This document provides a geographic epidemiological review of viral hepatitis B. It discusses several key points:
1) Hepatitis B is a global public health problem, with high rates in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia where 5-10% of adults are chronically infected.
2) The virus can survive on surfaces for over a week and is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV. It is often transmitted from mother to child or in childhood.
3) Medical geographers are interested in the spatial spread of diseases and how transmission occurs between populations based on disease and population characteristics.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
This document summarizes information from Samuel So on liver cancer and hepatitis B. It finds that liver cancer is the 7th most common cancer worldwide and the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths. The Western Pacific Region has the greatest burden of liver cancer, with 66% of new cases and deaths each year. Chronic hepatitis B is highly prevalent in many Asian countries and is a major risk factor for liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination has significantly reduced chronic infection rates and could eliminate transmission. However, challenges remain in screening, treatment and public awareness. Expanding access to antiviral therapy and improving prevention through vaccination are key to reducing the future burden of liver cancer.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes constraints in effectively managing HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Nigeria. It discusses how ARV drugs are scarce and expensive in Nigeria, requiring strict medical supervision and often causing side effects, all of which can lead to non-compliance. It also notes that non-adherence to the drug regimen could result in drug-resistant strains of HIV, further complicating treatment. The document provides suggestions for how the government can help ensure adherence, such as making ARV drugs more available, affordable, and regularly supplied, and employing more trained medical personnel to administer the drugs.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
This document summarizes information from Samuel So on liver cancer and hepatitis B. It finds that liver cancer is the 7th most common cancer worldwide and the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths. The Western Pacific Region has the greatest burden of liver cancer, with 66% of new cases and deaths each year. Chronic hepatitis B is highly prevalent in many Asian countries and is a major risk factor for liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination has significantly reduced chronic infection rates and could eliminate transmission. However, challenges remain in screening, treatment and public awareness. Expanding access to antiviral therapy and improving prevention through vaccination are key to reducing the future burden of liver cancer.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes constraints in effectively managing HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in Nigeria. It discusses how ARV drugs are scarce and expensive in Nigeria, requiring strict medical supervision and often causing side effects, all of which can lead to non-compliance. It also notes that non-adherence to the drug regimen could result in drug-resistant strains of HIV, further complicating treatment. The document provides suggestions for how the government can help ensure adherence, such as making ARV drugs more available, affordable, and regularly supplied, and employing more trained medical personnel to administer the drugs.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major prevalent disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and among all the diseases it exists in harmful condition. The long term cough with blood sputum and fever is the major symptom of tuberculosis. In 2014, 1.5 million TB patients were dead from the 9.6 million active TB patients. Every second someone in the world affected by M. tuberculosis and 10% of the affected people will be infected in their later period of life. The global scenario in terms of TB infection is varies from one country to another. Developing country like Bangladesh stands on much more harmful condition. According to WHO Global TB Report 2016, Bangladesh is one of the world’s 30 high TB burden countries and near about 73, 000 people die annually due to Tuberculosis. In addition, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasingly affected the people and it is now a major concern for disease prevention. The infection chances of a HIV affected people are much higher than a healthy people in case of tuberculosis. Although, the infection rate of tuberculosis is increasing over the last few decades, but new anti-Tb drugs show greater audacity to eradicate critical situation of tuberculosis. Through the molecular analysis, researchers pointed out the M. tuberculosis resistance, which will give us effective result in the improvement of drug development. This review summarized the novel drugs, treatment phenomenon and overall condition of tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Key-words- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis, HIV, TB infection
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Communicable Diseases and International MigrationAnna Sylva
1. The document discusses how international migration can spread communicable diseases as movement of people allows pathogens to reach new environments.
2. Key communicable diseases that are spread through migration include HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and Ebola. These diseases disproportionately impact migrant and refugee communities.
3. Culture and stigma also play a role, as migrants from communities experiencing disease outbreaks may face discrimination, even after receiving treatment. Globalization has increased movement of people between countries but national policies still limit immigration.
Human resources section_10-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicinePrabir Chatterjee
This document discusses lifestyle diseases and non-communicable diseases in India. It notes that lifestyle diseases now account for over 50% of deaths in India due to increasing urbanization, industrialization, and affluence. Major lifestyle diseases mentioned include obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancers, and mental stress. Unhealthy lifestyle factors contributing to these diseases include lack of exercise, poor diet, tobacco and alcohol use, and stress. The document provides statistics on the prevalence of heart disease, stroke, cancers, and diabetes in India. It concludes that adopting a healthy lifestyle through physical activity, diet, avoiding tobacco and alcohol, and managing stress can prevent many lifestyle diseases and non-communicable diseases.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, blood transfusions, and childbirth. In Southern Africa, economic factors like poverty and lack of education, sociocultural factors like polygamy and harmful myths, and demographic factors like population growth and polygamy have contributed to the spread of HIV. Past political failures to address HIV in South Africa also exacerbated the epidemic, though current leaders are pursuing prevention and affordable treatment options. Overall, Africa has suffered greatly from HIV due to economic difficulties following colonization that have led to widespread poverty and lack of education.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
Emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesShaharul Sohan
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It provides examples of diseases that have emerged in recent decades like Ebola, SARS, and HIV/AIDS. It also gives examples of diseases that were once under control but are re-emerging like tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera. The document explores factors that contribute to disease emergence such as ecological disruption, globalization, and breakdowns in public health infrastructure. It emphasizes that infectious diseases remain a major global health challenge.
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases. It notes that over 1 billion people are affected by one or more neglected tropical diseases, which persist under conditions of poverty. These diseases overlap geographically and individuals are often afflicted by more than one. They remain neglected at the community, national, and international levels. Control efforts have achieved some successes, such as reducing cases of lymphatic filariasis, guinea-worm disease, and trachoma. However, more work is needed to address the impact of these diseases on public health and socioeconomic development.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
The document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including their origin, features, global burden, and approaches to control. Some key points:
1. NTDs refer to a group of chronic, debilitating diseases that primarily affect the world's poorest people in tropical areas. There are currently over 40 NTDs.
2. NTDs disproportionately impact over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day and result in over 500,000 deaths and 25 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.
3. Control approaches include mass drug administration, vaccination, and public health measures to help reduce transmission and morbidity of NTDs.
This study assessed the prevalence of undernutrition (wasting) and its ability to predict immunosuppression in HIV-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study found a 27% prevalence of wasting, with more women affected than men. Wasting was significantly associated with immune suppression as measured by CD4 count. However, wasting had low sensitivity and specificity for predicting different stages of immune suppression. The results suggest that undernutrition is a major health concern for HIV-infected Ethiopians and impacts disease progression, even when antiretroviral treatment is available.
Original article from the Flevy business blog can be found here:
http://flevy.com/blog/make-change-that-lasts/
Change is the only constant. – Heraclictus, Greek Philosopher
Change is the only constant in the work environment
Whether you are shifting office to another location, adopting a new practice or process, implementing an IT system, or re-engineering the business processes for an organization, change happens to everyone all the time.
However, many change initiatives have been short-lived as a result of the failure to manage and sustain the change.
For change to be successful and enduring, do take note of the key factors impacting change below:
1. Commitment from the top
To manage a change initiative, e.g. Lean transformation, there has to be constant commitment from the top management.
Conduct regular management reviews of the change implementation progress versus the plan to ensure that the roadmap and scope of change is well-defined, timelines or key milestones are adhered to, and resources such as people, time and money are put in place where they are needed.
2. Future state vision
Define and rally around a compelling vision for the future state. What are the potential threats? How urgent is the change? What are the risks if the organization does not change? How will you know when we get there?
Present the facts and findings such as flat earnings, rising costs, decreasing market share, and other relevant key indicators where necessary to create awareness and convince employees to buy-in to the change initiative.
Identify the key resistance issues and stakeholders who are impacted by the change and address them. Be prepared to deal with emotional and political issues.
Create a compelling vision and an urgency for change so as to move people out from their comfort zones to a change in behavior and the way they value-add to the business and customers.
John Standhaven has over 13 years of experience in payroll. He specializes in resolving problem payrolls and implementing payroll systems. He has experience with a variety of payroll systems including Sage, SAP, and Workday. He has led projects involving pension auto-enrollment and payroll integrations. John is skilled in areas like benefits, stock options, and Excel. He aims to provide excellent customer service and build strong working relationships.
ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major prevalent disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and among all the diseases it exists in harmful condition. The long term cough with blood sputum and fever is the major symptom of tuberculosis. In 2014, 1.5 million TB patients were dead from the 9.6 million active TB patients. Every second someone in the world affected by M. tuberculosis and 10% of the affected people will be infected in their later period of life. The global scenario in terms of TB infection is varies from one country to another. Developing country like Bangladesh stands on much more harmful condition. According to WHO Global TB Report 2016, Bangladesh is one of the world’s 30 high TB burden countries and near about 73, 000 people die annually due to Tuberculosis. In addition, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasingly affected the people and it is now a major concern for disease prevention. The infection chances of a HIV affected people are much higher than a healthy people in case of tuberculosis. Although, the infection rate of tuberculosis is increasing over the last few decades, but new anti-Tb drugs show greater audacity to eradicate critical situation of tuberculosis. Through the molecular analysis, researchers pointed out the M. tuberculosis resistance, which will give us effective result in the improvement of drug development. This review summarized the novel drugs, treatment phenomenon and overall condition of tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Key-words- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis, HIV, TB infection
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Communicable Diseases and International MigrationAnna Sylva
1. The document discusses how international migration can spread communicable diseases as movement of people allows pathogens to reach new environments.
2. Key communicable diseases that are spread through migration include HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and Ebola. These diseases disproportionately impact migrant and refugee communities.
3. Culture and stigma also play a role, as migrants from communities experiencing disease outbreaks may face discrimination, even after receiving treatment. Globalization has increased movement of people between countries but national policies still limit immigration.
Human resources section_10-textbook_on_public_health_and_community_medicinePrabir Chatterjee
This document discusses lifestyle diseases and non-communicable diseases in India. It notes that lifestyle diseases now account for over 50% of deaths in India due to increasing urbanization, industrialization, and affluence. Major lifestyle diseases mentioned include obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancers, and mental stress. Unhealthy lifestyle factors contributing to these diseases include lack of exercise, poor diet, tobacco and alcohol use, and stress. The document provides statistics on the prevalence of heart disease, stroke, cancers, and diabetes in India. It concludes that adopting a healthy lifestyle through physical activity, diet, avoiding tobacco and alcohol, and managing stress can prevent many lifestyle diseases and non-communicable diseases.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, blood transfusions, and childbirth. In Southern Africa, economic factors like poverty and lack of education, sociocultural factors like polygamy and harmful myths, and demographic factors like population growth and polygamy have contributed to the spread of HIV. Past political failures to address HIV in South Africa also exacerbated the epidemic, though current leaders are pursuing prevention and affordable treatment options. Overall, Africa has suffered greatly from HIV due to economic difficulties following colonization that have led to widespread poverty and lack of education.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
Emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesShaharul Sohan
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It provides examples of diseases that have emerged in recent decades like Ebola, SARS, and HIV/AIDS. It also gives examples of diseases that were once under control but are re-emerging like tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera. The document explores factors that contribute to disease emergence such as ecological disruption, globalization, and breakdowns in public health infrastructure. It emphasizes that infectious diseases remain a major global health challenge.
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases. It notes that over 1 billion people are affected by one or more neglected tropical diseases, which persist under conditions of poverty. These diseases overlap geographically and individuals are often afflicted by more than one. They remain neglected at the community, national, and international levels. Control efforts have achieved some successes, such as reducing cases of lymphatic filariasis, guinea-worm disease, and trachoma. However, more work is needed to address the impact of these diseases on public health and socioeconomic development.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
The document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including their origin, features, global burden, and approaches to control. Some key points:
1. NTDs refer to a group of chronic, debilitating diseases that primarily affect the world's poorest people in tropical areas. There are currently over 40 NTDs.
2. NTDs disproportionately impact over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day and result in over 500,000 deaths and 25 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.
3. Control approaches include mass drug administration, vaccination, and public health measures to help reduce transmission and morbidity of NTDs.
This study assessed the prevalence of undernutrition (wasting) and its ability to predict immunosuppression in HIV-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study found a 27% prevalence of wasting, with more women affected than men. Wasting was significantly associated with immune suppression as measured by CD4 count. However, wasting had low sensitivity and specificity for predicting different stages of immune suppression. The results suggest that undernutrition is a major health concern for HIV-infected Ethiopians and impacts disease progression, even when antiretroviral treatment is available.
Original article from the Flevy business blog can be found here:
http://flevy.com/blog/make-change-that-lasts/
Change is the only constant. – Heraclictus, Greek Philosopher
Change is the only constant in the work environment
Whether you are shifting office to another location, adopting a new practice or process, implementing an IT system, or re-engineering the business processes for an organization, change happens to everyone all the time.
However, many change initiatives have been short-lived as a result of the failure to manage and sustain the change.
For change to be successful and enduring, do take note of the key factors impacting change below:
1. Commitment from the top
To manage a change initiative, e.g. Lean transformation, there has to be constant commitment from the top management.
Conduct regular management reviews of the change implementation progress versus the plan to ensure that the roadmap and scope of change is well-defined, timelines or key milestones are adhered to, and resources such as people, time and money are put in place where they are needed.
2. Future state vision
Define and rally around a compelling vision for the future state. What are the potential threats? How urgent is the change? What are the risks if the organization does not change? How will you know when we get there?
Present the facts and findings such as flat earnings, rising costs, decreasing market share, and other relevant key indicators where necessary to create awareness and convince employees to buy-in to the change initiative.
Identify the key resistance issues and stakeholders who are impacted by the change and address them. Be prepared to deal with emotional and political issues.
Create a compelling vision and an urgency for change so as to move people out from their comfort zones to a change in behavior and the way they value-add to the business and customers.
John Standhaven has over 13 years of experience in payroll. He specializes in resolving problem payrolls and implementing payroll systems. He has experience with a variety of payroll systems including Sage, SAP, and Workday. He has led projects involving pension auto-enrollment and payroll integrations. John is skilled in areas like benefits, stock options, and Excel. He aims to provide excellent customer service and build strong working relationships.
Laparoscopic management of a huge trichobezoar in a teenage girl presenting w...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
HellermannTyton have introduced a slim diameter Category 6 patch cord that is 28 AWG, almost 50% smaller than a standard 24 AWG Category 6 patch cord. This allows for increased density of cabling in patching environments like data centers. The smaller size helps alleviate congestion and improves airflow. The slim diameter patch cords are available in lengths from 1-10m and provide benefits like increased density, flexibility, and improved airflow.
Spontaneous Extradural Hematoma: A Rare Neurological Crisis in Sickle Cell Di...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Professional practice field slides finalJack Frost
The document summarizes a field experience at a long-term care facility that caters to Orthodox Jewish residents. It describes the roles and responsibilities of regulated and unregulated staff. It notes that the facility strictly observes Jewish dietary laws, holidays, and mourning traditions. It also discusses areas that require advocacy like unsafe practices, as well as diversity considerations for Holocaust survivors. Team meetings use a democratic leadership style to discuss residents' care plans.
Cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord descends through the cervix ahead of the baby. It is a serious obstetric emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and management to prevent complications of cord compression cutting off blood supply to the baby. Immediate actions upon diagnosis include calling for assistance, preparing for an emergency c-section, and measures to relieve cord compression like elevating the baby. C-section is generally recommended for delivery unless vaginal birth is imminent. Community settings require rapid transfer to a hospital equipped for c-section. Delayed cord clamping can be considered if the baby is healthy after a complicated birth involving cord prolapse.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistanshahzebkhanshaz
This document summarizes the outbreak, epidemiology, and transmission of hepatitis B in Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan has a high prevalence of hepatitis B, with approximately 8-10 million people infected. Transmission occurs primarily through blood and blood products, sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth. The prevalence is highest in Baluchistan province at 4.3% and lowest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at 1.3%. Common modes of transmission in Pakistan include shared needles, unscreened blood transfusions, sexual contact, and birth from an infected mother.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are major global health issues. TB is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide and is a major killer of people living with HIV. About 10% of new TB cases in 2016 were among people living with HIV, most in Africa. Co-infection with TB and HIV accelerates the progression of both diseases. Effective diagnosis and treatment of both TB and HIV are needed, including antiretroviral therapy for those co-infected. While progress has been made, improved implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities is still required.
This document discusses hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis B. It notes that approximately 500 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually or from mother to child during childbirth. While hepatitis B cannot spread through casual contact like kissing or sharing utensils, it can spread through bodily fluids. The document outlines risks of mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy and delivery, as well as complications of hepatitis B like cirrhosis and liver cancer. It stresses the importance of testing and vaccination.
This document discusses hepatitis, specifically hepatitis B, C, and D. It notes that approximately 500 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually or from mother to child during childbirth if not prevented. Chronic hepatitis B infection puts people at risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. While hepatitis B vaccination can prevent infection, complications from chronic hepatitis B and D infection remain a serious global health problem.
The document discusses immunization and infectious diseases. The main goals are to increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases. Immunization works by stimulating the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack specific bacteria or viruses. This helps prevent disease or reduce severity if exposed. While vaccines have reduced many diseases, some remain issues and new threats may emerge. Maintaining surveillance and immunization programs is important for protecting public health.
HIV-AIDS is a growing global concern. The natural history of HIV infection typically progresses from initial viral transmission to an asymptomatic phase that can last around 8 years before developing symptoms and eventually AIDS. Untreated HIV leads to immune suppression and opportunistic infections as the virus attacks CD4 cells. While HIV-1 is more common worldwide, HIV-2 is found primarily in parts of West Africa. Effective prevention strategies like education and treatment can help curb the epidemic's impact and transmission.
HIV-AIDS is a growing global concern. The natural history of HIV infection typically progresses from initial viral transmission to an asymptomatic phase that can last around 8 years before developing symptoms and eventually AIDS. Untreated HIV leads to immune suppression and opportunistic infections as the virus attacks CD4 cells. While HIV-1 is more common worldwide, HIV-2 is found primarily in parts of West Africa. The impact of AIDS includes negative economic effects on countries, overwhelmed healthcare systems, decreasing life expectancy, and increasing numbers of orphans. Women are more vulnerable to infection than men in many areas.
This document discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV. It begins with global epidemiology statistics, including that there are 35.3 million people living with HIV worldwide. It then provides more specific statistics on new infections, deaths, at-risk groups, and prevalence by region. Regarding pathogenesis, it explains that HIV primarily attaches to CD4 receptors on cells and integrates its genetic material, leading to infection. It also discusses the body's immune response and how HIV evades detection through high mutation rates. Prevention methods discussed include behavior change, condoms, testing, and antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis.
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
Prevalence of hiv infection in pulmonary tuberculosis suspects;Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of HIV infection among 1,544 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) suspects at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital in Nnewi, Nigeria between 2011-2012. Of the suspects, 11.9% tested positive for HIV, with higher rates in females (13.3%) than males (10.4%). A total of 15.4% of suspects had PTB based on sputum smear microscopy, again with higher rates in males (19.9%) than females (11.2%). The HIV/TB co-infection rate was 1.42%, slightly higher in males (1.6%) than females (1.2%). Those aged 31-40 and 41-
Consider this scenario A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare orAlleneMcclendon878
A cyberattack on a healthcare organization resulted in significant data loss. As an information security consultant, the document outlines recommendations for a 12-slide presentation on an incident response plan for the executive board. The plan would define the goal and scope, analyze impact through a business impact analysis, identify communication requirements, explain the response process, describe relationships to other processes, and recommend priorities and resources.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and disease. This year's theme is "Hepatitis Can't Wait" to convey the urgency of eliminating hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Hepatitis B and C affect 325 million people worldwide, causing 1.4 million deaths per year. While hepatitis is preventable and treatable, over 80% of people living with hepatitis lack access to services. The document outlines messages for the public, policymakers, and national leaders calling for immediate action to expand access to testing, treatment, and vaccination to eliminate hepatitis.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
This document discusses infectious diseases and public health. It defines key terms like pandemic, outbreak, endemic, and epidemic. It describes the epidemiological triad and phases of infectious disease. It also discusses major causes of death among children like diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and acute respiratory infections. The document outlines strategies for public health intervention and controlling infectious diseases, including education, vaccination, quarantine, and providing insecticide-treated nets. It describes three levels of infectious disease prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
A Geographic Epidemiological Review of Viral Hepatitis B
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. IV (Dec. 2015), PP 89-93
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141248993 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
A Geographic Epidemiological Review of Viral Hepatitis B
Lawal AS Danbuzu and Umar M Umar
Corresponding Author: danbuzu@live.com
Department of Geography
Northwest University, Kano-Nigeria
Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that is epidemic in parts of Asia
and Africa, and endemic in China and some other parts of Asia. Approximately 45% of the global population
lives in the zones of high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B disease. Infectious Hepatitis B disease is an
inflammatory liver disease that is caused by HBV, a member virus of the Hepadnavirus family and one of
several viral species that affect hominoidea including humans. Medical Geographers’ concern in infectious
disease transmission is not only on the spatial spreads and transmission among populations, but also how the
spread occurs; how many cases occurred, and how many might occur in the future; the possible constraints and
barriers of the spread; where the cases occurred, and where they are likely to occur in the future. This article
intended to review the geographic epidemiology of viral hepatitis B, and also examine the relevance of Health
Field Model in explaining the geo-spatial spreads of HBV infectious disease and the causes of the disease
complications among long-term HBV chronic carriers. This is because individual human genetic make-up, life
style, physical, socio-cultural and built environments, and the utilization of healthcare services are the absolute
determinants of the success or otherwise of human infectious diseases including the long-term impact of the
infectious germs in human systems.
Key words: Hepatitis B, Infection, Disease, Epidemiology, Model
I. Introduction
Infectious diseases have shown a dramatic rise in infectivity in the last twenty years despite the
advancement in healthcare services through immunization, provision of modern healthcare facilities, new drugs,
and more accuracy in diagnosis (Carballo, 2007). Infectious Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one major global public
health problem, and a potentially life-threatening infection attacking the liver to cause a deadly liver disease.
More than 30% of the world population has been infected at one point in their lifetime, including the more than
350 million people who are currently infected chronically (WHO, 2000 and 2013). Approximately 15–40% of
infected patients will develop scarring of the liver (liver cirrhosis), liver failure and/or liver cancer
(hepatocellular carcinoma—HCC) (Lok, 2002).
Infectious Hepatitis B (HB) disease is an inflammatory liver disease that is caused by HBV, a member
virus of the Hepadnavirus family and one of several viral species that affect hominoidea, including humans
(Barker et al., 1996 and Willis, 2007). HB was in the beginning called "serum hepatitis" (Barker et al.,1996 and
Willis, 2007), with epidemicity in parts of Asia and Africa, and endemic in China and some other parts of Asia
(Williams, 2006 and Willis, 2007). Approximately 45% of the global population lives in the zones of high
prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (Mahoney, 1999).
High rates of CHB are found in the southern parts of eastern and central Europe, as well as the Amazon
zone of South America. In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, an estimated 2–5% of the general
population suffered CHB; meanwhile, it is less than 1% of the population in Western Europe and North America
(WHO, 2013). However, the prevalence of HBV infection is specifically highest in sub-Saharan Africa and East
Asia. Most people in these regions get infected during childhood and between 5–10% of the adult population are
chronically infected (WHO, 2013).
II. Hepatitis B Viral Infectivity
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly infectious to the extent that it was successfully cultured in Egyptian
mummies, and can survive on non living surface for not less than seven days (_________, 2010). HBV is said to
be10 times more deadly than Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) (PM News Nigeria, 2013), in other
words, it is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV (HBF, 2005 and WHO, 2013). The virus may be found in
the blood, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood, saliva, and to an infinitesimal degree in perspiration, the
breast milk, tears and urine of the infected persons. It is highly resilient and resistant to breakdown, and can
survive outside the body and easily transmitted through contact with infected body fluids (Lee, 1997).
2. A Geographic Epidemiological Review of Viral Hepatitis B
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141248993 www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
HBV causes an acute illness with symptoms mimicking that of typhoid and/or Malaria (Anil Handoo,
2009), and can last for a number of weeks, causing liver inflammation, yellowing of the skin and eyes
(jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, general body weakness and extreme fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and
vomiting, body joints’ and abdominal pains, and sometimes death. The infection is said to be chronic when the
virus last for more than six months in the human system, and this may cause liver cirrhosis, which may then lead
to HCC and eventually death (Willis, 2007; Anil Handoo, 2009; and WHO, 2013). Unlike HIV, HBV infection
may takes up to 20-40 years before it fully manifests in chronic carriers, and once it does, the liver would have
been ravaged (PM News Nigeria, 2013).
In highly endemic zones which are mainly developing countries, the virus is mainly transmitted
directly from mother to embryo, fetus or baby during pregnancy or childbirth, or from person to person in early
childhood. Perinatal or early childhood transmission accounts for more than one-third of chronic infections in
the zones of low endemicity. Sexual transmission and the use of contaminated needles, especially among
injecting drug users, are also routes of infection, HBV can also be transmitted in a healthcare setting, blood
transfusions, dialysis, acupuncture, tattooing, sharing razors or toothbrushes (PM News Nigeria, 2013 and
WHO, 2013).
III. Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem, and has been reported that its related illnesses
cause an estimated 1–2 million deaths in the world annually with 5,000–6,000 deaths in low endemic America
alone (Blumberg, 2002 and HBF, 2005). The infection is the 10th leading cause of death worldwide, with its
associated liver cancer incidence increasing worldwide making it the 5th most frequent cancer in the world
(Parkin, 2001). Moreover, 60–80% of the world’s primary liver cancers are caused by HBV, which is one of the
three major causes of death in Asia, Africa and the Pacific Rim (Lemon et al., 2000 and McGlynn et al., 2001).
The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in areas of high endemicity is at least 8%. As of 2010, China has
120 million infected people, followed by India and Indonesia with 40 million and 12 million respectively, with
an estimated 600,000 related deaths annually (WHO, 2013).
HBV infection is most prevalent in Asia and Africa including Nigeria (PM News Nigeria, 2013). About
20 million people were infected in Nigeria, and five millions are believed to have died due to its consequences
(_________, 2010). The risk of contracting HBV in Nigeria is wide-ranging due to low vaccination rates and
high exposure. Recent statistics about HBV chronic infections in Nigeria are very disturbing, that the pooled
prevalence estimate for Nigeria was 13.6% with more than 20,000 million sero-positive cases, high HBV
prevalence (25.7%) is recorded among surgeons (Musa et al., 2015). The prevalence is higher in rural areas,
where people have no or poor access to healthcare services. On the other hand, ignorance is very high in the
urban areas. In 2004, Hepatitis B viral screening was carried out among migrant population of New York, US,
2,600 participants were screened, only five were positive and out of the five people positive, four of them were
Nigerians and the fifth was Togolese (PM News Nigeria, 2013).
HBV infection is a major health problem in Nigeria due to its associated morbidity and mortality. The
infection is in most cases asymptomatic in nature; moreover, the documentation of mortality is also very poor.
Furthermore, many people especially in the poor rural settings do not seek formal medical care early unless at a
late stage. Most of the rural healthcare centers lack the requisite adequate manpower, equipment and reagents
for virologic diagnosis. However, recent surveys have incriminated hepatitis B viral disease as a major
aetiological agent of chronic disease in Nigeria (HBF, 2005). In terms of prevention, there has been a vaccine
against HBV infection since 1982, but was unfortunately not incorporated into Nigeria’s National Immunization
Programme until the year 2005 (_________, 2010).
In Nigeria, there are currently only four known government own healthcare centers that have the
facilities to carryout HBV-DNA test. This is the most effective test for the depth of the viral infection. These
centers are: National Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos; University of Jos Teaching Hospital;
University College Hospital, Ibadan; and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Musa et al. (2015) concluded
that HBV infection is hyper-endemic in Nigeria; and this is because HBV vaccination in Nigeria is lower than in
many Sub-Saharan African countries. In Nigeria, HBV is reported to be the most common cause of liver
disease. However, the extent of HBV exposure among Nigerians at average risk is unknown.
IV. Spatial Spread and Risk Factors of Viral Hepatitis B
Medical Geographers’ interests in infectious disease transmission are not only on the spatial spreads
and transmission among populations, but also how the spread occurs; how many cases occurred, and how many
might occur in the future; the possible constraints and barriers of the spread; where the cases occurred, and
where they are likely to occur in the future. The transmission of a disease is also a function of the characteristics
of the disease agent itself, such as the virulence, incubation period and mode of transmission among others, and
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DOI: 10.9790/0853-141248993 www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
the population in which it transmits (Meade and Erickson, 2000). The population groups that are at the highest
risk of contracting HBV according to World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) are summarized in table 1.
Table 1: Population Groups at Highest Risk of Contracting Viral Hepatitis B
a) The population group that frequently require blood or blood products, dialysis patients, recipients of solid organ
transplantations
b) The population group interned in prisons
c) The population group injecting and using drugs
d) The population group in household and sexual contacts with HBV infected people;
e) The population group with multiple sexual partners, as well as health-care workers and
others who may be exposed to blood and blood products through their work
f) Travelers to endemic areas, and have not completed their hepatitis B vaccination series
Source: WHO (2013)
The likelihood that hepatitis B viral infection will progress to chronic disease depends on the age group
at which the infection occurs. The higher the age, the less likely the progression from acute infection to chronic
disease to take place (table 2).
Table 2: Progression from Acute Hepatitis B Infection to Chronic Disease and associate Complication
In infants 80–90% infected during the first year of life develop chronic infections
In children 30–50% infected before the age of 6 years develops chronic infections.
In adults Less than 5% of otherwise healthy adults who are infected will develop chronic infection
15–25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood die from hepatitis B related liver cancer or
cirrhosis.
Source: WHO (2013)
V. Application of Health Field Model on Hepatitis B Disease Ecology
The factors that encourage disease transmission are so complex and diverse to the point that they need
to be considered in totality (Peter et al., 1997). Health Field Model (figure 1) developed by Lalonde (1974) is
one of the disease study models for studying spatial spreads of diseases. And the model can be employed by
geographers in their approach to understand the spatial and temporal spread of viral hepatitis B in human
population. The model is comprised of four inter-dependent elements determined to influence human health.
Fig 1: Health Field Model, Lalonde (1974)
1. Human Biology and Genetic Make-up: This element encompasses the genetic make-up of individual as
inherited across generations, such as the gender, processes of maturation and aging, and the many complex
internal systems in the body, such as skeletal, cardio-vascular, nervous, muscular, endocrine, and digestive
among others (Lalonde, 1974). This element determines the strength of immunity and body resistance
towards the hepatitis B virus. And it also has a direct impact on the ability of human systems to respond to
treatment positively of otherwise.
2. Lifestyle: Lifestyle is but what you eat and what you do. It is the aggregation of decisions over which
individuals have control. Personal decisions and habits that are bad, from a health point of view, create self-
imposed risks. When those risks result in illness or death, the victim’s lifestyle can be said to have
contributed to, or caused, his own illness or death (Lalonde, 1974). In terms of what someone eats, lifestyle
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of poor diet would always support not the immune system, and this is very bad for both people with acute
and chronic HB. But for what someone does, life style such as having multiple sex partners, illicit drug use
by mean of contaminated needles, tattooing, sharing razors or toothbrushes, and carelessness in medical
services among others can expose individuals or groups into to a higher degree of chances for contracting
HBV. In the case of HBV chronic carriers, more exercise and balance diet can slowdown the progression
towards liver damage. While alcohol consumption and drug use among others can speed up the progression
to liver failure.
3. Environment: The environmental element comprises of all those matters related to health which are
external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control. Population movement can
to some extent influence where one found himself according to Carballo (2007). This factor can be sub-
divided into four basic components as follows:
i) Physical environment: This includes certain aspects that affect the environment like attitude, climate,
chemical composition of the soil, and quality of drinking water. All these among others play a one or
another role in the activities and life cycle of the disease agent as well as susceptibility of the host.
ii) Social-Cultural Environment: Interactions between social, economic, political and cultural factors
formed the concepts of socio-cultural environment which according to Peter et al (1997) effect disease
transmission. Lalonde (1974) asserted that the socio-cultural environment represents socio-economic
characteristics of the people such as income and literacy levels, relationship with a disease index case,
proximity to index cases as well as history of infection. Fada (2014) stressed that whether one gets
infected with a disease or not depends on the levels of participation and interaction with others from
among humans, and domestic and wild animals within the society.
iii) Built Environment: This element includes the housing quality and location (Fada, 2014). It includes
population density, housing design and construction, and agricultural and industrial process and
pollutions.
iv) Biological Environment: This component of environment that influences human health is specifically
concern with the level of interaction with disease agents, such as the hepatitis B virus, and the disease
vectors and reservoirs where applicable.
4. Healthcare Organization: The quality, quantity, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and
resources with respect to the provision, distribution and utilization of healthcare services and facilities,
including physicians, nursing, hospitals, paramedical services, medical practice, nursing, nursing homes,
medical drugs, public and community health care services, ambulances, and other health services (Lalonde,
1974). A good healthcare organization would always provide both preventive and treatment measures by
means of providing to the populatiion HBV vaccination and HBV antiretroviral drugs respectively to the
respective groups.
VI. Hepatitis B Viral Infection Preventive Measures
The hepatitis B (HB) vaccine is the mainstay of HB prevention. The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably
within 24 hours after birth. The HB vaccine has been available since 1982. And it is 95% effective in preventing
infection and its chronic consequences, and was the first vaccine against a major human cancer (WHO, 2013).
Other important measures were summarized in table 3 as adopted from Emechebe et al. (2009).
Table 3: Summary of control of HBV infection
a) Universal immunization of children and adults at risk.
b) Health education of the public to discard various habits and practices that encourages the transmission of HBV.
c) Practice safe sex.
d) Avoid sharing body cutting instruments.
e) Universal screening of blood and blood products.
f) Post exposure prophylaxis with HBV immunoglobulin and for babies born to HBsAg positive mothers.
g) Improve socio-economic status of the citizens
Source: Emechebe et al. (2009)
VII. Intervention of the World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) organizes World Hepatitis Day on July 28 every year to
increase awareness and understanding of Viral Hepatitis. In addition to that, the organization is currently
working in the following areas to prevent and control viral hepatitis as shown in table 4.
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Table 4: World Health Organization Hepatitis B Intervention Measures
a) Raising awareness, promoting partnerships and mobilizing resources
b) Formulating evidence-based policy and data for action
c) Preventing of transmission
d) Executing screening, care and treatment
Source: WHO (2013)
VIII. Conclusion
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection could be controlled through public enlightenment campaign, mass
immunization of children and adult gtoup at risk, while antiretroviral drugs and immune-stimulatory therapy
should be provided for those already infected (Emechebe et al., 2009). Health Field Model of Lalonde (1974)
had particularly and perfectly offered a helping hand in explaining from geographic perspectives the
infectiousness and causes of complications of viral hepatitis B in human population.
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