, capacitive, and infrared.
- The advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
- Common applications of touch screens including mobile phones, tablets, ATMs, and more.
This document discusses the history and types of touch screen technology. It begins with an introduction to how touch screens have become integrated into everyday life. It then discusses the history of touch screens from early prototypes in the 1960s to widespread adoption today. The document outlines the main components and working of touch screens, including the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. It describes the main touch screen technologies of resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Examples of uses for touch screens are provided. The conclusion discusses how touch screen technology will continue to improve and expand into more applications.
Touch screens work by detecting input from a finger or pen on a glass overlay on top of a display screen. A touch sensor registers the input and sends it to a controller which processes it and sends the touch location data to software drivers and the operating system. Common types of touchscreen technologies include resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, and dispersive signal technologies. Touchscreens are used in many applications including public displays, self-service kiosks, and consumer electronics due to being direct, fast, and not requiring keyboards.
Explains about touch screen sensor and its operation with the controller, types of touch sensor and its differentiation, advantages & disadvantages and its applications in day today life.
A touch screen is an electronic display that can detect touch input. It allows direct interaction with what is displayed without needing an intermediate pointing device. The first touch screen was developed in the 1960s for air traffic control. Touch screens work by using touch sensors and controllers to detect touch locations and relay that information to software. Common touch screen technologies include resistive, surface acoustic wave, capacitive, infrared, and optical imaging. Touch screens are now widely used in devices like phones, tablets, and public information kiosks.
Daniel Taylor's senior capstone project involved designing a multi-touch table using Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) technology. The hardware consisted of infrared LEDs arranged around the edges of an acrylic sheet, an infrared camera below the sheet, and a projector to display content on the acrylic surface. Software was used to track multiple touch points on the acrylic from the camera feed and allow manipulation of the projected content. The multi-touch table provided an inexpensive and scalable way for multiple users to directly interact with projected images and applications through touch.
This document provides an overview of touchscreen technology, including its history, components, types, and pros and cons. It discusses how the first touchscreen was developed in the 1960s and key developments in the 1970s. It describes the components of a basic touchscreen system and the four main types of touch sensor technologies: resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. Each technology is explained and compared in terms of durability, response time, advantages, and disadvantages. Potential applications and some pros and cons of touchscreen usage are also summarized.
Study of Various Touch Screen TechnologiesSantosh Ankam
Study of different types of touch screen technologies, their history, advantages, disadvantages, working, functionalities, comparison, examples, components, hardware, explanations, future scope, pro and cons.
The document discusses the history and technologies of touchscreens. It notes that the first touch sensor was developed in 1971 by Dr. Sam Hurst. In 1974, Hurst and Elographics developed the first true touchscreen with a transparent surface. There are four main touchscreen technologies - resistive, capacitive, infrared, and optical imaging. Resistive touchscreens work by pressing two flexible sheets together. Capacitive screens detect changes in capacitance from a finger touch. Infrared screens use LED beams to detect touches. Optical imaging uses cameras to locate touches.
The document discusses touch screen technology. It defines touch screens as display screens that can be controlled through touch gestures on the screen instead of using a mouse or other pointing device. It describes the main components of a touch screen as the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. It then covers various types of touch screen technologies including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave, and infrared. It discusses applications of touch screens and their advantages such as being more reliable, portable, and resistant to contamination.
Touch technology has evolved from early resistive touch screens to modern capacitive touch screens. Resistive touch screens use two electrically conductive layers separated by an insulator that complete a circuit when touched. Capacitive touch screens use coatings of indium tin oxide that detect changes in capacitance when touched. Projected capacitive touch allows more accurate multi-touch detection through etching conductive layers into grids. Infrared and surface acoustic wave touch screens use optical and ultrasonic methods respectively to detect touches. Gestural interfaces can interpret hand and finger motions through technologies like data gloves, depth cameras, and controllers. Common touch gestures include taps, swipes, pinches, and rotations. Prolonged vertical touch screen use can cause fatigue
1. The document discusses topics in atom physics including light as waves and particles, the photoelectric effect, electron energy levels, and laser technology.
2. Specific examples covered include the hydrogen Balmer series, mercury and cadmium vapor spectra, fluorescence, phosphorescence, neon signs, fluorescent lights, and helium-neon lasers.
3. The document provides diagrams of electron energy levels, laser operation, and spectra of lasers and LEDs.
Nanotechnology involves engineering systems at the molecular scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. Dr. K. Eric Drexler popularized the term nanotechnology in the 1980s and described how nanomachines could manufacture products through molecular assembly. Nanotechnology is now an interdisciplinary field where scientists are experimenting with nanoscale substances to understand their unique properties and potential applications in areas like medicine, electronics, and materials. While offering many benefits, nanotechnology also presents challenges like ensuring the safety of nanoparticles and addressing ethical concerns about human enhancement and economic impacts.
The document provides information on laser fundamentals, components, operation, hazards, safety classifications, and control measures. It discusses how lasers emit coherent, monochromatic, directional light and describes common laser components like the active medium and mirrors. Hazards from laser exposure include eye, skin, electrical, and fire risks. Lasers are classified based on these risks, from Class 1 being not hazardous to Class 4 posing significant skin and fire hazards. Control measures include engineering controls, administrative procedures, training, and personal protective equipment like laser safety eyewear.
The document discusses the basics of how lasers work, including:
- Lasers produce monochromatic, coherent light through stimulated emission of radiation.
- They require a population inversion between energy levels, which is typically achieved by "pumping" atoms to a higher energy state.
- When an atom in an excited state is stimulated by a photon, it drops to a lower energy state and emits another photon of the same frequency, phase and direction, amplifying the beam in the laser cavity.
The document discusses the basics of how lasers work. It describes stimulated emission and population inversion, which are necessary for laser amplification of light. It also explains the three main processes involved in laser operation: pumping to invert the population, spontaneous emission of initial photons, and stimulated emission which produces coherent, amplified light.
The document summarizes key features and specifications of the Apple iPad2 tablet. It highlights the dual-core A5 chip for faster performance, dual cameras for FaceTime video calling and HD video recording, and up to 10 hours of battery life. It also mentions the LED-backlit multi-touch display, support for iOS 4 which allows access to over 90,000 apps, and Wi-Fi and optional 3G connectivity.
A ruby laser was the first laser invented in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as the gain medium and produces red light at 694.3 nm. Ruby lasers were used for early laser experiments including measuring the distance to the moon and producing holograms, though newer laser media have replaced them. The ruby crystal provides population inversion needed for stimulated emission through its chromium dopant atoms.
The document discusses the helium-neon (He-Ne) laser, which was the first continuous laser invented by Javan et al. in 1961. It operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the red portion of the visible spectrum. The He-Ne laser consists of a glass tube containing a mixture of helium and neon gases that is excited by an electrical discharge. When an excited helium atom collides with a neon atom, the neon atom becomes excited and subsequently decays, emitting a photon that stimulates further photon emissions to generate the laser beam. He-Ne lasers have various applications including reading barcodes and producing holograms.
Touch screens come in different technologies including resistive, acoustic wave, and capacitive. Resistive touch screens work by pressing down on the screen to complete a circuit and are inexpensive but have low clarity. Capacitive touch screens use the human body's electricity and have the best clarity and durability but at a higher price. New technologies are developing touch screens with enhanced resolution, sealing, and sensitivity to the environment.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool, is often so called.[1][2]
In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.
Surveillance of the public using CCTV is particularly common in the United Kingdom, where there are reportedly more cameras per person than in any other country in the world.[3] There and elsewhere, its increasing use has triggered a debate about security versus privacy.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
A touchscreen
1. A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. Touchscreens are common in devices such as all-in-one computers, tablet computers, and smartphones.<br />The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would need to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers, or to networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games.<br />History<br />The prototype[1] x-y mutual capacitance touchscreen (left) developed at CERN[2][3] in 1977 by Bent Stumpe, a Danish electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN’s accelerator SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron). This was a further development of the self capacitance screen (right), also developed by Stumpe at CERN[4] in 1972.<br />The first touch screen was a capacitive touch screen developed by E.A. Johnson at the Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, UK. The inventor briefly described his work in a short article published in 1965[5] and then more fully - along with photographs and diagrams - in an article published in 1967.[6] A description of the applicability of the touch technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in 1968.[7]<br />Note: Contrary to many accounts,[8] while Dr. Sam Hurst played an important role in the development of touch technologies, he neither invented the first touch sensor, nor the first touch screen.<br />This touch sensitive pad on the Acer Aspire 8920 laptop can increase and reduce the volume of the speakers.<br />Touchscreens have subsequently become familiar in everyday life. Companies use touchscreens for kiosk systems in retail and tourist settings, point of sale systems, ATMs, and PDAs, where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter data.<br />From 1979–1985, the Fairlight CMI (and Fairlight CMI IIx) was a high-end musical sampling and re-synthesis workstation that utilized light pen technology, with which the user could allocate and manipulate sample and synthesis data, as well as access different menus within its OS by touching the screen with the light pen. The later Fairlight series III models used a graphics tablet in place of the light pen.<br />The HP-150 from 1983 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computers. Similar to the PLATO IV system, the touch technology used employed infrared transmitters and receivers mounted around the bezel of its 9quot;
Sony Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which detected the position of any non-transparent object on the screen.<br />An early attempt at a handheld game console with touchscreen controls was Sega's intended successor to the Game Gear, though the device was ultimately shelved and never released due to the expensive cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s. Touchscreens would not be popularly used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004.[9]<br />iPad tablet computer on a stand<br />Until recently, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This is starting to change with the commercialization of multi-touch technology.<br />The popularity of smart phones, PDAs and tablet computers, portable video game consoles and many types of information appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens, for portable and functional electronics, with a display of a simple smooth surface and direct interaction without any hardware (keyboard or mouse) between the user and content, fewer accessories are required.<br />Touchscreens are popular in hospitality, and in heavy industry, as well as kiosks such as museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content.<br />Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators, and not by display, chip, or motherboard manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and have begun to integrate touchscreen functionality into the fundamental design of their products.<br />[edit] Technologies<br />There are a variety of touchscreen technologies:<br />[edit] Resistive<br />Main article: Resistive touchscreen<br />A resistive touchscreen panel is composed of several layers, the most important of which are two thin, electrically conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When an object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current, which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing. The cover sheet consists of a hard outer surface with a coated inner side. When the outer layer is touched it causes the conductive layers to touch creating a signal that the analog controller can interpret and determine what the user wants to be done. Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories and hospitals due to its high resistance to liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive touch technology is it is extremely cost-effective. One disadvantage of resistive technology is its vulnerability of being damaged by sharp objects.<br />[edit] Surface acoustic wave<br />Main article: Surface acoustic wave<br />Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to the controller for processing. Surface wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.[10]<br />[edit] Capacitive<br />Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone<br />Main article: Capacitive sensing<br />A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulator such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO).[11][12] As the human body is also an electrical conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the screen's electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Unlike a resistive touchscreen, one cannot use a capacitive touchscreen through most types of electrically insulating material, such as gloves; one requires a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with finger tips that generate[citation needed] static electricity. This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather.<br />[edit] Surface capacitance<br />In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive coupling, and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.[13]<br />[edit] Projected capacitance<br />Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which permits more accurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer. An X-Y grid is formed either by etching a single layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, or by etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid (comparable to the pixel grid found in many LCD displays).<br />The greater resolution of PCT allows operation without direct contact, such that the conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass. Due to the top layer of a PCT being glass, PCT is a more robust solution versus resistive touch technology. Depending on the implementation, an active or passive stylus can be used instead of or in addition to a finger. This is common with point of sale devices that require signature capture. Gloved fingers may or may not be sensed, depending on the implementation and gain settings. Conductive smudges and similar interference on the panel surface can interfere with the performance. Such conductive smudges come mostly from sticky or sweaty finger tips, especially in high humidity environments. Collected dust, which adheres to the screen due to the moisture from fingertips can also be a problem. There are two types of PCT: Self Capacitance and Mutual Capacitance.<br />A PCT screen consists of an insulator such as glass or foil, coated with a transparent conductor – sensing (Copper, ATO, Nanocarbon or ITO). As the human finger (is also a conductor) touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the local electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance.Now PCT used mutual capacitance, which is the more common projected capacitive approach and makes use of the fact that most conductive objects are able to hold a charge if they are very close together. If another conductive object, in this case a finger, bridges the gap, the charge field is interrupted and detected by the controller. All PCT touch screens are made up of an electrode - a matrix of rows and columns. The capacitance can be changed at every individual point on the grid (intersection). It can be measured to accurately determine the exactly touch location. All projected capacitive touch (PCT) solutions have three key features in common: • Sensor as matrix of rows and columns• Sensor lies behind the touch surface • Sensor does not use any moving parts.[14]<br />[edit] Mutual capacitance<br />In mutual capacitive sensors, there is a capacitor at every intersection of each row and each column. A 16-by-14 array, for example, would have 224 independent capacitors. A voltage is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field which reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.<br />[edit] Self-capacitance<br />Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently. With self-capacitance, the capacitive load of a finger is measured on each column or row electrode by a current meter. This method produces a stronger signal than mutual capacitance, but it is unable to resolve accurately more than one finger,<br />[edit] Infrared<br />Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user's touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated.<br />An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any input including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and point of sale systems which can't rely on a conductor (such as a bare finger) to activate the touchscreen. Unlike capacitive touchscreens, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system.<br />[edit] Optical imaging<br />This is a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more image sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared back lights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other side of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be pinpointed to locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object (see visual hull). This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units.<br />[edit] Dispersive signal technology<br />Introduced in 2002 by 3M, this system uses sensors to detect the Piezoelectricity in the glass that occurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.[15] The technology claims to be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touch event, any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and stylus. A downside is that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger.<br />[edit] Acoustic pulse recognition<br />In this system, introduced by Tyco International's Elo division in 2006, the key to the invention is that a touch at each position on the glass generates a unique sound. Four tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen glass pick up the sound of the touch. The sound is then digitized by the controller and compared to a list of prerecorded sounds for every position on the glass. The cursor position is instantly updated to the touch location. APR is designed to ignore extraneous and ambient sounds, as they do not match a stored sound profile. APR differs from other attempts to recognize the position of touch with transducers or microphones, as it uses a simple table lookup method rather than requiring powerful and expensive signal processing hardware to attempt to calculate the touch location without any references [16] . The touchscreen itself is made of ordinary glass, giving it good durability and optical clarity. It is usually able to function with scratches and dust on the screen with good accuracy. The technology is also well suited to displays that are physically larger. As with the Dispersive Signal Technology system, after the initial touch, a motionless finger cannot be detected. However, for the same reason, the touch recognition is not disrupted by any resting objects.<br />[edit] Construction<br />There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.<br />In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are typically four layers;<br />Top polyester coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the bottom<br />Adhesive spacer<br />Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top<br />Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.<br />When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical current that flows through the display.<br />Dispersive-signal technology which 3M created in 2002, measures the piezoelectric effect — the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material — that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched.<br />There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted infrared cameras record screen touches.<br />In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.<br />[edit] Development<br />Most touchscreen technology patents were filed during the 1970s and 1980s and have expired. Touchscreen component manufacturing and product design are no longer encumbered by royalties or legalities with regard to patents and the use of touchscreen-enabled displays is widespread.<br />The development of multipoint touchscreens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen; thus, operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously.<br />With the growing use of touchscreens, the marginal cost of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is nearly eliminated. Touchscreens now have proven reliability. Thus, touchscreen displays are found today in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliances, and handheld display devices including the Nintendo DS and the later multi-touch enabled iPhones; the touchscreen market for mobile devices is projected to produce US$5 billion in 2009.[17]<br />The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is also advancing with the emerging graphics tablet/screen hybrids.<br />[edit] Ergonomics and usage<br />[edit] Fingernail as stylus<br />Pointed nail for easier typing. The concept of using a fingernail trimmed to form a point, to be specifically used as a stylus on a writing tablet for communication, appeared in the 1950 science fiction short story Scanners Live in Vain.<br />These ergonomic issues of direct touch can be bypassed by using a different technique, provided that the user's fingernails are either short or sufficiently long.[citation needed] Rather than pressing with the soft skin of an outstretched fingertip, the finger is curled over, so that the tip of a fingernail can be used instead. This method does not work on capacitive touchscreens.<br />The fingernail's hard, curved surface contacts the touchscreen at one very small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure is needed, much greater precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with a little experience), much less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernail can be silently moved across the screen with very little resistance,[citation needed] allowing for selecting text, moving windows, or drawing lines.<br />The human fingernail consists of keratin which has a hardness and smoothness similar to the tip of a stylus (and so will not typically scratch a touchscreen). Alternatively, very short stylus tips are available, which slip right onto the end of a finger; this increases visibility of the contact point with the screen.<br />[edit] Fingerprints<br />Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be mitigated by the use of materials with optical coatings designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils, or oleophobic coatings as used in the iPhone 3G S, which lessen the actual amount of oil residue, or by reducing skin contact by using a fingernail or stylus.<br />[edit] Combined with haptics<br />Touchscreens are often used with haptic response systems. An example of this technology would be a system that caused the device to vibrate when a button on the touchscreen was tapped. The user experience with touchscreens lacking tactile feedback or haptics can be difficult due to latency or other factors. Research from the University of Glasgow Scotland [Brewster, Chohan, and Brown 2007 and more recently Hogan] demonstrates that sample users reduce input errors (20%), increase input speed (20%), and lower their cognitive load (40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or tactile feedback [vs. non-haptic touchscreens].<br />[edit] Gorilla arm<br />The Jargon File dictionary of hacker slang defined quot;
gorilla armquot;
as the failure to understand the ergonomics of vertically mounted touchscreens for prolonged use. The proposition is that the human arm held in an unsupported horizontal position rapidly becomes fatigued and painful, the so-called quot;
gorilla armquot;
.[18] It is often cited as a prima facie example of what not to do in ergonomics. Vertical touchscreens still dominate in applications such as ATMs and data kiosks in which the usage is too brief to be an ergonomic problem.[citation needed]<br />Discomfort might be caused by previous poor posture and atrophied muscular systems caused by limited physical exercise.[19] Fine art painters are also often subject to neck and shoulder pains due to their posture and the repetitiveness of their movements while painting.[citation needed][20]<br />[edit] Screen protectors<br />