In this paper, a noise revision of an InAlAs/InGaAs/InP psoeudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) in presented. The noise performances of the device were predicted over a range of frequencies from 1GHz to 100GHz. The minimum noise figure (NFmin), the noise resistance (Rn) and optimum source impedance (Zopt) were extracted using two
approaches. A physical model that includes diffusion noise and G-R noise models and an analytical model based on an improved PRC noise model that considers the feedback capacitance Cgd. The two approaches presented matched results allowing a good prediction of the noise behaviour. The
pHEMT was used to design a single stage S-band low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA demonstrated a gain of 12.6dB with a return loss coefficient of 2.6dB at the input and greater than -7dB in the output and an overall noise figure less than 1dB.
DESIGN AND NOISE OPTIMIZATION OF RF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER FOR IEEE STANDARD 802...VLSICS Design
Low noise amplifier is the front end block of radio-frequency receiver system. Its design required various characteristics such as power gain, noise figure, insertion losses and power consumption. In this paper we have proposed a single stage low noise amplifier design with high gain and low noise using inductive source degeneration topology for frequency range of 3 GHz to 7 GHz and also use the active biasing devices. A range of devices like inductors and capacitors are used to achieve 50 Ω input impedance with a low noise factor. The design process is simulated process is using Advance Design System (ADS) and implemented in TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology. A single stage low noise amplifier has a measured forward gain 25.4 dB and noise figure 2.2 dB at frequency 5.0 GHz.
Concurrent Quad-band Low Noise Amplifier (QB-LNA) using Multisection Impedanc...IJECEIAES
A quad-band low noise amplifier (QB-LNA) based on multisection impedance transformer designed and evaluated in this research. As a novelty, a multisection impedance transformer was used to produce QB-LNA. A multisection impedance transformer is used as input and output impedance matching because it has higher stability, large Q factor, and low noise than lumpedcomponent.The QB-LNA was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.026. The proposed QB-LNA was designed and analyzed by Advanced Design System (ADS).The simulation has shown that QB-LNA achieves gain (S ) of 22.91 dB, 16.5 dB, 11.18 dB, and 7.25 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively.The QB-LNA obtainreturn loss (S 11 21 ) of -21.28 dB, -31.87 dB, 28.08 dB, and -30.85 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively. It also achieves a Noise figure (nf) of 2.35 dB, 2.13 dB, 2.56 dB, and 3.55 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively. This research also has shown that the Figure of merit (FoM) of the proposed QB-LNA is higher than that of another multiband LNA.
A Two Channel Analog Front end Design AFE Design with Continuous Time ∑-∆ Mod...IJECEIAES
In this context, the AFE with 2-channels is described, which has high impedance for low power application of bio-medical electrical activity. The challenge in obtaining accurate recordings of biomedical signals such as EEG/ECG to study the human body in research work. This paper is to propose Multi-Vt in AFE circuit design cascaded with CT modulator. The new architecture is anticipated with two dissimilar input signals filtered from 2-channel to one modulator. In this methodology, the amplifier is low powered multi-VT Analog Front-End which consumes less power by applying dual threshold voltage. Type -I category 2 channel signals of the first mode: 50 and 150 Hz amplified from AFE are given to 2nd CT sigmadelta ADC. Depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in a 0.18 um standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in 0.18 m standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, programmable gains from 52.6 dB to 72 dB, input referred noise of 3.5 µV in the amplifier bandwidth, NEF of 3.
Webinar Slides: Digital Power Management and Power Integrity Analysis and Tes...teledynelecroy
Join Teledyne LeCroy for an overview of digital power management, power integrity, and power sequencing. We'll discuss test of single or multi-phase digital power management ICs (PMICs), voltage regulator modules (VRMs), point-of-load (POLs) switching regulators, low-dropout (LDO) regulators or other DC-DC converter operations under transient load conditions, and test of complete embedded systems that contain these devices.
DESIGN AND NOISE OPTIMIZATION OF RF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER FOR IEEE STANDARD 802...VLSICS Design
Low noise amplifier is the front end block of radio-frequency receiver system. Its design required various characteristics such as power gain, noise figure, insertion losses and power consumption. In this paper we have proposed a single stage low noise amplifier design with high gain and low noise using inductive source degeneration topology for frequency range of 3 GHz to 7 GHz and also use the active biasing devices. A range of devices like inductors and capacitors are used to achieve 50 Ω input impedance with a low noise factor. The design process is simulated process is using Advance Design System (ADS) and implemented in TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology. A single stage low noise amplifier has a measured forward gain 25.4 dB and noise figure 2.2 dB at frequency 5.0 GHz.
Concurrent Quad-band Low Noise Amplifier (QB-LNA) using Multisection Impedanc...IJECEIAES
A quad-band low noise amplifier (QB-LNA) based on multisection impedance transformer designed and evaluated in this research. As a novelty, a multisection impedance transformer was used to produce QB-LNA. A multisection impedance transformer is used as input and output impedance matching because it has higher stability, large Q factor, and low noise than lumpedcomponent.The QB-LNA was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.026. The proposed QB-LNA was designed and analyzed by Advanced Design System (ADS).The simulation has shown that QB-LNA achieves gain (S ) of 22.91 dB, 16.5 dB, 11.18 dB, and 7.25 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively.The QB-LNA obtainreturn loss (S 11 21 ) of -21.28 dB, -31.87 dB, 28.08 dB, and -30.85 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively. It also achieves a Noise figure (nf) of 2.35 dB, 2.13 dB, 2.56 dB, and 3.55 dB at 0.92 GHz, 1.84 GHz, 2.61 GHz, and 3.54 GHz, respectively. This research also has shown that the Figure of merit (FoM) of the proposed QB-LNA is higher than that of another multiband LNA.
A Two Channel Analog Front end Design AFE Design with Continuous Time ∑-∆ Mod...IJECEIAES
In this context, the AFE with 2-channels is described, which has high impedance for low power application of bio-medical electrical activity. The challenge in obtaining accurate recordings of biomedical signals such as EEG/ECG to study the human body in research work. This paper is to propose Multi-Vt in AFE circuit design cascaded with CT modulator. The new architecture is anticipated with two dissimilar input signals filtered from 2-channel to one modulator. In this methodology, the amplifier is low powered multi-VT Analog Front-End which consumes less power by applying dual threshold voltage. Type -I category 2 channel signals of the first mode: 50 and 150 Hz amplified from AFE are given to 2nd CT sigmadelta ADC. Depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in a 0.18 um standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in 0.18 m standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, programmable gains from 52.6 dB to 72 dB, input referred noise of 3.5 µV in the amplifier bandwidth, NEF of 3.
Webinar Slides: Digital Power Management and Power Integrity Analysis and Tes...teledynelecroy
Join Teledyne LeCroy for an overview of digital power management, power integrity, and power sequencing. We'll discuss test of single or multi-phase digital power management ICs (PMICs), voltage regulator modules (VRMs), point-of-load (POLs) switching regulators, low-dropout (LDO) regulators or other DC-DC converter operations under transient load conditions, and test of complete embedded systems that contain these devices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplif...IJEEE
This paper investigate the performance ofInstrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operationalAmplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltageequalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses theECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses ofGain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and outputnoise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INAGain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation areanalysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nmCMOS technology file and all the simulation done onCADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
PARASITICS REDUCTION FOR RFIC CMOS LAYOUT AND IIP3 VS Q-BASED DESIGN ANALYSI...Ilango Jeyasubramanian
• Measured parasitic resistance and capacitance of two cascoded NMOS layout in LNA. Reduced down the parasitic resistance to about 1 ohm using a multi-fingered and multi-contacted layout.
• Analyzed the Q-based tuning of RFIC LNA by adding an ideal capacitor between the gate and source of CS stage of cascoded LNA and the corresponding variation of linearity using Cadence SpectreRF simulations.
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Journals
Abstract The attempt made in the paper shows an innovative designing for the enhancement and reliability in CMOS technology. A 2.4 GHz resistive feedback narrowband noise amplifier (LNA) using a series inductor input matching networks. It is easy reliable with an extra gm boosting as well as inductively degenerated topology. By using this resistive feedback topology increases the gain as well as noise figure of 2.2 dB,S21 parameter of 26dB,and IIP3 of -13dBm,while 2.8mW of power consuming from a 1.2V and its area 0.6mm2 in 0.13μm CMOS ,which gives the best figure of merit and performance. Keywords: LNA, CMOS, noise figure, resistive feedback, gm boosting, voltage gain boosting.
The design & simulation of low noise amplifier for 1 2.8 ghz using aln s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we have designed low noise amplifier using 2 stage Cascade topology. We have focused on intermediate matching network design of amplifier for low noise figure and selection of transistor PHEMT is based on noise figure as well as quiescent point required for 0 grid voltage so that amplifier will need only single DC supply i.e. Vdd. Depends upon different topologies used for LNA design with wide band requirement, we chose cascaded topology for good gain with low noise amplifier and optimized for greater bandwidth. Practical inductors are bulky as well as counter intuitive elements for high frequency as they behave as capacitors and to reduce S11. Several windings in inductors make them resistive which increases noise by 0.2-0.4 dB. So we proposed inductor-less input matching network for both stages so that we can increase bandwidth as well as perfect match for low noise figure. This LNA is designed using Advanced Design System (ADS) software to provide 0.5 dB noise figure with power gain of 25 dB and 1-2.5 GHz Bandwidth. So it can be used an L-Band satellite modem that is used in an asset tracking application. Layout is designed using muruta manufacturing lumped components and Aluminum Nitride (AlN) substrate having high dielectric constant and high thermal conductivity. Key Words: LNA, PHEMT, ADS, AlN
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
High Gain, Low Noise Instrumentation Amplifier Using Three Operational Amplif...IJEEE
This paper investigate the performance ofInstrumentation amplifier (INA) using three operationalAmplifier. The proposed circuit works for low input voltageequalised to the heart beat of the human being to analyses theECG (Biomedical application) response. The analyses ofGain, Bandwidth, Unity GBW, Phase margin and outputnoise for operational amplifier used in INA and For the INAGain, Bandwidth, output noise and power Dissipation areanalysed. The proposed circuit designed on UMC 180nmCMOS technology file and all the simulation done onCADENCE SPECTRE Simulator.
PARASITICS REDUCTION FOR RFIC CMOS LAYOUT AND IIP3 VS Q-BASED DESIGN ANALYSI...Ilango Jeyasubramanian
• Measured parasitic resistance and capacitance of two cascoded NMOS layout in LNA. Reduced down the parasitic resistance to about 1 ohm using a multi-fingered and multi-contacted layout.
• Analyzed the Q-based tuning of RFIC LNA by adding an ideal capacitor between the gate and source of CS stage of cascoded LNA and the corresponding variation of linearity using Cadence SpectreRF simulations.
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Journals
Abstract The attempt made in the paper shows an innovative designing for the enhancement and reliability in CMOS technology. A 2.4 GHz resistive feedback narrowband noise amplifier (LNA) using a series inductor input matching networks. It is easy reliable with an extra gm boosting as well as inductively degenerated topology. By using this resistive feedback topology increases the gain as well as noise figure of 2.2 dB,S21 parameter of 26dB,and IIP3 of -13dBm,while 2.8mW of power consuming from a 1.2V and its area 0.6mm2 in 0.13μm CMOS ,which gives the best figure of merit and performance. Keywords: LNA, CMOS, noise figure, resistive feedback, gm boosting, voltage gain boosting.
The design & simulation of low noise amplifier for 1 2.8 ghz using aln s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we have designed low noise amplifier using 2 stage Cascade topology. We have focused on intermediate matching network design of amplifier for low noise figure and selection of transistor PHEMT is based on noise figure as well as quiescent point required for 0 grid voltage so that amplifier will need only single DC supply i.e. Vdd. Depends upon different topologies used for LNA design with wide band requirement, we chose cascaded topology for good gain with low noise amplifier and optimized for greater bandwidth. Practical inductors are bulky as well as counter intuitive elements for high frequency as they behave as capacitors and to reduce S11. Several windings in inductors make them resistive which increases noise by 0.2-0.4 dB. So we proposed inductor-less input matching network for both stages so that we can increase bandwidth as well as perfect match for low noise figure. This LNA is designed using Advanced Design System (ADS) software to provide 0.5 dB noise figure with power gain of 25 dB and 1-2.5 GHz Bandwidth. So it can be used an L-Band satellite modem that is used in an asset tracking application. Layout is designed using muruta manufacturing lumped components and Aluminum Nitride (AlN) substrate having high dielectric constant and high thermal conductivity. Key Words: LNA, PHEMT, ADS, AlN
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra Wideband Applica...IOSRJVSP
This paper represents the design and implementation of Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra wideband application using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. The proposed two stage LNA is for a 3-5 GHz. At supply voltage of 1.8V, for the exceed limit of 50μm of width of each transistor, the power consumption is 7.22mW. Noise figure is 4.33dB, Maximum power gain i.e. S21 is 20.4dB, S12 < -20dB, S11 < -8dB, S22 < -10dB. For the required bandwidth range, LNA is unconditionally stable and have good linearity
A 10 d bm 25 dbm, 0.363 mm2 two stage 130 nm rf cmos power amplifierVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a 2.4 GHz RF CMOS Power amplifi
er and variation in its main performance
parameters i.e, output power, S-parameters and powe
r added efficiency with respect to change in supply
voltage and size of the power stage transistor. The
supply voltage was varied form 1 V to 5 V and the
range
of output power at 1dB compression point was found
to be from 10.684 dBm to 25.08 dBm respectively.
The range of PAE is 16.65 % to 48.46 %. The width o
f the power stage transistor was varied from 150 μm
to 500 μm to achieve output power of range 15.47 dB
m to 20.338 dBm. The range of PAE obtained here is
29.085 % to 45.439 %. The total dimension of the la
yout comes out to be 0.714 * 0.508 mm
2
.
DC and RF characteristics of 20 nm gate length InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs for hi...IJECEIAES
lnAlAs/lnGaAs/InP high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) offers excellent high frequency operation.In this work, the DC and RF performance of a 20 nm gate length enhancement mode InAlAs/InGaAs/InP high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on InP substrate are presented. The SILVACO-TCAD simulations performed at room temperature using the appropriate model sshowed that the studied device exhibit excellent pinch-off characteristics, with a maximum transconductance of 1100ms/mm, a threshold voltage of 0,62V, and an Ion/Ioff ratio of 2.106. The cut-off frequency and maximum frequency of oscillation are 980 GHz and 1.3THz respectively. These promising results allow us to affirm that this device is intended to be used in high frequency applications.
Two-section branch-line hybrid couplers based broadband transmit/receive switchIJECEIAES
This article introduces a broadband microstripline-based transmit/receive switch for 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. The designed switch aims to handle a signal of multiple frequencies to/from a multi-tuned radio-frequency coil that resonates at frequencies corresponding to the speed of precession of a wide range of atomic X-nuclei, at the same time and without tuning. These include 1H, 23Na, 13C, 31P, 19F, and 7Li used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a measure to the existence of many diseases. The fundamental and third harmonic center frequencies of the switch are adjusted to resonate at two broadbands covering a wide range of atomic X-nuclei. Two section branch-line hybrid couplers with phase inverters are designed to build the broadband switch. The designed switch used the minimum trace widths of transmission lines that reveal a compact size without increasing the heat and then the loss beyond specific values. The couplers and the switch S-parameters exhibited good return loss (<-10 dB), high isolation (<-40 dB), less insertion loss (<1 dB) and two clear wide bands covering many atomic X-nuclei used in diagnosis, at the same time and without the need for any tuning circuit during operation.
Design and Simulation of Low Noise Amplifiers at 180nm and 90nm TechnologiesIJERA Editor
With continued process scaling, CMOS has become a viable technology for the design of high-performance low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in the radio frequency (RF) regime. This thesis presents design and simulation of LNA at 180nm and 90nm technology. The LNA function is used to amplify signals without adding noise. The work is done on Cadence Virtuoso platform and the performance parameters like transient response and Noise figure are simulated and plotted. A supply voltage of just 5mV is used here. The noise figure at 180nm is found to be 259.722mdB at 1.04502GHz and The noise figure at 90nm is found to be 183.21mdB at 1.157GHz. 1.04502GHz and 1.157GHz are the peak frequency obtained from the frequency response of the Low noise amplifier. It is observed that the noise figure varies in each technology.
An approach to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna in s band by tlm...prj_publication
In this paper we have designed a rectangular microstrip antenna in ‘S’ band
transmission line model. The S band frequency ranges from 2 GHz to 4GHz for wireless
application. The desired frequency is chosen to be 2.4 GHz at which the patch antenna is
designed to improve the bandwidth. After calculating the various parameters such as width,
effective dielectric constant, effective length and actual length. The antenna impedance is
matched to 50 ohm using inset feed. The results are obtained (Input Impedance, reflection
coefficient, SWR and bandwidth) by using MATLAB software.
A 60 GHz CMOS Power Amplifier for Wireless CommunicationsIJECEIAES
This paper presents a 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) suitable for wireless communications. The two-stage wideband PA is fabricated in 55 nm CMOS. Measurement results show that the PA obtains a peak gain of 16 dB over a -3 dB bandwidth from 57 GHz to 67 GHz. It archives an output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4 dBm and a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 12.6%. The PA consumes a total DC power of 38.3 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage while its core occupies a chip area of 0.45 mm 2 .
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
Abstract-This paper presents design of operational transconductance amplifier is to amplify the ECG signal
having low frequency of 300Hz, with the supply voltage of 0.8v. To reduce the power dissipation of 779nW, by
using fifth order low pass filter. The OTA-C filter is to eliminate noise voltage and increases the reliability of
the system. A chip is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process is simulated and measured to validate the system
performance using HSPICE.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal1
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the
specification requirements of the desired.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and
RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can
transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the
specification requirements of the desired
LOW POWER SI CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER AND RF SWITCH FOR HEALTH CAREieijjournal
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software.
And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate
goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and
low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
Low Power SI Class E Power Amplifier and Rf Switch for Health Careieijjournal1
This research was to design a 2.4 GHz class E Power Amplifier (PA) for health care, with 0.18um Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation CMOS technology by using Cadence software. And also RF switch was designed at cadence software with power Jazz 180nm SOI process. The ultimate goal for such application is to reach high performance and low cost, and between high performance and low power consumption design. This paper introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class E power amplifier and RF switch design. PA consists of cascade stage with negative capacitance. This power amplifier can transmit 16dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The performance of the power amplifier and switch meet the specification requirements of the desired.
Improving the Proactive Routing Protocol using Depth First Iterative Deepenin...Yayah Zakaria
Owing to the wireless and mobility nature, nodes in a mobile ad hoc network are not within the transmission range. It needs to transfer data through the multi-intermediate nodes. Opportunistic data forwarding is an assuring solution to make use of the broadcast environment of wireless communication links. Due to absence of source routing capability with efficient proactive routing protocol, it is not widely used. To rectify the
problem, we proposed memory and routing efficient proactive routing protocol using Depth-First Iterative-Deepening and hello messaging scheme. This protocol can conserve the topology information in every node in the network. In experimental analysis and discussion, we implemented the proposed work using NS2 simulator tool and proved that the proposed technique is performed well in terms of average delay, buffer and throughput.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
A Vertical Handover Algorithm in Integrated Macrocell Femtocell Networks Yayah Zakaria
The explosion in wireless telecommunication technologies has lead to a huge increase in the number of mobile users. The greater dependency on the mobile devices has raised the user’s expectations to always remain best connected. In the process, the user is always desiringgood signal strength even at certain black spots and indoors. Moreover, the exponential growth of
the number of mobile devices has overloaded macrocells. Femtocells have emerged out as a good promising solution for complete coverage indoors and for offloading macrocell. Therefore, a new handover strategy between femtocells and macrocell is proposed in this paper. The proposed handover
algorithm is mainly based on calculating equivalent received signal strength along with dynamic margin for performing handover. The simulation results of proposed algorithm are compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed strategy shows improvement in two major performance parameters
namely reduction in unnecessary handovers and Packet Loss Ratio. The quantitative analysis further shows 55.27% and 23.03% reduction in packet loss ratio and 61.85% and 36.78% reduction in unnecessary handovers at a speed of 120kmph and 30kmph respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm proves to be an efficient solution for both slow and fast moving vehicles.
Symmetric Key based Encryption and Decryption using Lissajous Curve EquationsYayah Zakaria
Sender and receiver both uses two large similar prime numbers and uses parametric equations for swapping values of kx and by product of kx and ky is the common secret key. Generated secret key is used for encryption and decryption using ASCII key matrix of order 16X16. Applying playfair rules for encryption and decryption. Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher. Playfair makes use of pairs of letters for encryption and decryption. This
application makes use of all ASCII characters which makes brute force attack impossible.
Gain Flatness and Noise Figure Optimization of C-Band EDFA in 16-channels WDM...Yayah Zakaria
In this paper, Gain Flatness and Noise Figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) have been investigated in 16-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is used in C-band with the aim to achieve flat EDFA output gain. The proposed model has been studied in detail to evaluate and to enhance the performance of the transmission system in terms of gain, noise figure and eye diagram of the
received signals. To that end, various design parameters have been investigated and optimized, such as frequency spacing, EDF length and temperature. To enhance the transmission system performance in terms of gain flatness, the Gain Flattening Filter (GFF) has been introduced in the design. To prove the efficiency of the new design, the optical transmission
system with optimized design parameters has been compared with a previous works in the literature. The simulation results show satisfactory performance with quasi-equalized gain for each channel of the WDM transmission system.
In this paper partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter, utilizing a novel resonant structure comprising a metal window along with metal posts has been proposed to compactthe filter size. The metal windows and postshave been implemented transversely in a partial H-plane waveguides, which have
one-quarter cross section size compared to the conventional waveguides in the same frequency range. Partial H-plane band-pass waveguide filter with novel proposed resonant structures has considerably shorter longitudinal length compared to the conventional partial H-plane filters, so that they reduce both cross section size and the total length of the filter compared to
conventional H-plane filters, in the same frequency range. In the presented design procedure, the size and shape of each metal window and metal posts has been determined by fitting the transfer function of the proposed resonant structure to that of a desiredone, which is obtained from a suitable equivalent
circuit model. The design process is based on optimization using
electromagnetic simulator software, HFSS. A proposed partial H-plane bandpass
filter has been designed and simulated to verify usefulness and
performanceof the design method.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Growth and Survey for Three Layers Yayah Zakaria
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a mobile ad hoc network that allows wireless communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and roadside equipment. Communication between vehicles promotes safety and reliability, and can be a source of entertainment. We investigated the historical development, characteristics, and application fields of VANET and briefly introduced them in this study. Advantages and disadvantages were discussed based on our analysis and comparison of various classes of MAC and routing protocols applied to VANET. Ideas and breakthrough directions for inter-vehicle communication designs were proposed based on the
characteristics of VANET. This article also illustrates physical, MAC, and network layer in details which represent the three layers of VANET. The main works of the active research institute on VANET were introduced to help researchers track related advanced research achievements on the subject.
Barriers and Challenges to Telecardiology Adoption in Malaysia Context Yayah Zakaria
Mainly in infrastructure deficient communities, telecardiology is considered as a complement to insufficient cardiac care. Telecardiology can reduce travelling and waiting time, enables information sharing in shorter time and facilitate care in rural and remote areas. A qualitative study examined the perspectives of health care providers: cardiologist and general physician and
health care service receivers: patient and public towards telecardiology adoption. The barriers in telecardiology adoption were identified in this paper. It includes practicality of telecardiology, the need of education for staffs and administrators, ease of use, preferred face-to-face consultation,
cost and confidentiality. Improvements can be done by the implementers based on this study in order to promote telecardiology successfully in Malaysia.
Novel High-Gain Narrowband Waveguide-Fed Filtenna using Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
Filtenna is an antenna with filtering feature. There are many ways to design a filtenna. In this paper, a high-gain narrowband waveguide-fed aperture filtenna has been proposed and designed. A patterned plane, which is designed using genetic algorithm has been used at the open end of the waveguide fed, mounted on a conducting ground plane. To design the patterned pattern, magnetic field integral equation of the structure has been derived, so it has been solved using method of moments. The proposed filtenna has been simulated with HFSS that confirms the results obtained by method of moments. Finally, an unprinted dielectric as a superstrate has been used to enhance the gain of the filtenna. The filtenna bandwidth is 1.76% (160 MHz) which has the gain of 15.91 dB at the central frequency
of 9.45 GHz.
Improved Algorithm for Pathological and Normal Voices Identification Yayah Zakaria
There are a lot of papers on automatic classification between normal and pathological voices, but they have the lack in the degree of severity estimation of the identified voice disorders. Building a model of pathological and normal voices identification, that can also evaluate the degree of severity
of the identified voice disorders among students. In the present work, we present an automatic classifier using acoustical measurements on registered sustained vowels /a/ and pattern recognition tools based on neural networks. The training set was done by classifying students’ recorded voices based on threshold from the literature. We retrieve the pitch, jitter, shimmer and harmonic-to-noise ratio values of the speech utterance /a/, which constitute the input vector of the neural network. The degree of severity is estimated to evaluate how the parameters are far from the standard values based on the percent of normal and pathological values. In this work, the base data used for testing the proposed algorithm of the neural network is formed by healthy
and pathological voices from German database of voice disorders. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in a term of the accuracy
(97.9%), sensitivity (1.6%), and specificity (95.1%). The classification rate is
90% for normal class and 95% for pathological class.
Uncertain Systems Order Reduction by Aggregation Method Yayah Zakaria
In the field of control engineering, approximating the higher-order system with its reduced model copes with more intricateproblems. These complex problems are addressed due to the usage of computing technologies and advanced algorithms. Reduction techniques enable the system from higherorder to lower-order form retaining the properties of former even after reduction. This document renders a method for demotion of uncertain systems based on State Space Analysis. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
A Three-Point Directional Search Block Matching Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
This paper proposes compact directional asymmetric search patterns, which we have named as three-point directional search (TDS). In most fast search motion estimation algorithms, a symmetric search pattern is usually set at the minimum block distortion point at each step of the search. The design of the
symmetrical pattern in these algorithms relies primarily on the assumption that the direction of convergence is equally alike in each direction with respect to the search center. Therefore, the monotonic property of real -world video sequences is not properly used by these algorithms. The strategy of TDS is to keep searching for the minimum block distortion point in the most probable directions, unlike the previous fast search motion estimation algorithms where all the directions are checked. Therefore, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of search points for locating a motion vector. Compared to conventional fast algorithms, the proposed method has the fastest search speed and most satisfactory PSNR values for
all test sequences.
Human Data Acquisition through Biometrics using LabVIEW Yayah Zakaria
Human Data Acquisition is an innovative work done based on fingerprints of a particular person. Using the fingerprints we can get each and every detail of any individual. Through this, the data acquired can be used in many applications such as Airport Security System, Voting System, and Employee login System, in finding the thieves etc. We in our project have implemented
in Voting System. In this we use the components such as MyDAQ which is data acquisition device. The coding here is in done in a Graphical Programming language named LabVIEW where the execution of any program is done in a sequential way or step by step according to the data received.
A Survey on Block Matching Algorithms for Video Coding Yayah Zakaria
Block matching algorithm (BMA) for motion estimation (ME) is the heart to many motion-compensated video-coding techniques/standards, such as ISO MPEG-1/2/4 and ITU-T H.261/262/263/264/265, to reduce the temporal redundancy between different frames. During the last three decades,
hundreds of fast block matching algorithms have been proposed. The shape and size of search patterns in motion estimation will influence more on the searching speed and quality of performance. This article provides an overview of the famous block matching algorithms and compares their computational complexity and motion prediction quality.
An Accurate Scheme for Distance Measurement using an Ordinary Webcam Yayah Zakaria
Nowadays, image processing has become one of the widely used computer aided science. Two major branches of this scientific field are image enhancement and machine vision. Machine vision has many applications and demands in robotic and defense industries. Detecting distance of objects is
one of the extensive research in the defense industry and robotic industries that a lot of annual projects have been involved in this issue both inside and outside the country. So, in this paper, an accurate algorithm is presented for measuring the distance of the objects from a camera. In this method, a laser
transmitter is used alongside a regular webcam. The laser light is transmitted to the desired object and then the distance of the object is calculated using image processing methods and mathematical and geometric relations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB software. The accuracy rate of distance detection is up to 99.62%. The results
also has shown that the presented algorithms make the obstacle distance measurement more reliable. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with other methods from different literatures.
Identity Analysis of Egg Based on Digital and Thermal Imaging: Image Processi...Yayah Zakaria
This research was conducted to analyze the identification of eggs. The research processes use two tools, namely thermal imaging camera and smartphone camera. The identification process was done by using Matlab prototype tools. The image has been acquired by means of proficiency level, then analyzed and applied several methods. Image acquisition results of thermal imaging camera are processed using morphological dilation and do the complement in black and white (BW). While the digital image uses the merger method of morphological dilation and opening, and it doesn't need to be complemented. Labeling process is done, and the process of determining centroid and bounding box. The process has been done and it can be applied for identifying of chicken eggs with the accuracy rate of 100%. There are different methods of both images is obtained area (pixels) which is equivalent to the difference is very small as 6 x 10-3.
.
Recognition of Tomato Late Blight by using DWT and Component Analysis Yayah Zakaria
Plant disease recognition concept is one of the successful and important applications of image processing and able to provide accurate and useful information to timely prediction and control of plant diseases. In the study, the wavelet based features computed from RGB images of late blight infected images and healthy images. The extracted features submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Independent Component Analysis performed (ICA) for reducing dimensions in feature data processing and classification. To recognize and classify late blight from healthy plant images are classified into two classes i.e. late blight infected or healthy. The Euclidean Distance measure is used to compute the distance by these two classes of training and testing dataset for tomato late blight recognition and classification. Finally, the three-component analysis is compared for late blight recognition accuracy. The Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) yielded overall recognition accuracy with 96.4%.
Fuel Cell Impedance Model Parameters Optimization using a Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
The objective of this paper is the PEM fuel cell impedance model parameters identification. This work is a part of a larger work which is the diagnosis of the fuel cell which deals with the optimization and the parameters identification of the impedance complex model of the Nexa Ballard 1200 PEM fuel cell. The method used for the identification is a sample genetic algorithm and the proposed impedance model is based on electric parameters, which will be found from a sweeping of well determined frequency bands. In fact, the frequency spectrum is divided into bands according to the behavior of the fuel cell. So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy So, this work is considered a first in the field of impedance spectroscopy. Indeed, the identification using genetic algorithm requires experimental measures of the fuel cell impedance to optimize and identify the impedance model parameters values. This method is characterized by a good precision compared to the numeric methods. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of this approach.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET Yayah Zakaria
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge
build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and
have been shown to be good.
Performance Analysis of Post Compensated Long Haul High Speed Coherent Optica...Yayah Zakaria
This paper addresses the performance analysis of OFDM transmission system based on coherent detection over high speed long haul optical links with high spectral efficiency modulation formats such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) as a mapping method prior to the OFDM multicarrier representation. Post compensation is used to compensate for
phase noise effects. Coherent detection for signal transmitted at bit rate of 40 Gbps is successfully achieved up to distance of 3200km. Performance is analyzed in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Error Vector Magnitude by varying Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and varying the length of the fiber i.e transmission distance. Transmission performance is also observed through constellation diagrams at different transmission distances and
different OSNRs.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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177
P,R,C noise coefficients in order to extract the noise parameters. Finally, the modeled InAlAs/InGaAs/InP
pHEMT is used to design a single stage low noise amplifier (LNA) for S-band frequencies.
2. pHEMTs
2.1. Noise Sources in pHEMTs
Every semiconductor device exhibits the basic noise mechanisms in a way that depends on its
features and physical properties. There are five dominant noise mechanism in pHEMTs: (1) Thermal noise,
generated by the parasitic resistances of gate, drain and source; (2) Diffusion noise, located in the channel
when the pHEMT is operating in saturation mode; (3) G-R noise, due to electron-hole pair generated in the
space-charge or by impact ionization; (4) Shot noise, due to the reverse biased gate current; (5) The flicker
noise, neglected in this work since the studied pHEMT is dedicated to LNA applications. But still, there are
at least two situations where the flicker noise affects microwave circuits: the up-conversion in mixers and the
phase noise of HEMT oscillators [15].
2.2. Physical Modelling of Noise in pHEMT
The epitaxial structure of the studied InAlAs/ InGaAs/InP pHEMT in this paper is shown in Table 1;
it is comparable to the fabricated pHEMT from [16], the gate length is 250 nm and a total gate width of 100
μm, its layout consist of 2x50 μm fingers. The efficacy of the physical model of the structure in Table1 has
been tested in a previous work [17] through a DC characterization where we obtained, by inverse modelling,
DC performances matched to data measurements (IDSS=56mA at VDS=1.5v and VGS=0v; gm,max=125 mS/mm).
Table 1. The Epitaxiale Structure of the a 250 nm InGaAs/InAlAs/InP pHEMT
Material Layer Thickness
In0.53Ga0.47As Cap 5 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Barrier 15 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Delta doping 1.2 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Spacer 1 10 nm
In0.7Ga0.3As Channel 14 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Spacer 2 10 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Delta doping 1.2 nm
In0.52Al0.48As Buffer 450 nm
InP (S.I.) Substrate
The physical model in ATLAS-Silvaco is represented as a two-port noiseless device with random
voltage sources attached to its ports. These external voltage source are small and random, they produce the
same voltage at the device’s terminals as the intrinsic noise sources (V1 at the input and V2 for the output,
(see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Block Diagram of the Modeled Noise Sources in pHEMT
ATLAS models the noise in the pHEMT, by calculating the statistical behavior of V1 and V2. Two
types of intrinsic noise were considered and defined with their parameters in the simulation: Diffusion noise
and G-R noise couple with impact ionization noise.
A direct AC analysis was performed before the noise simulation; the current gain obtained is
presented in Figure 2 where a good matching with data measurements is achieved. We believe that the
physical model of the pHEMT is reliable and could be used in order to get an insight and estimation on the
noise performances.
The noise simulation was performed on the pHEMT physical model under a bias point of 15%IDSS to
obtain the best noise performances. The spectral densities of the noise calculated at the input (V1) and the
output (V2) of the device are presented in Figure 3.
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Figure 2. Current Gain (h21) vs Frequency, Simulated Against Measured at VGS=0v and VDS=1.5v
Figure 3. Voltage Spectral Density of: (1) Diffusion noise; (2) G-R noise; (3) Impact Ionization noise; (4)
Total noise
2.3. Analytical Modeling
In The PRC analytical noise model in this work is based on the 2-port linear equivalent circuit
shown in Figure 4. At the input, a gate current noise source ig
2
is in parallel with the output impedance
composed of the channel charge resistance Ri in series with the gate-source capacitance Cgs, while in the
output, a channel noise current source id
2
is in parallel with the output resistance Rds.
Figure 4. Intrinsic noiseless pHEMT equivalent circuit coupled with its noise sources
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
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The elements of the small-signal equivalent circuit were calculated analytically from measured S-
parameters charts, their values are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Parameters at T=300k with 15%IDSS and VDS=1v
Rgd(Ω) Ri(Ω) Rds(Ω) Cgd(fF) Cds(fF) Cgs(fF) gm(mS) τ(pSec)
11 0.4 414.76 32 19.4 164 65 0.35
Rg (Ω) Rs (Ω) Rd (Ω) Lg (pH) Ls (pH) Ld (pH) Cpg(fF) Cpd(fF)
1.49 0.60 0.67 35.7 3.0 92.4 11.2 36.7
The PRC terms in this model are dimensionless noise coefficients related to the magnitude of the
current noise sources (ig
2
and id
2
), and to the correlation between them. P is referred to as the channel noise
coefficient; R is the gate noise coefficient and last; C is the correlation coefficient between the gate noise
current and the drain noise current. It should be noted that the correlation coefficient C is a pure complex
parameter due to the existence of the coupling capacitance between the gate and the drain Cgd. The PRC
coefficients are obtained by [12]:
√( )
(1)
The PRC coefficients were calculated using equations in (1) by considering the values of the small-
signal equivalent circuit parameters in Table.1 with the values of ig2 and id2 that were extracted from the
simulation curves in Figure 3 (ig2 is related to V1 and id2 related to V2). The results are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Values of P ,R and C Coefficients Versus Frequency of the 250nm InGaAs/InAlAs/InP pHEMT
The curves in Figure 5 are drawn in tendency lines due to the uncertainty in the calculation of the
gate noise at a very low drain current value. Figure 5(a) shows a frequency independent drain noise
coefficient P due to the hot electron effect in the channel. On the other hand, the gate noise coefficient R is
frequency dependent for the relatively low frequencies region (<7GHz): a result of an increasing in the gate
leakage current. Concerning the correlation coefficient C shown in Figure 5(b), this parameter strongly
depends on the gate’s length Lg. We believe that the frequency dependence of the coefficients R and C is
mainly linked to the shot noise caused by the reversed gate current. In addition to the PRC coefficients, three
other parameters were described by Pucel:
√
( )
√
√
√
(2)
(a) (b)
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180
The coefficients in (2) allow us to calculate the main noise parameters:
{
( )
( )
| |
( √ )
( ) √ ( )
(3)
The model above does not include the feedback capacitance Cgd, the charges held by this
capacitance are responsible for the voltage drop in drain region. These charges also give a rise to gate leakage
current component and therefore contribute to the noise behaviour of the device. When considering the effect
of Cgd, the expressions of analytical model became as expressed in (4). The feedback capacitance Cgd added
to the model in (4) constitutes a major influence in the noise figure: the coupling capacitance make the drain
noise current frequency dependent resulting to a rise in noise figure for frequencies beyond ft [18].
{
( )
√
( )
( ) ( )
( ) √ ( )
( )
(4)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For a precise prediction of the device’s noise performances, a precise noise model is needed. In this
section, we extract and compare the main important noise parameters: the minimum noise figure NFmin, the
equivalent noise resistance Rn and the optimum source impedance Zopt. The curves of the mathematical
model illustrate a good matching within the predicted range by TCAD simulation. While both model and
TCAD curves are matched in NFMIN and Zopt, an average matching was achieved in Rn, nevertheless, the
decreasing slop was correctly predicted. ATLAS-SILVACO uses the impedance field method, to determine
the internal noise parameters in Figure 6, by characterizing the entire device’s behaviour based on the
fluctuation of the two correlated equivalent noise sources. Figure 6(a) shows a frequency dependence of
NFMIN at 15%IDSS. An increase from 0.7 dB to 1.2 dB is observed for frequencies less than 10 GHz, these
values are well known for devices with a gate width of 100 μm. In Figure 6(b), a considerable decrease of the
noise resistance mainly due to the combined effect of a higher transconductance and a reduced gate noise
coefficient.
However, the sheet carrier density values, the diffusion coefficients and the Generation-
Recombination parameters needed to be adjusted in order to achieve a good matching of the pHEMT’s noise
parameters. The physical modelling offers a better insight on the physical mechanisms controlling the noise.
Meanwhile, the mathematical model depends on the small-signal equivalent circuit elements, which is
advantageous for pHEMT’s optimization and improvements for its implementation in microwave circuits
such as LNAs (low noise amplifiers). In addition, in the low-noise application, the pHEMT is generally
embedded in the circuit and the values of the parasitic capacitances in the equivalent circuit will differ from
the discrete elements used in this characterization, but the intrinsic elements still remain the same. Also, the
access resistances especially the input access resistance Rg, will obviously generate thermal noise
contributing to the overall noise figure. So from the low noise circuit designing perspective, it will be more
useful to provide the whole model including the effect of access resistances. However we believe that the
presented analytical model is straightforward solution to predict the noise behavior of pHEMTs during its
design process.
Following the noise modeling, the parameters of the small-signal equivalent circuits of the 250nm
2x50μm pHEMT were to design a single stage LNA for S-band applications. The purpose was to
demonstrate the potential of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMT in low noise applications.
The corresponding single stage LNA schematic along with the values of the passive components and
the biasing conditions are illustrated in Figure 7. It is designed to operate in a frequency range of 2.4 GHz to
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181
4.2 GHz in 50Ω system. The common source configuration of the LNA is has a noise figure close to the
transistor’s minimum noise figure [19],[20] and it is less prone to oscillations than other topologies.
A high gate resistance was used to at the input terminal of the transistor to prevent large current
flowing to the input and hence an optimum gate voltage injection is achieved. The series capacitors Cin and
Cout isolate the DC bias sources for the RF input and RF output respectively. The drain capacitor CD improves
the input return loss and provides an output matching for the LNA. The resistor RD1 is used to prevent
oscillations; however, it can reduce the overall gain to the amplifier and needs to be minimized. LD and RD2
provide an adequate output match network and ensure the stability of the amplifier. The LNA has been
implemented in the FET lineal model from ADS Agilent. The performances obtained are shown in Figure 8.
The amplifier shown in Figure 8(a), exhibited a gain around 12.6dB at the frequency of 3GHz, with
a return loss coefficient at the input -2.4dB and grater that -7dB at the output as illustrated in Figure 8(c). The
minimum noise figure and the noise factor in Figure 8(b), are less than 1dB for all the operating frequencies
as predicted by the noise characterization in Figure 6(a). In must be noted that the passive components of the
LNA are considered ideal. The results obtained can be used for accurate design with real process design kit.
Figure 6. Plots of NFmin vs. frequency (a); Rn vs. frequency (b) and Zopt chart (c) of the 250nm
InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMT
Figure 7. Schematic Circuit of Single Stage S-band Low Noise Amplifier
(a) (b)
(c)
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Figure 8. Performances of Single Stage LNA: (a) gain; (b) Noise figure; (c) Return Loss Coefficients
4. CONCLUSION
In this work, a noise characterization was performed on InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMT using two
approaches: Pucel’s PRC model based on analytical equations and a physical modelling by simulation on
Atlas-Silvaco. We observed that both mathematical and physical model can predict the noise performances of
InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMTs. The improved analytical model and the physical model ware adjusted to
obtain matching results between the main noise’s parameters (NFmin,Rn and Zopt) in a wide frequency range
(1-100GHz). A single stage S-band LNA was simulated from the small signal equivalent circuit. The LNA
demonstrated a gain of 12.6dB and a noise figure less that 1dB as predicted. Future work will be devoted to
model the thermal noise by including temperature variation in order to have a full insight on the noise
performances of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Professor M.Missous from the school of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering at Manchester’s University, for providing the pHEMT structure and data measurements used for
this work.
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