This paper proposes three types of single stage low-power RF front-end, called double-balanced LMVs, by merging LNA, mixer, and voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO) exploiting a series LC (SLC) network. The low intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signal can be directly sensed at the drain nodes of the VCO switching transistors by adding a simple resistorcapacitor (RC) low-pass filter (LPF). By adopting a double-balanced mixer
topology, the strong leakage of the local oscillator (LO) at the IF output is effectively suppressed. Using a 65 nm CMOS technology, the proposed double-balanced LMVs (DB-LMVs) are designed. Oscillating at around 2.4 GHz ISM band, the phase noise of the proposed three DB-LMVs is −111 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. The simulated voltage conversion gain is larger than 36 dB and the double-side band (DSB) noise figure (NF) is less than 7.7 dB. The DB-LMVs consume only 0.2 mW dc power from 1-V supply voltage.
This paper proposes three kinds of single stage RF front-end, called quadrature LMVs (QLMVs), by merging LNA, single-balanced mixer, and quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) exploiting a series LC (SLC) network. The low intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signal near dc can be directly sensed at the drain nodes of the VCO switching transistors by adding a simple resistor-capacitor (RC) low-pass filter (LPF). Using a 65 nm CMOS technology, the proposed QLMVs are designed. Oscillating at around 2.4 GHz band, the proposed QLMVs achieve the phase noise below ‒107 dB/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. The simulated voltage conversion gain is larger than 30 dB. The double-side band (DSB) noise figure (NF) of the proposed QLMVs is below 10 dB. The QLMVs consume less than 0.51 mW dc power from a 1-V supply.
This paper proposes three kinds of single stage RF front-end, called quadrature LMVs (QLMVs), by merging LNA, single-balanced mixer, and quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) exploiting a series LC (SLC) network. The low intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signal near dc can be directly sensed at the drain nodes of the VCO switching transistors by adding a simple resistor-capacitor (RC) low-pass filter (LPF). Using a 65 nm CMOS technology, the proposed QLMVs are designed. Oscillating at around 2.4 GHz band, the proposed QLMVs achieve the phase noise below ‒107 dB/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. The simulated voltage conversion gain is larger than 30 dB. The double-side band (DSB) noise figure (NF) of the proposed QLMVs is below 10 dB. The QLMVs consume less than 0.51 mW dc power from a 1-V supply.
I presented this slid in my last presentation about bipolar junction transistor configuration.Now I'm sharing this with all of you guys it can be helpful for you.
Look at the beautiful view of forgiveness of mistakes.
Thank you
The presentation covers Bipolar Junction Transistor: Construction, Operation, Transistor configurations and input / output characteristics; Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
I presented this slid in my last presentation about bipolar junction transistor configuration.Now I'm sharing this with all of you guys it can be helpful for you.
Look at the beautiful view of forgiveness of mistakes.
Thank you
The presentation covers Bipolar Junction Transistor: Construction, Operation, Transistor configurations and input / output characteristics; Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
An operational amplifier with recycling folded cascode topology and adaptive ...VLSICS Design
This paper presents a highly adaptive operational amplifier with high gain, high bandwidth, high speed
and low power consumption. By adopting the recycling folded cascode topology along with an adaptivebiasing
circuit, this design achieves high performance in terms of gain-bandwidth product (GBW) and slew
rate (SR). This single stage op-amp has been designed in 0.18μm technology with a power supply of 1.8V
and a 5pF load. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieved a GBW of 335.5MHz, Unity Gain
Bandwidth of 247.1MHz and a slew rate of 92.8V/μs.
DESIGN OF DIGITAL PLL USING OPTIMIZED PHASE NOISE VCOVLSICS Design
In order to keep electronic world properly PLL plays a very important role. Designing of low
phase noise and less jittery PLL in generation of clock signals is an important task. Clock signals
are required for providing reference timing to electrical system and also to ICs. So in this paper
PLL is designed with improved Phase noise and also jitter. Where such types of design is
important when sophisticated timing requirements are needed to provide synchronization and
distribution of clocks like in ADC, DAC, high speed networking, medical imaging systems. The
clock signal’s quality depends upon jitter and phase noise. An ideal clock source has zero phase
noise and jitter but in reality it has some modulated phase noise. This modulated phase noise
spreads the power to the adjacent frequencies, hence produces noise sidebands. The phase noise
is typically frequency domain analysis which is expressed in terms of dBc/Hz measured at offset
frequency with respect to ideal clock frequency. The low phase noise is important factor mainly
in RF and ADC applications. In RF wireless high speed applications, increased PN will leads to
channel to channel interference, attenuates quality of signal. In ADC, increased PN limits the
SNR and data converter’s equivalent no. of bits (ENOB). Jitter is time domain meas
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
Analysis and Design of CMOS Source Followers and Super Source FollowerIDES Editor
The source follower circuit is used as a voltage
buffer and level shifter. It is more flexible level shifter as the
dc value of voltage level can be adjusted by changing aspect
ratio of MOSFETs. It is desired to have low output resistance
for such applications. Source follower can give minimum
output resistance 1/(gm+gmb) with load resistance and channel
resistance tending to infinity. The super source follower is a
circuit formed using negative feedback through another
MOSFET. This offers even reduced output resistance but with
reduced voltage gain as that of source follower.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
LOW POWER LOW VOLTAGE BULK DRIVEN BALANCED OTAVLSICS Design
The last few decades, a great deal of attention has been paid to low-voltage (LV) low-power (LP) integrated circuits design since the power consumption has become a critical issue. Among many techniques used for the design of LV LP analog circuits, the Bulk-driven principle offers a promising route towards this design for many aspects mainly the simplicity and using the conventional MOS technology to implement these designs. This paper is devoted to the Bulk-driven (BD) principle and utilizing this principle to design LV LP building block of Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) in standard CMOS processes and supply voltage 0.9V. The simulation results have been carried out by the Spice simulator using the 130nm CMOS technology from TSMC.
Low Power Low Voltage Bulk Driven Balanced OTA VLSICS Design
The last few decades, a great deal of attention has been paid to low-voltage (LV) low-power (LP) integrated circuits design since the power consumption has become a critical issue. Among many techniques used for the design of LV LP analog circuits, the Bulk-driven principle offers a promising route towards this design for many aspects mainly the simplicity and using the conventional MOS technology to implement these designs. This paper is devoted to the Bulk-driven (BD) principle and utilizing this principle to design LV LP building block of Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) in standard CMOS processes and supply voltage 0.9V. The simulation results have been carried out by the Spice simulator using the 130nm CMOS technology from TSMC.
Analysis and Design of A Low-Voltage Low-Power Double-Tail Comparator. This is a final semester Mtech project on VLSI design implementation of dual tail comparator in a modifyied version. This design is implemented using VHDL Language with 100% Source code synthesizable available. Software for free to download and knowledge transfer for the same project is also being implemented..The design is implemented using FSM technology, low power is achieved in this project.area utilization is the major advantage in this project.Low power techniques such as Clock gating, power gating is implemented in this project.,ieee reference paper is used for the base.
Improving the Proactive Routing Protocol using Depth First Iterative Deepenin...Yayah Zakaria
Owing to the wireless and mobility nature, nodes in a mobile ad hoc network are not within the transmission range. It needs to transfer data through the multi-intermediate nodes. Opportunistic data forwarding is an assuring solution to make use of the broadcast environment of wireless communication links. Due to absence of source routing capability with efficient proactive routing protocol, it is not widely used. To rectify the
problem, we proposed memory and routing efficient proactive routing protocol using Depth-First Iterative-Deepening and hello messaging scheme. This protocol can conserve the topology information in every node in the network. In experimental analysis and discussion, we implemented the proposed work using NS2 simulator tool and proved that the proposed technique is performed well in terms of average delay, buffer and throughput.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Symmetric Key based Encryption and Decryption using Lissajous Curve EquationsYayah Zakaria
Sender and receiver both uses two large similar prime numbers and uses parametric equations for swapping values of kx and by product of kx and ky is the common secret key. Generated secret key is used for encryption and decryption using ASCII key matrix of order 16X16. Applying playfair rules for encryption and decryption. Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher. Playfair makes use of pairs of letters for encryption and decryption. This
application makes use of all ASCII characters which makes brute force attack impossible.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFA in 16-channels WDM...Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the
received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission
system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
In this paper partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter, utilizing a novel resonant structure comprising a metal window along with metal posts has been proposed to compactthe filter size. The metal windows and postshave been implemented transversely in a partial H-plane waveguides, which have
one-quarter cross section size compared to the conventional waveguides in the same frequency range. Partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter with novel proposed resonant structures has considerably shorter longitudinal length compared to the conventional partial H-plane filters, so that they reduce both cross section size and the total length of the filter compared to
conventional H-plane filters, in the same frequency range. In the presented design procedure, the size and shape of each metal window and metal posts has been determined by fitting the transfer function of the proposed resonant structure to that of a desiredone, which is obtained from a suitable equivalent
circuit model. The design process is based on optimization using
electromagnetic simulator software, HFSS. A proposed partial H-plane bandpass
filter has been designed and simulated to verify usefulness and
performanceof the design method.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Growth and Survey for Three Layers Yayah Zakaria
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a mobile ad hoc network that allows wireless communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and roadside equipment. Communication between vehicles promotes safety and reliability, and can be a source of entertainment. We investigated the historical development, characteristics, and application fields of VANET and briefly introduced them in this study. Advantages and disadvantages were discussed based on our analysis and comparison of various classes of MAC and routing protocols applied to VANET. Ideas and breakthrough directions for inter-vehicle communication designs were proposed based on the
characteristics of VANET. This article also illustrates physical, MAC, and network layer in details which represent the three layers of VANET. The main works of the active research institute on VANET were introduced to help researchers track related advanced research achievements on the subject.
Barriers and Challenges to Telecardiology Adoption in Malaysia Context Yayah Zakaria
Mainly in infrastructure deficient communities, telecardiology is considered as a complement to insufficient cardiac care. Telecardiology can reduce travelling and waiting time, enables information sharing in shorter time and facilitate care in rural and remote areas. A qualitative study examined the perspectives of health care providers: cardiologist and general physician and
health care service receivers: patient and public towards telecardiology adoption. The barriers in telecardiology adoption were identified in this paper. It includes practicality of telecardiology, the need of education for staffs and administrators, ease of use, preferred face-to-face consultation,
cost and confidentiality. Improvements can be done by the implementers based on this study in order to promote telecardiology successfully in Malaysia.
Novel High-Gain Narrowband Waveguide-Fed Filtenna using Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
Filtenna is an antenna with filtering feature. There are many ways to design a filtenna. In this paper, a high-gain narrowband waveguide-fed aperture filtenna has been proposed and designed. A patterned plane, which is designed using genetic algorithm has been used at the open end of the waveguide fed, mounted on a conducting ground plane. To design the patterned pattern, magnetic field integral equation of the structure has been derived, so it has been solved using method of moments. The proposed filtenna has been simulated with HFSS that confirms the results obtained by method of moments. Finally, an unprinted dielectric as a superstrate has been used to enhance the gain of the filtenna. The filtenna bandwidth is 1.76% (160 MHz) which has the gain of 15.91 dB at the central frequency
of 9.45 GHz.
Improved Algorithm for Pathological and Normal Voices Identification Yayah Zakaria
There are a lot of papers on automatic classification between normal and pathological voices, but they have the lack in the degree of severity estimation of the identified voice disorders. Building a model of pathological and normal voices identification, that can also evaluate the degree of severity
of the identified voice disorders among students. In the present work, we present an automatic classifier using acoustical measurements on registered sustained vowels /a/ and pattern recognition tools based on neural networks. The training set was done by classifying students’ recorded voices based on threshold from the literature. We retrieve the pitch, jitter, shimmer and harmonic-to-noise ratio values of the speech utterance /a/, which constitute the input vector of the neural network. The degree of severity is estimated to evaluate how the parameters are far from the standard values based on the percent of normal and pathological values. In this work, the base data used for testing the proposed algorithm of the neural network is formed by healthy
and pathological voices from German database of voice disorders. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in a term of the accuracy
(97.9%), sensitivity (1.6%), and specificity (95.1%). The classification rate is
90% for normal class and 95% for pathological class.
Uncertain Systems Order Reduction by Aggregation Method Yayah Zakaria
In the field of control engineering, approximating the higher-order system with its reduced model copes with more intricateproblems. These complex problems are addressed due to the usage of computing technologies and advanced algorithms. Reduction techniques enable the system from higherorder to lower-order form retaining the properties of former even after reduction. This document renders a method for demotion of uncertain systems based on State Space Analysis. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
A Three-Point Directional Search Block Matching Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
This paper proposes compact directional asymmetric search patterns, which we have named as three-point directional search (TDS). In most fast search motion estimation algorithms, a symmetric search pattern is usually set at the minimum block distortion point at each step of the search. The design of the
symmetrical pattern in these algorithms relies primarily on the assumption that the direction of convergence is equally alike in each direction with respect to the search center. Therefore, the monotonic property of real -world video sequences is not properly used by these algorithms. The strategy of TDS is to keep searching for the minimum block distortion point in the most probable directions, unlike the previous fast search motion estimation algorithms where all the directions are checked. Therefore, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of search points for locating a motion vector. Compared to conventional fast algorithms, the proposed method has the fastest search speed and most satisfactory PSNR values for
all test sequences.
Human Data Acquisition through Biometrics using LabVIEW Yayah Zakaria
Human Data Acquisition is an innovative work done based on fingerprints of a particular person. Using the fingerprints we can get each and every detail of any individual. Through this, the data acquired can be used in many applications such as Airport Security System, Voting System, and Employee login System, in finding the thieves etc. We in our project have implemented
in Voting System. In this we use the components such as MyDAQ which is data acquisition device. The coding here is in done in a Graphical Programming language named LabVIEW where the execution of any program is done in a sequential way or step by step according to the data received.
A Survey on Block Matching Algorithms for Video Coding Yayah Zakaria
Block matching algorithm (BMA) for motion estimation (ME) is the heart to many motion-compensated video-coding techniques/standards, such as ISO MPEG-1/2/4 and ITU-T H.261/262/263/264/265, to reduce the temporal redundancy between different frames. During the last three decades,
hundreds of fast block matching algorithms have been proposed. The shape and size of search patterns in motion estimation will influence more on the searching speed and quality of performance. This article provides an overview of the famous block matching algorithms and compares their computational complexity and motion prediction quality.
An Accurate Scheme for Distance Measurement using an Ordinary Webcam Yayah Zakaria
Nowadays, image processing has become one of the widely used computer aided science. Two major branches of this scientific field are image enhancement and machine vision. Machine vision has many applications and demands in robotic and defense industries. Detecting distance of objects is
one of the extensive research in the defense industry and robotic industries that a lot of annual projects have been involved in this issue both inside and outside the country. So, in this paper, an accurate algorithm is presented for measuring the distance of the objects from a camera. In this method, a laser
transmitter is used alongside a regular webcam. The laser light is transmitted to the desired object and then the distance of the object is calculated using image processing methods and mathematical and geometric relations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB software. The accuracy rate of distance detection is up to 99.62%. The results
also has shown that the presented algorithms make the obstacle distance measurement more reliable. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with other methods from different literatures.
Identity Analysis of Egg Based on Digital and Thermal Imaging: Image Processi...Yayah Zakaria
This research was conducted to analyze the identification of eggs. The research processes use two tools, namely thermal imaging camera and smartphone camera. The identification process was done by using Matlab prototype tools. The image has been acquired by means of proficiency level, then analyzed and applied several methods. Image acquisition results of thermal imaging camera are processed using morphological dilation and do the complement in black and white (BW). While the digital image uses the merger method of morphological dilation and opening, and it doesn't need to be complemented. Labeling process is done, and the process of determining centroid and bounding box. The process has been done and it can be applied for identifying of chicken eggs with the accuracy rate of 100%. There are different methods of both images is obtained area (pixels) which is equivalent to the difference is very small as 6 x 10-3.
.
Recognition of Tomato Late Blight by using DWT and Component Analysis Yayah Zakaria
Plant disease recognition concept is one of the successful and important applications of image processing and able to provide accurate and useful information to timely prediction and control of plant diseases. In the study, the wavelet based features computed from RGB images of late blight infected images and healthy images. The extracted features submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Independent Component Analysis performed (ICA) for reducing dimensions in feature data processing and classification. To recognize and classify late blight from healthy plant images are classified into two classes i.e. late blight infected or healthy. The Euclidean Distance measure is used to compute the distance by these two classes of training and testing dataset for tomato late blight recognition and classification. Finally, the three-component analysis is compared for late blight recognition accuracy. The Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) yielded overall recognition accuracy with 96.4%.
Fuel Cell Impedance Model Parameters Optimization using a Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
The objective of this paper is the PEM fuel cell impedance model parameters identification. This work is a part of a larger work which is the diagnosis of the fuel cell which deals with the optimization and the parameters identification of the impedance complex model of the Nexa Ballard 1200 PEM fuel cell. The method used for the identification is a sample genetic algorithm and the proposed impedance model is based on electric parameters, which will be found from a sweeping of well determined frequency bands. In fact, the frequency spectrum is divided into bands according to the behavior of the fuel cell. So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy. Indeed, the identification using genetic algorithm requires experimental measures of the fuel cell impedance to optimize and identify the impedance model parameters values. This method is characterized by a good precision compared to the numeric methods. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of this approach.
Noise Characterization in InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMTs for Low Noise Applications Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, a noise revision of an InAlAs/InGaAs/InP psoeudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) in presented. The noise performances of the device were predicted over a range of frequencies from 1GHz to 100GHz. The minimum noise figure (NFmin), the noise resistance (Rn) and optimum source impedance (Zopt) were extracted using two
approaches. A physical model that includes diffusion noise and G-R noise models and an analytical model based on an improved PRC noise model that considers the feedback capacitance Cgd. The two approaches presented matched results allowing a good prediction of the noise behaviour. The
pHEMT was used to design a single stage S-band low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA demonstrated a gain of 12.6dB with a return loss coefficient of 2.6dB at the input and greater than -7dB in the output and an overall noise figure less than 1dB.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET Yayah Zakaria
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge
build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and
have been shown to be good.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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2. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
A Single Stage Low Power Double Balanced Mixer Merged with LNA and VCO (Nam Jin Oh)
153
Figure 1. Liscidini’s LMV Cell in [2]
A conventional VCO with a current source can be considered as a mixer when a RF signal is applied
to the input port of the current source. For the conventional VCO, the down-converted IF signal at the VCO
output is negligible due to the low impedance at the low frequency. If a series resonator is employed, the
impedance is high at the low frequency and the IF signal can be recovered without any signal loss. A single-
balanced LMV is proposed in [5]. However, the single-balanced topology has a disadvantage of strong LO
leakage at the IF output which can saturate the following stages. If a double-balanced topology is adopted for
the mixer, the strong LO leakage can be rejected successfully. For the RF front-end from antenna to LNA,
the input and output signal is typically single-ended and requires a single-to-differential conversion balun for
the following double-balanced mixer. This extra balun can degrade the overall system noise figure of the
receiver. Therefore, a single-ended input is desirable for the double-balanced mixer [6-7].
In this paper, single-stage double-balanced LMVs (DB-LMVs) with differential and single-ended
input are proposed combining LNA, mixer, and VCO to suppress the LO leakage at the IF output. By
exploiting a series LC (SLC) network instead of a parallel LC (PLC) network, the low frequency IF or
baseband signal can be directly extracted from the drain outputs of the VCO. This paper is organized as
follows. In Section II, the traditional LC tank oscillator is described as a mixer, and a detailed analysis for the
proposed DB-LMVs are given. In Section III, an experimental performance is given based on simulation
using 65 nm CMOS technology. Finally, a conclusion is given.
2. CIRCUIT DESIGN OF DB-LMV
A conventional LC tank oscillator, as shown in Figure 2, performs the mixing process since an RF
signal in the VCO bias current is down-converted by the switching transistors. Also, by the same mechanism,
the dc current of Mcs is up-converted to the LO frequency. With the complete switching is assumed for the
Msw1 and Msw2, the amplitude of the VCO output is given by
LCS
LO
RI
V
4
(1)
and the current at the VCO output port is given by
...)cos(
2
cos
4
, tvgt
I
i RFLORFmLO
CS
SBO
(2)
where ICS and gm are the dc current and transconductance of the current source MCS, respectively. The first
term in (2) is the LO component of the VCO. The low frequency IF signal (the second term) is severely
attenuated since the inductor of the PLC tank is short at around dc. Also, the higher order frequency
components are attenuated by the PLC tank. In Figure 2, attempting to sense the down-converted component
at the VCO output unavoidably degrades the phase noise [2]. One possible solution is to exploit the SLC
network for the VCO to extract both LO and IF signals. Figure 3(b) shows a SLC VCO where the coupling
capacitor Ccpl and the inductor 2L form a SLC network. When an RF signal is applied to the input of the
transconductance stage, the topology in Figure 3(b) is exactly the same as the single-balanced mixer since the
coupling capacitor Ccpl is open at IF frequency. Also, a modified version can be implemented in Figure 3
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
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154
replacing the load resistor RL with the complementary PMOS transistors. In [8], a new LMV is proposed
using a SLC tank resonator instead of using a PLC tank resonator for low-phase noise design by combining a
single-balanced mixer and a complementary VCO. Figure 4 shows the single-balanced LMV (SB-LMV) cell
by modifying the current source as an inductive degenerated LNA and adding simple first-order RC low-pass
filter (LPF). The RC low-pass filter is designed to attenuate the LO component at the drain nodes of the VCO
while somewhat degrading the phase noise performance. The transistor Mcs acts as an LNA at RF, while
providing the dc bias current to the VCO. The transistor Msw,n performs the mixing operation while
contributing the negative resistance to the VCO. As shown in Figure 4, RF component is down-converted
around dc, and the dc component is up-converted to the LO frequency.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) Conventional PLC VCO as a mixer and (b) its frequency response
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) Single-balanced mixer and (b) SLC VCO
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Single-balanced SLC LMV cell [8] and (b) frequency responses
4. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
A Single Stage Low Power Double Balanced Mixer Merged with LNA and VCO (Nam Jin Oh)
155
Looking at the gate nodes, the IF component is severely attenuated since the inductor is short at
around dc. However, looking at the drain nodes, the IF component appears without attenuation since the Ccpl
is open at around dc. With just adding the simple RC low-pass filter (LPF) to the drain nodes, the LO
component can be suppressed with significant attenuation and leaving the down-converted signal at the IF
output. The SB-LMV cell requires only small size capacitance for the LPF compared to that of the Liscidini’s
LMV cell in Figure 1 which requires quite large size capacitance for the same LPF corner frequency since the
impedance looking at the source nodes at the IF outputs is quite low.
Figure 5 shows the impedances looking at the gate and drain nodes of the switching transistors.
Since the coupling capacitor Ccpl is just short at the LO frequency, the final VCO oscillation frequency is
mainly determined by the PLC resonator. Figure 6 shows the output spectrum at the gate and drain nodes of
the switching transistors. As shown in Figure 6, the IF component is severely attenuated at the gate nodes,
but appears at the drain nodes without attenuation.
This IF component at the drain nodes can be further filtered out with the RC LPF to suppress the
strong LO component. However, the LO component is still strong after the filtering and can saturate the
following stages coming after the LMV cell. If a double-balanced mixer topology is adopted, the LO
component can be severely rejected.
Frequency [GHz]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Impedance[Ohm]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Vd+-Vd-
Vg+-Vg-LO frequency
SLC
resonance
frequency
Frequency [GHz]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Output[dBm]
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Vd+-Vd-
Vg+-Vg-
IF component LO component
Figure 5. Impedances of the SB-LMV Cell looking
at the gate and Drain Nodes
Figure 6. Output Spectrum of the SB-LMV Cell
looking at the gate and Drain Nodes [8]
Figure 7 shows the double-balanced mixer topologies. For the double-balanced mixer, the IF output
from the drain of Msw1 and Msw3 is directly combined. The output current at the IF output of the double-
balanced mixer is given by
...])cos()[cos(
2
, ttvgi RFLORFLORFmDBO
(3)
From (3), it can be seen that the LO component is rejected with the double-balanced topology.
Figure 8 shows the proposed three kinds of double-balanced LMVs with differential and single-
ended input by combining two SB-LMV cells. For the double-balanced LMV cell, the IF output from the
drain of Msw,n1 and Msw,n3 is indirectly combined through the resistor R of the RC LPF to keep the oscillation
of the LMV cell (the outputs LO+ and LO− would be shorted without the resistor R). The inductor is shared
between two SB-LMV cells. Compared to the SB-LMV (which has higher LO leakage at the IF output and
requires large size capacitor for sufficient LO rejection), the capacitor value for the RC LPF in the DB-LMV
can be minimized just to reject the higher order harmonic frequencies at the IF output.
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
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156
(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) Differential Input Double-Balanced mixer and (b) Single-Ended Input CMOS
Micromixer [6-7]
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 8. Proposed DB-LMVs (a) differential Input DB-LMV (DI-DB-LMV), (b) single-ended Input
DB-LMV (SE-DB-LMV1), and (c) single-ended Input DB-LMV (SE-DB-LMV2) [9]
3. SIMULATION RESULTS OF DB-LMV
A symmetric inductor is used to have a higher quality (Q) factor to have a better phase noise
performance. For the proposed DB-LMV cell, the dc bias current is set to have about 0.22 mA from 1 V
supply voltage for the LO output swing of 0.6 V peak-to-peak. The ac coupling capacitor Ccpl is implemented
with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor. The tuning range can be varied with the MOS varactors. For fair
comparison, all the devices of the DB-LMVs are designed to have the same size.
6. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
A Single Stage Low Power Double Balanced Mixer Merged with LNA and VCO (Nam Jin Oh)
157
Table 1. Device Parameters of DB-LMVs
Device Value
Msw,n 32 µm/90 nm
Msw,p 16 µm/90 nm
Mcs, Mcs1, Mcs2 32 µm/90 nm
Ccpl 1 pF
RL 5 kΩ
R 4.6 kΩ
2L 10~11.4 nH
Cvar 90 fF
Freq. [GHz]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Power[dBm]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
IF=1 MHz
LO freq.
Freq. [GHz]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Power[dBm] -350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
IF=1 MHz
LO freq.
(a) (b)
Freq. [GHz]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Power[dBm]
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
IF=1 MHz
LO freq.
(c)
Figure 9. Harmonic balance simulation results of the DB-LMVs. (a) DI-B-LMV, (b) SE-DB-LMV1,
and (c) SE-DB-LMV2. The applied RF input power is −80dBm
Table 1 gives the device parameters for DB-LMVs. Figure 9 shows the harmonic balance simulation
results at IF outputs for three DB-LMVs with neglecting the capacitor C of the RC LPF. As shown in
Figure 9(a), LO leakage at the IF output is severely suppressed for the differential input DB-LMV. For the
single-ended DB-LMVs, the LO leakage is much higher due to the unsymmetry of the transconductance
stage. The RF input stage in Figure 8(b) can be cascoded as shown in Figure 8(c) to have better symmetry
which results in more LO leakage suppression (Figure 9(c)).
Figure 10 shows the signal swing at the RF input and IF outputs of three DB-LMVs. A clean signal
is extracted at the IF output with suppressed LO leakage. The voltage conversion gain is about 36−39 dB.
Figure 11 shows the phase noise performance of the proposed DB-LMVs. The three DB-LMVs have similar
phase noise performance with the phase noise of about −111 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. The close-in
phase noise performance of the SE-DB-LMV1 is somewhat inferior compared to other DB-LMVs. Figure 12
shows the double- sideband (DSB) noise-figure (NF) performance.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
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158
Time [usec]
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Amplitude[V]
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
RF Input
DI-DB-LMV
SE-DB-LMV1
SE-DB-LMV2
Figure 10. Voltage swing at the RF Input and IF Output of the Proposed DB-LMVs. The RF Input Power is
−80 dBm
Offset Freq. [MHz]
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
PhaseNoise[dBc/Hz]
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
DI-DB-LMV
SE-DB-LMV1
SE-DB-LMV2
Offset Freq. [MHz]
0.01 0.1 1 10
NFDSB[dB]
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
DI-DB-LMV
SE-DB-LMV1
SE-DB-LMV2
Figure 11. Phase noise of the Proposed DB-LMV
cell
Figure 12. Double-side band noise figure of the
proposed DB-LMVs
The DSB NF of the DI-DB-LMV is about 5.4 dB at the over 1 MHz IF frequency. The DSB NF of
other DB-LMVs is about 7.5 dB. The RF input of each DB-LMV is matched to 50 ohm signal source
impedance with input reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. Table 2 summarizes the performance of DB-
LMVs. From the simulation results, the proposed DB-LMV cell is expected to be successfully integrated for
the direct conversion receiver such as Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite communication receiver,
medical applications, and cable TV set-top box, etc while consuming low power with just one integrated
block.
Table 2. Performance Summary of DB-LMVs (Simulation)
DI-DB-LMV SE-DB-LMV1 SE-DB-LMV2
fosc (GHz) 2.48 2.45 2.46
PDC (mW) 0.22 0.22 0.24
VGAIN (dB) 37 36 39
LO Leakage (dBm) −289 −74 −85
Phase Noise (dBc/Hz@1 MHz) −110.8 −111.2 −111.6
NFDSB (dB@1 MHz) 5.4 7.7 7.3
Process 65 nm CMOS
8. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
A Single Stage Low Power Double Balanced Mixer Merged with LNA and VCO (Nam Jin Oh)
159
4. CONCLUSION
By utilizing a series LC resonator, this paper proposes three kinds of fully integrated RF front-end
DB-LMVs by merging LNA [10], [11], double-balanced mixer, and VCO. The proposed DB-LMVs are
designed and simulated using 65 nm TSMC CMOS technology. Operating at around 2.4 GHz ISM band, the
proposed DB-LMVs can be easily integrated on a chip, and applied for low-power high-performance direct
conversion RF front-end receiver.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This was supported by Korea National University of Transportation in 2015.
REFERENCES
[1] T. P. Wang, et al., “A low-power oscillator mixer in 0.18-µm CMOS technology,” IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol/issue: 54(1), pp. 88-95, 2006.
[2] A. Liscidini, et al., “Single-stage low-power quadrature RF receiver front-end: The LMV cell,” IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, vol/issue: 41(12), pp. 2832-2841, 2006.
[3] F. Behbahani, et al., “A 27-mW GPS radio in 0.35 µm CMOS,” IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 398-399, 2002.
[4] J. van der Tang and D. Kasperkovitz, “A 0.9–2.2 GHz monolithic quadrature mixer oscillator for direct-conversion
satellite receivers,” IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 88-89, 1997.
[5] N. J. Oh, “A Single-Stage Low-Power RF Receiver Front-end: Series-Resonator based LMV cell,” IETE Technical
Review, vol/issue: 32(1), pp. 61-69, 2015.
[6] F. Piazza and Q. Huang, “A high linearity, single-ended input double-balanced mixer in 0.25µm CMOS,” Proc.
24th
European Solid-State Circuits Conf., pp. 60-62, 1998.
[7] J. Y. Choi, et al., “Adjustable-performance, single-ended input double-balanced mixer,” Journal of Semiconductor
Technology and Science, vol/issue: 1(4), pp. 248-252, 2001.
[8] N. J. Oh, “A Phase-Noise Reduction Technique for RF CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with a Series LC
Resonator,” Microelectronics Journal, vol/issue: 45(4), pp. 435-440, 2014.
[9] N. J. Oh, “A Single-Stage, Single-Ended Input Double-Balanced LMV in 65 nm CMOS,” ITC-CSCC, pp. 673-674,
2015.
[10] K. Pongot, et al., “New Topology LNA Architecture using Inductive Drain Feedback Technique for Wireless
Application,” TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol/issue: 12(12), pp.8257-8267, 2014.
[11] K. Pongot, et al., “Design and Analysis High Gain PHEMT LNA for Wireless Application at 58 GHz,”
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol/issue: 5(3), pp. 611-620, 2015.
BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR
Nam-Jin Oh received the B.S. degree in physics from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in
1992, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
NC, USA, in 1999, and the Ph.D. degree from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology−IT Convergence Campus (KAIST−ICC) (formerly the Information and
Communications University), Daejeon, Korea, in 2006. From 1992 to 1997, he was with LG
Corporate Institute of Technology, Seoul, Korea. From 1999 to 2001, he was with Samsung
Electronics, Suwon, Korea. From 2006 to 2007, he was with Auto-ID Lab., Fudan University,
China, as a post-doctor. He joined the department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National
University of Transportation (formerly Chungju National University), Korea, in 2007, where he
is currently an associate professor. His research interests are focused on analog and mixed-signal
integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits, system level behavioral simulation of wireless
communications, and device modeling of CMOS active and passive circuits.