1. The document discusses how international migration can spread communicable diseases as movement of people allows pathogens to reach new environments.
2. Key communicable diseases that are spread through migration include HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and Ebola. These diseases disproportionately impact migrant and refugee communities.
3. Culture and stigma also play a role, as migrants from communities experiencing disease outbreaks may face discrimination, even after receiving treatment. Globalization has increased movement of people between countries but national policies still limit immigration.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
The Thai government took actions in the past that reduced HIV prevalence, such as promoting condom use and increasing access to treatment. However, the new government has not done enough, resulting in increased discrimination against people living with HIV and a rise in HIV prevalence. People living with HIV now often go to "AIDS temples" to die, since they face rejection from hospitals and society. While some laws protect people with HIV, discrimination remains common in workplaces, families, and healthcare settings. More action is needed from the government to continue reducing HIV rates and end the stigma faced by those living with the virus.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
A Geographic Epidemiological Review of Viral Hepatitis Biosrjce
This document provides a geographic epidemiological review of viral hepatitis B. It discusses several key points:
1) Hepatitis B is a global public health problem, with high rates in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia where 5-10% of adults are chronically infected.
2) The virus can survive on surfaces for over a week and is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV. It is often transmitted from mother to child or in childhood.
3) Medical geographers are interested in the spatial spread of diseases and how transmission occurs between populations based on disease and population characteristics.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
South Africa faces potential pandemics from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. A pandemic is defined as a disease that spreads over large regions or continents. Factors contributing to emergence include changes in human behavior, the environment, and animals. Examples of diseases that could cause pandemics are avian influenza, which has infected over 220 million birds globally since 2003, and influenza in general. Key public health responses include surveillance systems at national, regional, and global levels to monitor epidemiological and laboratory data. Proper cooking of poultry and hand washing are important prevention methods.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS in Africa. It discusses how Africa has been hit hardest by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with over 70% of people living with HIV residing in sub-Saharan Africa. The rapid spread of HIV in Africa can be partly explained by high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases, high fertility rates, near universal breastfeeding, and early onset of sexual activity. While attempts were made to measure the epidemic, challenges included a lack of diagnostic facilities and underreporting due to stigma. East Africa was initially hardest hit, though some countries like Uganda have seen successes in prevention leading to declines in new infections among youth.
The document discusses various international organizations involved in health and development. It describes the objectives and activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Red Cross, CARE International, World Bank, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Colombo Plan.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
The Thai government took actions in the past that reduced HIV prevalence, such as promoting condom use and increasing access to treatment. However, the new government has not done enough, resulting in increased discrimination against people living with HIV and a rise in HIV prevalence. People living with HIV now often go to "AIDS temples" to die, since they face rejection from hospitals and society. While some laws protect people with HIV, discrimination remains common in workplaces, families, and healthcare settings. More action is needed from the government to continue reducing HIV rates and end the stigma faced by those living with the virus.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
A Geographic Epidemiological Review of Viral Hepatitis Biosrjce
This document provides a geographic epidemiological review of viral hepatitis B. It discusses several key points:
1) Hepatitis B is a global public health problem, with high rates in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia where 5-10% of adults are chronically infected.
2) The virus can survive on surfaces for over a week and is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV. It is often transmitted from mother to child or in childhood.
3) Medical geographers are interested in the spatial spread of diseases and how transmission occurs between populations based on disease and population characteristics.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
South Africa faces potential pandemics from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. A pandemic is defined as a disease that spreads over large regions or continents. Factors contributing to emergence include changes in human behavior, the environment, and animals. Examples of diseases that could cause pandemics are avian influenza, which has infected over 220 million birds globally since 2003, and influenza in general. Key public health responses include surveillance systems at national, regional, and global levels to monitor epidemiological and laboratory data. Proper cooking of poultry and hand washing are important prevention methods.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS in Africa. It discusses how Africa has been hit hardest by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with over 70% of people living with HIV residing in sub-Saharan Africa. The rapid spread of HIV in Africa can be partly explained by high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases, high fertility rates, near universal breastfeeding, and early onset of sexual activity. While attempts were made to measure the epidemic, challenges included a lack of diagnostic facilities and underreporting due to stigma. East Africa was initially hardest hit, though some countries like Uganda have seen successes in prevention leading to declines in new infections among youth.
The document discusses various international organizations involved in health and development. It describes the objectives and activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Red Cross, CARE International, World Bank, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the Colombo Plan.
This document discusses the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on aging populations. It notes that early models underestimated the severity of the epidemic in Africa. HIV prevalence rates have changed who is most at risk over time. The AIDS pandemic threatens to overwhelm aging populations in sub-Saharan Africa as they need more support but have fewer able-bodied children to care for them due to the disease. The impacts of AIDS on older people could change dramatically as responses to the disease develop.
The document summarizes an epidemiological study of the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. It found that the Western Area, comprising only 2 of Sierra Leone's 14 districts, accounted for over half of the country's reported EVD cases and deaths. Key factors driving transmission included delayed detection and response, intense population movement, overcrowding, and unresponsive communities. Transmission was primarily through contact, with limited transmission through sex and breast milk. The unprecedented scale of the outbreak in the urban Western Area was attributed to these factors and highlighted the need for strengthened preparedness and swift response to limit morbidity and mortality in future similar outbreak outbreaks.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
Aids knowing no boundaries in 3 rd world countriestuikings
The document discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, particularly in Africa and other developing regions. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence, transmission methods, symptoms, and impact. Key points include:
- HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in sub-Saharan Africa and is a potential disaster in Papua New Guinea. Prevalence rates in Africa soared from 1988 to 2003.
- The virus is primarily spread through sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, and shared needles. Common symptoms include headaches, night sweats, and diarrhea.
- HIV/AIDS weakens populations and economies by primarily affecting young, working-age adults. It exacerbates issues like poverty, crime and lack of
Neglecgted tropical disease: in context to Nepaldipesh125
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Nepal. It provides definitions of NTDs from various organizations and lists the common NTD infections. In Nepal, the major NTDs are trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases. The document outlines national control programs for these diseases and others such as leprosy and dengue. It highlights the high burden of NTDs in Nepal and their impact on vulnerable groups. Integrated control strategies and partnerships are in place to work toward eliminating priority NTDs by targeted years.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
The more i study and search about HIV and AIDS, the more deep its becomes. I discovered that HIV and AIDS is the highest killing machine of our time. silently reducing world population. many countries don't want to talk about HIV, some religious countries felt that HIV is a taboo and should not be talked about in any case. so they ignore the myths and the truth about HIV and is killing their citizen gradually, spreading drastically. HIV/ AIDS IS REAL AND THAT IS THE TRUTH.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to community health assessment including:
1) It defines a community and explains why community health assessments are important for identifying health status, resources, and factors influencing health.
2) It outlines different patterns of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and describes communicable and non-communicable diseases.
3) It discusses important community health topics like data collection, vulnerability, infection control, and population pyramids.
The UN established UNAIDS in 1994 to coordinate the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS aims to prevent the spread of HIV, provide care and support to those living with HIV, reduce vulnerability to HIV, and alleviate the impact of the epidemic. Through UNAIDS' efforts and partnerships with other organizations, deaths from AIDS-related illnesses have declined significantly from 2.3 million in 2005 to 1.6 million in 2012, treatment access has increased dramatically, and millions of lives have been saved due to reduced prices for antiretroviral drugs.
Two years ago, I wrote a Situation Report for my Global and Environmental Health class which examined Libya's Humanitarian Response Plan (2018). The goal was to give a brief analysis towards its proposed programs under safety, food security, and health. Although outdated, when compared with Libya's Response Plan for 2020, one can see how the nation's efforts are still being countered and limited by continuous protracted conflicts.
Tuberculose e o desenvolvimento dos objetivos do milênioRobson Peixoto
Investments in TB control have helped progress toward the Millennium Development Goals by reducing mortality from HIV and alleviating poverty. Without increased TB funding by 2015, over 50 million people will develop active TB, over 10 million will die from the disease, and millions of children will be orphaned. Integrating HIV and TB services is key to reducing deaths from TB in those living with HIV.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases. It notes that over 1 billion people are affected by one or more neglected tropical diseases, which persist under conditions of poverty. These diseases overlap geographically and individuals are often afflicted by more than one. They remain neglected at the community, national, and international levels. Control efforts have achieved some successes, such as reducing cases of lymphatic filariasis, guinea-worm disease, and trachoma. However, more work is needed to address the impact of these diseases on public health and socioeconomic development.
Ebola virus disease is a potential agent for bioterrorism due to its high mortality rate and ability to cause mass casualties. It has no approved treatments or vaccines, and its emergence in Nigeria has caused fear among the population and utilization of government resources. While Ebola spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals, it has not been shown to infect domestic pets or spread through the air. With proper awareness and control measures, officials hope to contain the outbreak and prevent Ebola from becoming endemic.
The document discusses concepts related to quantifying disease occurrence in animal populations. It defines key terms like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and outbreak. Endemic refers to the usual presence of a disease, while epidemic describes an unexpected increase. A pandemic is a widespread epidemic affecting many countries. An outbreak refers to the occurrence of a disease in an agricultural establishment. The document also discusses quantifying disease frequency by considering the number of affected individuals and population size. It distinguishes between contiguous populations with contact between animals and separated populations that exist as discrete units like herds.
Major Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)Updesh Yadav
This report analyzes the growth of research on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) over the past two decades using data from scientific publications. It finds that while NTDs impact over a billion people and cause over 500,000 deaths per year, they received very little research funding and attention historically compared to other global health issues. However, there has been growing recognition of NTDs in recent years, driven by advocates and new funding from organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. A landmark 2012 meeting saw over $785 million pledged towards NTD research and treatment, demonstrating new commitments to addressing these neglected issues. The data shows significant increases in scientific publications on NTDs in the past decade, though research is still disproportionately low relative to
Este documento presenta ideas para que los estudiantes colaboren en línea, incluyendo el uso de Google Calendar para planificar el trabajo en equipo, Google Docs para compartir documentos, y Picasa para compartir elementos visuales. También recomienda el uso de Google Groups u otras herramientas de comunicación para que los estudiantes se comuniquen y debatan sobre su trabajo colaborativo.
This document discusses the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on aging populations. It notes that early models underestimated the severity of the epidemic in Africa. HIV prevalence rates have changed who is most at risk over time. The AIDS pandemic threatens to overwhelm aging populations in sub-Saharan Africa as they need more support but have fewer able-bodied children to care for them due to the disease. The impacts of AIDS on older people could change dramatically as responses to the disease develop.
The document summarizes an epidemiological study of the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. It found that the Western Area, comprising only 2 of Sierra Leone's 14 districts, accounted for over half of the country's reported EVD cases and deaths. Key factors driving transmission included delayed detection and response, intense population movement, overcrowding, and unresponsive communities. Transmission was primarily through contact, with limited transmission through sex and breast milk. The unprecedented scale of the outbreak in the urban Western Area was attributed to these factors and highlighted the need for strengthened preparedness and swift response to limit morbidity and mortality in future similar outbreak outbreaks.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
Aids knowing no boundaries in 3 rd world countriestuikings
The document discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, particularly in Africa and other developing regions. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence, transmission methods, symptoms, and impact. Key points include:
- HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in sub-Saharan Africa and is a potential disaster in Papua New Guinea. Prevalence rates in Africa soared from 1988 to 2003.
- The virus is primarily spread through sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, and shared needles. Common symptoms include headaches, night sweats, and diarrhea.
- HIV/AIDS weakens populations and economies by primarily affecting young, working-age adults. It exacerbates issues like poverty, crime and lack of
Neglecgted tropical disease: in context to Nepaldipesh125
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Nepal. It provides definitions of NTDs from various organizations and lists the common NTD infections. In Nepal, the major NTDs are trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases. The document outlines national control programs for these diseases and others such as leprosy and dengue. It highlights the high burden of NTDs in Nepal and their impact on vulnerable groups. Integrated control strategies and partnerships are in place to work toward eliminating priority NTDs by targeted years.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
The more i study and search about HIV and AIDS, the more deep its becomes. I discovered that HIV and AIDS is the highest killing machine of our time. silently reducing world population. many countries don't want to talk about HIV, some religious countries felt that HIV is a taboo and should not be talked about in any case. so they ignore the myths and the truth about HIV and is killing their citizen gradually, spreading drastically. HIV/ AIDS IS REAL AND THAT IS THE TRUTH.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to community health assessment including:
1) It defines a community and explains why community health assessments are important for identifying health status, resources, and factors influencing health.
2) It outlines different patterns of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and describes communicable and non-communicable diseases.
3) It discusses important community health topics like data collection, vulnerability, infection control, and population pyramids.
The UN established UNAIDS in 1994 to coordinate the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS aims to prevent the spread of HIV, provide care and support to those living with HIV, reduce vulnerability to HIV, and alleviate the impact of the epidemic. Through UNAIDS' efforts and partnerships with other organizations, deaths from AIDS-related illnesses have declined significantly from 2.3 million in 2005 to 1.6 million in 2012, treatment access has increased dramatically, and millions of lives have been saved due to reduced prices for antiretroviral drugs.
Two years ago, I wrote a Situation Report for my Global and Environmental Health class which examined Libya's Humanitarian Response Plan (2018). The goal was to give a brief analysis towards its proposed programs under safety, food security, and health. Although outdated, when compared with Libya's Response Plan for 2020, one can see how the nation's efforts are still being countered and limited by continuous protracted conflicts.
Tuberculose e o desenvolvimento dos objetivos do milênioRobson Peixoto
Investments in TB control have helped progress toward the Millennium Development Goals by reducing mortality from HIV and alleviating poverty. Without increased TB funding by 2015, over 50 million people will develop active TB, over 10 million will die from the disease, and millions of children will be orphaned. Integrating HIV and TB services is key to reducing deaths from TB in those living with HIV.
This document discusses neglected tropical diseases. It notes that over 1 billion people are affected by one or more neglected tropical diseases, which persist under conditions of poverty. These diseases overlap geographically and individuals are often afflicted by more than one. They remain neglected at the community, national, and international levels. Control efforts have achieved some successes, such as reducing cases of lymphatic filariasis, guinea-worm disease, and trachoma. However, more work is needed to address the impact of these diseases on public health and socioeconomic development.
Ebola virus disease is a potential agent for bioterrorism due to its high mortality rate and ability to cause mass casualties. It has no approved treatments or vaccines, and its emergence in Nigeria has caused fear among the population and utilization of government resources. While Ebola spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals, it has not been shown to infect domestic pets or spread through the air. With proper awareness and control measures, officials hope to contain the outbreak and prevent Ebola from becoming endemic.
The document discusses concepts related to quantifying disease occurrence in animal populations. It defines key terms like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and outbreak. Endemic refers to the usual presence of a disease, while epidemic describes an unexpected increase. A pandemic is a widespread epidemic affecting many countries. An outbreak refers to the occurrence of a disease in an agricultural establishment. The document also discusses quantifying disease frequency by considering the number of affected individuals and population size. It distinguishes between contiguous populations with contact between animals and separated populations that exist as discrete units like herds.
Major Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)Updesh Yadav
This report analyzes the growth of research on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) over the past two decades using data from scientific publications. It finds that while NTDs impact over a billion people and cause over 500,000 deaths per year, they received very little research funding and attention historically compared to other global health issues. However, there has been growing recognition of NTDs in recent years, driven by advocates and new funding from organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. A landmark 2012 meeting saw over $785 million pledged towards NTD research and treatment, demonstrating new commitments to addressing these neglected issues. The data shows significant increases in scientific publications on NTDs in the past decade, though research is still disproportionately low relative to
Este documento presenta ideas para que los estudiantes colaboren en línea, incluyendo el uso de Google Calendar para planificar el trabajo en equipo, Google Docs para compartir documentos, y Picasa para compartir elementos visuales. También recomienda el uso de Google Groups u otras herramientas de comunicación para que los estudiantes se comuniquen y debatan sobre su trabajo colaborativo.
Le tutorat en monde virtuel par Jean-Paul Moiraud tad10
L’objectif de cette conférence est de déterminer quelles sont les caractéristiques du tutorat en monde virtuel. Les mondes immersifs tels que nous les définissons permettent d’élaborer, entre autres, des processus de simulation. Le tutorat y est un élément central, il doit être pensé, anticipé par l’équipe de conception au sein de scénarios spécifiques.
Il incombe de concevoir sa place dans le dispositif sous plusieurs angles d’analyse :
Les moments de son intervention (avant, pendant, après) ;
Le rapport du tuteur réel et de son avatar ;
Sa spatialisation dans un environnement 3D ;
Sa nature (tutorat par les pairs, experts, enseignant ...)
Nous entendons par monde virtuel :
«Le monde virtuel est un monde en trois dimensions (3D) créé à l’aide d’un logiciel et d’une programmation spécifiques. Le monde est en général une représentation de lieux réels mais il peut être aussi une construction purement imaginaire élaborée dans le cadre d’une démarche plastique. Il permet à un groupe de personnes éclatées géographiquement et placées en situation immersive d’interagir. Les acteurs du dispositif peuvent, à l’aide d’avatars, d’objets ou d’une vue subjective, parler, écrire, gérer des attitudes corporelles, se déplacer, y compris en s’affranchissant les lois physiques du monde réel. Le groupe constitué partage un intérêt commun, défini dans un projet élaboré de façon formelle. Les apprenants seront mis en situation d’acquisition de savoirs et de compétences en reproduisant des situations du réel. Les situations sont reproductibles à l’infini, elles permettent d’analyser des situations simples (des routines) ou extra – ordinaires. Le monde virtuel de simulation combine des constructions scénarisées au service d’enjeux d’enseignement et d’apprentissage»
The document contains the solutions to multiple questions on management accounting techniques. Question 1 involves calculations of throughput time, manufacturing cycle efficiency, production time percentage, and delivery cycle time. Question 2 asks about contribution margin ratios to determine the highest ratio. Question 3 provides a flexible budget for a diving company. The budget includes revenue, expenses, and net operating income projections. Question 4 discusses concentrating available materials on the product with the greatest contribution margin per pound to maximize total contribution margin.
Comment créer un executive summary impactant Sylvain Fantoni
Didactique afin de créer des documents de soutenance à destination des décideurs. Comment être impactant, différenciant, et être créateur de valeur perçue par le client.
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Epidemic diseases are spread by insects passing on microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa when they feed or bite. Mosquitoes in particular spread serious epidemic diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, African sleeping sickness, and West Nile virus. Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, spread by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito between dusk and dawn across over 100 countries. Yellow fever is also spread by mosquitoes and causes varied symptoms with most improving after a few days but some experiencing liver and kidney failure. Vaccines exist for these diseases but are not always accessible in developing areas.
This document summarizes Mary Fisher's 1992 speech at the Republican National Convention titled "A Whisper of AIDS". The speech effectively promoted AIDS awareness in the US and helped change public policy. At a time when the disease was poorly understood and HIV-positive individuals faced much stigma and discrimination, Fisher's powerful speech as an HIV-positive woman brought attention to the reality of the epidemic.
HIV attacks and destroys cells of the immune system, specifically T-cells. It progresses to AIDS which leaves the immune system unable to fight infections and diseases. HIV is most commonly spread through unprotected sexual contact and sharing needles. People with HIV/AIDS often face discrimination in areas like education, employment, and healthcare access. Currently there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, though treatments can control the virus.
This essay discusses the AIDS epidemic and factors that led to its spread in China, specifically in Henan province. It analyzes the epidemic from scientific, economic, and social perspectives. Scientifically, HIV attacks and destroys immune cells. Economically, over 100,000 farmers were infected after unhygienic blood collection, and nearly 10,000 died. Socially, the Chinese government initially hid the problem and did little to address it, underestimating the number of people living with AIDS. Suggestions are made to better resolve the issue.
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious DiseasesGlobalizatio.docxwhittemorelucilla
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Globalization is a topic that has been around for centuries and is present phenomenon, but what is it exactly? Globalization is defined as a process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments of multiple different nations across the world (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). It is a process that has existed as long as international trade and will continue to exist as long as nations continue to buy and sell to one another. Globalization is a process that impacts people and communities all around the world that are participate in this kind of international relation. It covers a wide spectrum of forces such as, the environment, technology, different demographics, the economy, as well as multiple others. Globalization elicits a lot of changes within each of these forces, changes that have very wide spread effects on humans and on the communities that they inhabit. This topic is however very controversial and many arguments have been made in favor as well as against this process. “Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.” (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). Both sides of the argument hold very strong values and opinions that are influenced by factors such as health.
The effects of Globalization on overall health, is a major concern for all nations. A topic that has been closely associated with Globalization is the greater spread of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are those that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi and can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly (WHO, 2016). Direct contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by direct contact from one person to another person, an animal to a person, or from a mother to her unborn child. Indirect contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by coming in contact with an item that has been contaminated with the germs of the disease. Insect bites as well as food contamination are also common ways that infectious diseases are transferred. Mosquitos are well known for passing malaria onto humans through a bite and E. coli is a common disease that is transferred through the consumption of undercooked food.
http://ps4h.org/communicable_diseases.html
Understanding infectious diseases is a key component to understanding the relationship between them and Globalization. In the world today, approximately half of all deaths that are caused by infectious diseases can be traced back to three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS (Networks, 2000). Tuberculosis, commonly referred to as TB, is a contagious disease that is caused by b ...
Hiv/Aids Research Paper
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HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and eventually causes AIDS if not treated. It is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex and sharing needles. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS, especially among young people ages 15-24. Children are especially vulnerable as they can contract HIV from their mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Educating youth about HIV/AIDS and how to prevent transmission is critical to containing the epidemic.
HIV/AIDS was discovered in the 1980s by researchers including Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier, though Gallo did not properly credit Montagnier. HIV slowly damages immune cells, leading to AIDS. It mutates easily, making a vaccine difficult to develop. There are two main types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Africa has been severely impacted, with over 30 million deaths worldwide. Those most at risk are women, drug users, and those who do not use protection. It has significantly impacted societies and economies by killing many people and requiring substantial funding for treatment research.
Similar to Communicable Diseases and International Migration (14)
1. Minnesota State University Moorhead
How do communicable diseases affect International Migration?
Anna Sylva
Political Science 364
Dr Conteh
December 1 2014
2. Sylva2
Abstract
The mass movement of people has led to an increase in the spread of communicable diseases.
Globalization and population movements have contributed immensely to the rapid spread of
these microorganisms. Mass movements of people creates new opportunities for communicable
diseases to be introduced to places they have never existed before. These issues have led to
increase in legislature as nation states try to limit the number of immigrants they allow into their
territories. Intensive research and studies to find ways to manage the movement of people while
respecting their right to move and also managing the spread of communicable diseases are
examined in this paper. Migration patterns and certain groups of individuals are targeted as the
leading bearers of communicable diseases and through their presence, pathogens that were once
foreign to an area are now introduced into a new environment where its people have not
developed resistance to this new pathogen.
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International migration according to the International Organization of Migration is
defined as the movement of a person or a group of persons across an international border and this
can include migration of refugees, internally displaced persons, economic migrants and other
people moving for different reasons (International Organization for Migration). International
Migration is mostly associated with the transmission of communicable diseases which has led to
the establishment of limitations and restrictions when it comes to the movement of people.
Human beings have always moved since the beginning of human existence to search for other
opportunities thus the issue of migration or the movement of people is nothing new. In today’s
world most people that migrate are “forced migrants” who have been forced to flee their homes
and seek refuge someplace safer (Castles and Miller, 7).According to the United Nation’s
declaration of human rights in article 13 it states in summary that individuals have the right to
move freely within territories. This right however is heavily managed as many immigrants are
denied entry in so many nation states. Freedom of movement, limitations, stipulated legislations,
biases, problems arising from the arrival of new immigrants and globalization have served as a
major concern for nation states in issues pertaining to communicable diseases and international
migration. These above mentioned issues have become the pillars to which it can be determined
how communicable diseases affect international migration.
As this paper deals with International migration and communicable it is very important
that we define what communicable diseases are and also the emerging communicable diseases
that pose as possible threats to the future of international migration. A communicable disease is
an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through direct or indirect
transmission of the toxins from an infected individual or animal to a susceptible host (Center for
Disease Control). There are numerous communicable diseases that are potentially very
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dangerous to the humans and our movements. Emerging communicable diseases today are the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Influenza, Ebola, etc. These
communicable diseases have become a constant source of research to reduce the spread.
Unfortunately some of these communicable diseases are very widespread in migrant
communities and thus migratory processes are automatically linked to the spread of
communicable diseases.
Human Immunodeficiency virus also known as HIV is a virus that can lead to acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The human body has not developed ways yet to flush out
the virus from our systems hence once an individual acquires the HIV virus it remains in his
body for the rest of his life. It is spread mainly through sex or by sharing injections with an
infected person or other equipment that can come in contact with your bodily fluid (Center for
Disease Control). HIV still continues to be a major issue in the world, in 2013 it was estimated
that about 35 million people were living with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 70 percent of
people living with HIV (Center for Disease Control). As so many immigrants migrate from Sub
Saharan to the west it has become an issue of paramount importance to receiving states.
Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium
tuberculosis and it mostly affects the lungs. It is transmitted from individuals to individuals via
droplets from the throat and lungs of infected persons (World Health Organization). TB is
treatable and can be treated within a span of six months however it still counts as a
communicable disease because it can be spread from one person to another. In 2013
approximately 480,000 people were diagnosed with Tuberculosis and ranging from 2000 through
2013, about 37 million lives have been saved through effective treatment and diagnosis (World
Health Organization).
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Hepatitis is another communicable disease that has received much attention due to its
severity. It is an inflammation of the liver and it is most commonly caused by a viral infection.
There are five different hepatitis viruses and they are referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
These five types have the potential for outbreaks and epidemics and their common modes of
transmission are through the receipt of contaminated blood or blood products and medical
procedures using contaminated equipment (World Health Organization). Areas of high risk
infections are in developing countries with struggling economies and below standard sanitary
levels (World Health Organization). In these developing countries most of the children before the
age of 10 have contacted the Hepatitis virus. The World Health Organization is working on
methods and strategies to educate people especially individuals that live in high risk areas.
Our last communicable disease for this paper will the Ebola virus, a virus that has caused
thousands of deaths on the West African coast in Guinea,Liberia and Sierra Leone. Ebola is a
deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. It can cause diseases in
both humans and nonhumans especially monkeys and gorillas (Center for Disease Control). Even
though Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in the Congo River which is located in the republic of
Congo it is still considered an emerging diseases and its frequency for spread has increased
rapidly in 2014. There has not been a proven available treatment yet but with supportive care and
oral fluids one can increase their chances of survival. The Ebola virus has become a major
conversation starter in 2014. As people that live in the infected areas are bracing themselves for
the worst, the international community is working on ways to keep citizens or people from
infected nation states at arm’s length.
Culture can be defined as the beliefs and customs of a particular society hence the
behavior of migrants usually can be linked back to their various cultural backgrounds. Migrants
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have different identities and different ways of doing things but one thing that is common in most
cultures is the stigma attached to people that have communicable diseases even after they have
received treatment. The stigma and discrimination against migrants starts at the grassroots level
which is typically their home countries or countries of origin (World Health Organization). For
example in Guinea, Ebola survivors are stigmatized in their societies as people fear
contamination or even association (World Health Organization). Survivors are forced to take up
new identities in order to fight the stigma attached to them but this does not do much for these
survivors. According to a Guinean lady interviewed by the World Health Organization, she lost
her job because she once suffered from the Ebola Virus. Despite the fact that she was treated
back to perfect health, people around her still lived in fear and thus was forced to give up her job.
The stigma faced by people that suffer from communicable diseases start from within their
communities and often continues as they migrate and resettle in new places.
As we talk about individual cultures, the issue of globalization can also be tied into it as
globalization has succeeded in integrating people of different nations with the aid of technology.
With modern technology, news spreads so much faster and events unfolding in a state can reach
the other part of the world with just a click on the computer. We live in a globalized world where
almost everyone talks about “rights and freedoms” but do they really exist or are they just
theoretical aspects of our globalized world? With the dawn of new technology, it has become
relatively easier to move from one place to another with little or no hassle at all yet despite all
these developments the freedom to move is still very questionable. In article 13 of the Universal
Declaration of Human rights, it states that “everyone has the right to freedom of movement and
residence within borders of each state” (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) yet nation
states have put up restrictions that limit the entry of people. Through globalization there is now a
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high tendency for more nation states to be affected by migration. There has also been a surge in
the number of migrants and thus nation states are unable to keep up with the numbers especially
with policies that limit entry (Castles and Miller, 11). Even though almost everyone will agree
that globalization has resulted to a massive increase in the movement of people, the free
movement still continues to be an issue within the international community.
Culture is a fundamental part of any individual and thus when people migrate they take
their cultures with them and if people migrate from an area with a high prevalence of
communicable diseases they can carry with them a higher risk of infection, in cases like
Tuberculosis(Grondin,561). In 2014, the restriction of people’s rights to move is very evident as
we have witnessed the outbreak of the Ebola virus in three West African countries namely,
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Due to the highly contagious nature of the Ebola virus
movements from infected states have been severely limited. Whether or not they are being
denied their right to move is still very debatable as states have sovereignty and they have every
right to protect its citizens if there is eminent risk. The welfare of an entire citizenry cannot be
jeopardized for a basic right, this however has become an issue and there has been an uproar
about the strict limitations that have been imposed on these three countries. The cultural outlook
on how communicable diseases has contributed to the inability to curb or reduce the spread of
communicable diseases. Every culture has health perceptions and health issues are perceived
differently around the world and thus this complicates culture and how they deal with the
emergence of communicable diseases.
With the limitation on the right to move freely comes the issue of legislations that have
been put in place to restrict the entry of people with communicable diseases especially in the
developed world. In order to control the spread of communicable diseases like the Human
8. Sylva8
Immunodeficiency Virus, up to 50 countries have introduced border restrictions or required
testing for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Gellert, 1494). In the United States, admission
of refugees is refused if they test positive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus unless in
circumstances whereby the refugees demonstrates that his entry will not endanger the lives of
United States Citizens which in that case they are allowed entry(Gellert,1495). However due to
the massive number of immigrants that come into the United States on a yearly basis not all
immigrants are screened for communicable diseases prior to entry. In Egypt, Iraq, Qatar,
Singapore and Turks and Caicos Islands, individuals are required to prove that they are HIV
negative in order to be allowed entry (plwha.org). In countries like Bahrain, Russia, Sudan,
Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and The United Arab Emirates, individuals are deported once their HIV
positive status is discovered (plwha.org). It is relatively hard for people with known
communicable diseases to migrate to other places as the stigma follows them wherever they go
and the restrictions placed on them by nation states does not make the process an easier. It is
already hard enough that one has to resettle in another country for economic, environment or
other reasons but being denied entry because of one’s health condition is a bit discriminatory and
very prejudice.
These restrictions lead to bigger problems especially in managing the spread through
international migration. Immigrants who migrate into the United States with the Human
Immunodeficiency virus usually flee their countries of origin due to fear and prosecution and
sending them back will only further endanger their lives. If individuals are denied legal status
they usually tend to live unnoticed in the United States community and this further prevents them
from seeking medical attention (Gellert, 1495). Also the fear of deportation will lead infected
individuals to live an isolated life and this will hamper any efforts to further educate the
9. Sylva9
American populace about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. In many parts of the world the
intolerance towards people from other countries rapidly increasing and thus governments do not
see immigrants and communicable diseases as their responsibility. This mindset however has
contributed to creating a universal healthcare problem especially with the issue of migrants and
the healthcare of migrants (Carballo and Mboup, 13). The cost of universal healthcare has also
become a paramount concern as most people infected with communicable diseases do not have
the means to pay for a proper medical treatment (Carballo and Mboup, 13) and therefore they are
forced to live with it as they migrate into new places for better living opportunities. As migrants
move around they carry with them the health “footprints” of their countries of origin (Carballo
and Mboup, 6) and therefore communicable diseases with regards to migration deserves much
more attention than what it is getting right now. Migration cannot be limited no matter how
many restrictions and laws are put in place, the human race has always moved around and that is
not coming to an end anytime soon. The sooner world governments and institutions realize that
international migration is a contributing factor to the spread of communicable diseases the easier
it will be to tackle these diseases at the grassroots level before they escalate into bigger issues.
In as much as there are issues that need to be dealt with in regards to international
migration and the spread of communicable diseases it is also very evident that statistics regarding
the movement of people and communicable diseases are very biased. From my research I have
not stumbled upon any compiled work on communicable diseases in the developed world but
rather all fingers seem to be pointed at countries in the developing world. Most communicable
diseases are traced to Sub-Saharan Africa. There is very limited information on communicable
diseases in the developed world, the focus only seems to be on developing countries. Migrants
are mostly perceived as health threats when they move into new nation states and thus this
10. Sylva10
increases the likelihood of discrimination and inequality in their neighborhoods (Grondin, 561).
Malaria has been mentioned severally as a communicable disease but in actual sense it is not a
communicable disease because it cannot be contacted from one person to another. Malaria is
considered a great threat to people in Sub-Saharan Africa but it does not qualify as a
communicable disease which goes further to prove my point that most of these diseases are
pinned on developing nations. It is believed that travel from developing countries to developed
countries may expose new susceptibles and elevate risks for the spread of communicable
diseases (Gellery, 1494). Statistics on International migration and communicable diseases tends
to ignore the fact that migration does not only take place in developing countries but rather
people in developed countries also migrate to other places and usually as tourists tend to be
carriers of communicable diseases. However this is not mentioned but rather it is said that
tourists risk their lives when they find themselves in new environments because they are exposed
to illnesses for which they have no resistance (Soto, 27). It is very evident that most developing
nations lack proper sanitation and up to standard medical facilities that can treat people with
communicable diseases or even minor diseases but that does not justify the fact that all fingers
are being pointed at developing countries as the leading cause of the spread of communicable
diseases. There are communicable diseases all around the world and to pinpoint a certain group
of people as the leading cause is somewhat biased. The bias affects the way policies can educate
people from all walks of life about the dangers of communicable diseases. If developing
countries are associated with the spread of communicable diseases then people who live in
developed countries but within communities that are hard to reach it will become a major issue
because they might not have much knowledge about these diseases.
11. Sylva11
According to research, approximately 66 percent of all heterosexually transmitted Human
Immunodeficiency virus in the European Union were diagnosed in people from countries with
high HIV prevalence (Carballo and Mboup, 7). Most governments believe that migration can be
turned on and off (Castles and Miller,33) as they please but this is not the case because migration
is a continuous process and no matter how much limitations and legislations that are put in place
it will still be a continuous process. In light of the Ebola outbreak, some of the busiest airports in
the United States like Kennedy International Airport in New York, Washington Dulles in
Washington DC and Newark Liberty International in New Jersey have put in place laws that
require people coming in from Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to be screened thoroughly
before they are allowed entry (New York Times; Tavernise, 2). It has also been speculated that
banning airline travel from infected West African nations might be a possibility (New York
Times; Tavernise, 4).In Denmark, refugees arriving from countries with high prevalence of
Tuberculosis are extensively screened and if need be receive follow up six months follow up
treatments and this is also the case in Norway,Germany,the Netherlands and Belgium(Carballo
and Mboup,3).Legislations are important in limiting the spread of communicable diseases with
regards to international migration however in cases where flights are banned then more harm
than good is caused because the ability to respond to the outbreak would be undermined. Also
the movement of health professionals will be limited with legislations such as banning and this
increases the risk for further spread.
Despite the numerous legislations that has been put in place, states still experience
numerous problems with regards to the movement of people. According to research, public
health is underfunded and unless an outbreak happens little attention is given to most
communicable diseases (McFee, 430). The persistent problem with sanitation, poverty,
12. Sylva12
overcrowding in housing and health care facilities and also cutbacks in in research and health
care resources also contribute to problems within people who migrate frequently (McFee, 430).
In Spain, a study revealed that approximately 85 percent of migrant workers lived in make shift
accommodations with little running water and poor sanitation which according to Spanish health
officials contributes to chronic and possibly drug-resistant Tuberculosis(Carballo and
Mboup,7).Most immigrants that move around due to famine or other environmental factors are
mostly uneducated or have received minimum education and thus they do not have a better
understanding of what communicable diseases are and how they are spread and therefore they
move across borders without having prior knowledge that can possibly carriers of communicable
diseases(McFee,430). Also these legislations have made migration more complicated and
difficult compared to previous years and this can be detrimental to the health of migrants and
some migrants migrate internationally to seek medical attention elsewhere because it is
unavailable in their home countries (Carballo and Mboup, 3).
Even though these legislations and social situations pose serious problems in
international migration there are however possible solutions that can aid in controlling the spread
of communicable diseases as people migrate across borders. Greater attention must be focused
on monitoring risk factors and reemerging communicable diseases like the Ebola virus (Gelbert,
1496). International organizations that that tackle issues of migration should establish
collaborative local, national and international databases for communicable diseases (Gelbert,
1496). Training future health care professionals especially with regards to travel-related illnesses
and global communicable diseases that might show up as people migrate (McFee, 431).Another
useful thing is to provide useful references for communicable diseases when it comes to
international travel(McFee,431). As migration increases health care providers should strengthen
13. Sylva13
competencies in diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases (Gelbert, 1494). In essence
more systematic studies should be conducted to understand the relationship between
international migration and the spread of communicable diseases. By doing so, travelers or
migrants from all around the world will have sufficient knowledge about communicable diseases
wherever they find themselves and they will be better prepared in handling any outbreaks.
Migration has now become a priority and thus migratory processes and the dynamics of
international migration needs to be understood. International migration today encompasses
serious complications and governments are faced with huge responsibilities of limiting the
inflow of migrants. Policies that governments choose to establish shapes the future of their
societies as well as their relationships with other nation-states. We live in a globalized world and
that should serve as enough caution to nation states because as people move they move along
with various diseases ranging from communicable to non-communicable diseases. In order to be
able to defend the emergence of communicable diseases a surveillance system must be in place
to detect emerging communicable diseases at their early stages (Soto, 28). As at now it is safe to
say that communicable diseases cannot be completely eradicated but with time sustainable
solutions can be developed and there might be a decrease in the number of people infected
worldwide.
14. Sylva14
Works Cited
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Castles,Stephen,and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration:International Population Movements
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Eilperin, Juliet. “Obama Announces New Passenger Screenings for Ebola” Washington Post.
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Gellert,George A. “International Migration and Control of Communicable Diseases.” Social
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Grondin,Danielle. “Well-managed Migrants’ Health Benefits All.” WHI. N.p.,Aug. 2004. Web.
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“Life after Ebola Has New Meaning for Two Survivors Now Helping Others.”WHO. N.p,July
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McFee, Robin B. “Global Infectious Diseases-The New Norm for the United States?” Disease-a-
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Soto,S.M. “Human Migration and Infectious Diseases.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection
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Tavernise,Sabrina. “Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola.” The New York Times.
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