This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, endemic, and an outbreakBarryAllen149
The distinction between the concepts “pandemic,” “epidemic,” and “endemic” is typically dimmed, also by medical specialists. Because the definition of each term is liquid, and it varies as diseases become more or less prevalent over time. In conversation, maybe this is less important to know the exact definitions but to understand the overall condition of public health news and responses you should know the concepts.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
Neglected tropical diseases in India (NTDs) are a group of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
Difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, endemic, and an outbreakBarryAllen149
The distinction between the concepts “pandemic,” “epidemic,” and “endemic” is typically dimmed, also by medical specialists. Because the definition of each term is liquid, and it varies as diseases become more or less prevalent over time. In conversation, maybe this is less important to know the exact definitions but to understand the overall condition of public health news and responses you should know the concepts.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. SCOPE
Emerging and Re-emerging infectious
diseases
Factors contributing to emerge
Basic concept of the infectious diseases
Challenges to prevent the emergence
Recommendation
Conclusion
5. Infection & Disease
o An infection results when a pathogen
invades and begins growing within a
host.
o Disease results only if and when, as a
consequence of the invasion and
growth of a pathogen, tissue function is
impaired.
6. “Emerging” & “Re-Emerging”
Emerging
Infectious diseases
whose incidence in
humans has increased in
the past 2 decades or
threatens to increase in
the near future have
been defined as
"emerging.“
Re-emerging
Diseases that once were
major health problems
globally or in a particular
country, and then declined
dramatically, but are again
becoming health problems for a
significant proportion of the
population. Diseases thought to
be adequately controlled
making a “comeback” are
“re-emerging”
10. Epidemiological TriadofDisease
The Epidemiologic Triangle is a
model that scientists have developed
for studying health problems. It can
help your students understand
infectious diseases and how they
spread.
11. Factors Contributing ToEmergence
THE AGENT-“What”
-The agent is the cause of the disease
• Evolution of pathogenic infectiousagents
(microbial adaptation & change)
• Mutations
• Development of resistance todrugs
• Resistance of vectors topesticides
12. Factors Contributing ToEmergence
HOST-“Who”
Hosts are organisms, usually humans or animals,
which are exposed to and harbour a disease. The host can be the organism
that gets sick, as well as any animal carrier (including insects and worms)
that may or may not get sick.
• Human demographic change (inhabiting newareas)‐ increase contact with
animals and natural environment
• Human behaviour(sexual& drug use‐sharing needles, drug abuse,
body piercing)
• Human susceptibility to infection (Immunosuppression)‐ stress and lifestyle
changes
• Nutritional changes,more useof pesticides
Poverty & socialinequality
• Wars, civil unrest
• food and housing shortages , increased density of living etc.
17. Emerging Infections in the World
1983 HIV AIDS
1983 Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer dz
1988 Hepatitis E Hepatitis
1989 Hepatitis C Hepatitis
1990 Guanarito virus VHF
1991 Encephalitozoon Disseminated dz
1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 Cholera
1992 Bartonella henselae Cat scratch dz
18. Emerging Infections in the World
1993 Sin Nombre virus Hanta Pulm. Synd.
1994 Sabia virus VHF
1994 Hendra virus Respiratory dz
1995 Hepatitis G Hepatitis
1995 H Herpesvirus-8 Kaposi sarcoma
1996 vCJD prion Variant CJD
1997 Avian influenza (H5N1) Influenza
1999 Nipah virus Encephalitis
1999 West Nile virus Encephalitis
2001 BT Bacillus anthracis Anthrax
2003 Monkeypox Pox
2003 SARS-CoV SARS
19. How Ebola Outbreaks Starts
● First human casesstart with infection byan animal
● Batsto chimpanzes,other animals and bush meat. How current outbreak
started in unknown, but killing and preparing bushmeat can spreadother
viral illnesses
● Infection from person-to-person creates anoutbreak
• Direct or indirect physical contact with body fluids of asick
infected person (blood, saliva, vomitus, urine, stool,semen)
● Well known locations where transmissionoccurs
• Hospital:
• Health care workers, other patients, unsafeinjections
• Housesand Communities:
• Family, friends, contacts caring for ill, throughfuneral
practices---ie contact with deadbodies
20. Critical Issues
● First large Ebolaoutbreak in WestAfrica
● Underlying weaknessin healthsystems
● Lackof preparednessand poor surveillance, health care,
diagnostics, communications …
• Healthworkerinfections & inadequateinfection control &
prevention Theaffected countries inWestAfrica havesomeof the worst
physician–patient ratiosin the world:
– Liberia: more than 86000patients perphysician
– SierraLeone:more than 45000patients perphysician
Effect of fear
● Strongcommunity resistance in places……..
21. Emerging Virus
2001 - Nipah Virus(Bangladesh, India)
2003 - SARS Coronavirus
2004 - Avian Influenza(H5N1), Thailand,
Vietnam
2006 - Influenza H5N1(Egypt, Iraq)
- New Human Rhinovirus(USA)
2007 - Nipah Virus(Bangladesh)
- LCM like Virus(Australia)
- Polyoma like virus(Australia)
2009 - Influenza H1N1
2011 - Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic
Fever (India)
Re-emerging Virus
• Ebola
• Marburg
• Dengue
• Yellow fever
• Chikungunya
• Chandipura
• West Nile Virus
• Rift Valley Fever
• Human Monkey Pox
25. Infectious causes of chronic
disease
Disease
Cervical cancer
Chronic hepatitis, liver cancer
Lyme disease (arthritis)
Whipple’s disease
Bladder cancer
Stomach cancer
Peptic ulcer disease
Atherosclerosis (CHD)
Diabetes mellitus, type 1
Multiple sclerosis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cause
Human papilloma virus
Hepatitis B and C viruses
Borrelia burgdorferi Tropheryma
whippelii Schistosoma
haematobium Helicobacter
pylori Helicobacter pylori
Chlamydiae pneumoniae
Enteroviruses (esp. Coxsackie)
Epstein-Barr v, herpes vv?
Mycobacterium avium sub-spp.
Paratuberculosis, Yersinia
26. Prevention of Emerging
Infectious Diseases
Surveillance and Response
Applied Research
Infrastructure and Training
Prevention and Control
27. How to tackle theseinfections
Public health surveillance & responsesystems
• Rapidly detect unusual, unexpected,unexplained
disease patterns
• Track& exchange information in realtime
• Response effort that can quickly becomeglobal
• Contain transmission swiftly &decisively
28. GOARN
Global Outbreak Alert & ResponseNetwork
• Coordinated by WHO
• Mechanism for combating international
disease outbreaks
• Ensure rapid deployment of technical
assistance, contribute to long‐term
epidemic preparedness& capacity building
29. • Surveillance at national, regional, globallevel
–epidemiological,
–laboratory
–ecological
–Anthropological
• Investigation and early controlmeasures
• Implement prevention measures
–behavioural, political, environmental
• Monitoring, evaluation
30. International Health Regulations
2005
Four major changes in therevision
• Public Health Emergency ofInternational
concern
• Epidemic alert and response
• National Focal Point
• Dictates the core requirementsfor:
– surveillance and response
– ports of entry
32. National Surveillance:
Current Situation
• Independent vertical controlprogrammes
• Surveillance gaps for importantdiseases
• Limited capacity in field epidemiology, lab.
diagnostic testing, rapid fieldinvestigations
• Inappropriate casedefinitions
33. Ecological disruption and human
intrusion into new ecological
system increases the exposure of
human to new infectious agents.
Usually tropical & Developing
countries are HOT SPOT of
outbreak
of diseases
34. Climate change is another potential
driver that shifts the ecological niche
or range of the diseases.
Long-term impact of global warming, some
major climatic events caused disease
outbreaks in the areas that have not
experienced the disease before.
35. Urbanization and Industrialization
impact the prevalence and scope of
both infectious and chronic diseases.
High risked sexual practices, multiple
sexual partners and use of substances
directly transmit the diseases
Overcrowding causes person to person rapid
spreading of diseases.
Poor housing quality, poor sanitation and
water supply infrastructure.
36. International trade of goods and services through
international border facilitate the spread of diseases
by bringing pathogen to new geographical areas.
Travelers are exposed to variety of pathogen, many
of them have never encountered and no immunity to
many diseases.
37. EVOLUTION OF THE INFECTIOUS
AGENT
Mutations in bacterial genes that confer
resistance to antibiotics – 20%
Multidrug-resistant & extremely drug-
resistant TB
Multi drug resistant P.falciparum
39. War & Political conflict
cuase breakdown of
public health
infrastructure has role
in emergence of
diseases.
Poor primary health
care services may not
be equipped to deal
with some
infectious outbreaks
40. Disease
Pandemic Influenza
Infectious agent
Influenza virus
Year recognized
New viral strain
emerge periodically
1967 Marburg virus
Before 1976
1976
Salmonella entertidis
Ebola virus
1983
Murburg hemorrhagic
fever
Salmonellosis
Ebola hemorrhagic
fever
AIDS
1983
1989
1998
2002
Gastric ulcers
Hepatitis C
Nipah encephalitis
VRSA infection
2003
2015
SARS (severe acute
respiratory syndrome)
Zika
Human Immuno-deficiency
Virus
Helicobacter pylori
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Nipah encephalitis
Vancomycin resistant
S. aureus
SARS-associated
coronavirus
Zika virus
EMERGING DISEASES
44. SARS: The First Emerging
Infectious Disease Of The 21st
Century (China, 2003)
SARS
(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
Total 8429 cases; 824 deaths
30 countries in 7-8 months
in 2003
45. The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in
history.
Primarily affecting Guinea, Northern Liberia,
and Sierra Leone.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), previous known as
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF)
Fatality rate of up to 90%
Transmitted by direct contact with the blood,
body fluids and tissues of infected animals or
people
49. Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious
bacterial disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which
most commonly affects the lungs.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a
tuberculosis epidemic rampaged
throughout Europe and North America.
In 1993 the World Health Organization
(WHO) declared that TB was a Global
Emergency; the first time that a
disease had been labeled as such.
TUBERCULOSIS
51. Since December
2014, swine flu
has claimed the
lives of over
1,300 people in
India, making it
the worst
outbreak of the
virus in the
country since
SWINE FLU (H1N1 Virus)
57. Reforestation in USA
Increased the number of deer & deer ticks
Deer ticks are
natural reserviour
of Lyme diseases
Increased
Human
contact with
deers
Human affection by Lyme disease
58. Conversion of grassland to maise
cultivation
Rodents come to people
People go to rodents
Rodents are
natural reserviour
of the virus
Argentine Haemorrhagic fever in humans
59. Pig Farm Duck farm
C
h
i
n
a
Mixing vessels
Influenza Influenza Influenza Influenza Influenza
60. Increased Rice cultivation in South East Asia
Increased human contact with Field mouse
Field mouse is
natural reservoiur
of Hantaan virus
Introduction of Korean haemorrhagic fever
in Humans
61. FactorsContributingToEmergence
ENVIRONMENT-“Where”
The environment is the favourable surroundings and conditions
external to the host that cause or allow the disease to be
transmitted.
• Climate& changingecosystems
• Economic development & Landuse (urbanization,
deforestation)
• Technology & industry (food processing& handling)
• Changes in agricultural & food production patterns food‐borne
• infectious agents (E.coli)
62.
63. MURBURG VIRUS
(Murburg Hemorrhagic Fever)
Varying pathogenicity (mortality ranging from
21-80%).
Responsible for 1967 outbreak in Europe.
Outbreaks in 2000 in Democratic Republic of
the Congo and 2005 in Angola.
Currently no vaccine or treatment.
65. EID IN SEA REGION
EID – a leading cause of death globally
17 m die annually from ID – SEA accounts for 41% or 7 m
deaths
EID cause suffering & impose financial burden on society
Plague outbreak in 1994 cost India over 1.5 B USD due to
loss in trade, employment & tourism
In Thailand cost of one AIDS patient more than 5000 USD
Overall costs for India on account of AIDS
estimataed at 11 b USD
Increasing or persistent poverty & poor living
conditions continue to expose millions of people to the
hazards of infectious diseases.
The low priority & support given to public health services
is most important factor.
66. MANAGEMENT OF EID
A proactive and planned approach to ensure the
appropriate prevention and control of the spread
of disease. Strategic planning should include:
Phase I (non-alert) is a routine, preparatory state;
Phase II (alert) is the detection, confirmation and
declaration of changes identified during non-alert
conditions;
Phase III (response) includes the ongoing assessment
of information and the planning and implementation of an
appropriate response, which includes the coordination
and mobilization of resources to support intervention
activities
Phase IV (follow-up) activities include re-evaluation,
67. RECOMMENDATION
Strengthening epidemiological surveillance &
laboratory capabilities and services .
Establishment of a rapid response team.
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance.
Establishment of international disease
surveillance. networking and advocacy.
Screening on International travels and trades.
Networks of laboratories that link countries and
regions need to be established.
Strong national and regional public health
systems.
69. Emerging Infections
Network
• In 1995, the CDC granted
a CooperativeAgreement
Program award to the
Infectious Diseases
Society of America (IDSA)
to develop a provider‐
based emerging
infections sentinel
network: the Emerging
Infections Network (IDSA
EIN).
70. Emerging Infections NetworkWorks
• IDSA EIN has evolved into a
flexible sentinel network
of over 1,100
disease
composed
infectious
specialists primarily from
North America, with some
global members. The
overarching goal of the EIN
is to assist CDC and other
authoritiespublic health
with surveillance for
emerging
diseases and
infectious
related
phenomena.
71. • Detect new or unusual clinicalevents;
• Identify cases during outbreakinvestigations;
• Gather information about clinical aspectsof
emerging infectious diseases;
• Help connect members to the CDC and other
public health investigators;and
• Develop new methods for gathering
epidemiological and clinicalinformation.
TheSpecific goals of the EIN areto:
72. STRATEGIES TOREDUCE THREATS
• IMPROVE GLOBALRESPONSECAPACITY
– WHO
– National Disease Control Units (e.g.USCDC, CCDC)
• IMPROVE GLOBALSURVEILLANCE
– Improve diagnostic capacity (training,regulations)
– Improve communication systems (web, e‐mailetc.)
– Rapid dataanalysis
– Develop innovative surveillance and analysisstrategies
– Utilize geographical informationsystems
– Utilize global positioningsystems
– Utilize the Global Atlas of Infectious Diseases(WHO)
73. STRATEGIES TOREDUCE THREATS
• USE OFVACCINES
– Increase coverage and
acceptability (e.g.,oral)
– New strategies fordelivery
(e.g.,nasal spray
administration)
– Develop new vaccines
– Decrease cost
– Decrease dependency on
“coldchain”
• NEW DRUG
DEVELOPMENT
74. STRATEGIES TOREDUCE THREATS
• DECREASE INAPPROPRIATE DRUGUSE
– Improve education of clinicians andpublic
– Decrease antimicrobialuse in agriculture and food production
• IMPROVE VECTORANDZOONOTIC CONTROL
– Develop new safeinsecticides
– Develop more non‐chemical strategies e.g.organicstrategies
• BETTERAND MOREWIDESPREAD HEALTH EDUCATION
(e.g.,west Nile virus; bed nets, mosquitorepellent)
75. ROLE OFTHEPUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
• Establish surveillancefor:
– Unusual diseases
– Drug resistantagents
• Assure laboratory capacity
to investigate new agents
(e.g., high‐throughput labs)
• Develop plans forhandling
outbreaks of unknown
agents
• Inform physicians about
responsible antimicrobialuse
76. ROLE OFTHEPUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
• Educate publicabout
– Responsible drug compliance
– Emergence of newagents
– Infection sources
• Vector control
• Malaria prophylaxis
• Be aware of potential adverse effects of intervention
strategies
• Anticipate future healthproblems
• Promote health and maximize humanfunctional
ability
77. Need for global help to Developingcountries
Commitment to technology transfer
and global collaboration is
essential if we are to have the
agility requiredto keep pace with
infectious diseases.
surveillance
emerging
Pathogen
discovery can promote
and
global
interaction via collaborations on
matters that know no national or
political boundaries but simply
reflect our commongoals.
78. CDC Emerging Infections Priority
Issues
• Antimicrobial resistance
• Food and watersafety
• Vectors and animalhealth
• Blood safety
• Infections that cause chronicdiseases
• Opportunistic infections
• Maternal and childhealth
• Health of travelers andrefugees
• Vaccines
79. Summary
Humans, domestic animals and wildlife are
inextricably linked by epidemiology ofinfectious
diseases (IDs).
IDs will continue to emerge,re‐emergeand spread.
Human‐induced environmental changes, inter‐
species contacts, altered social conditions,
demography and medical technology affectmicrobes’
opportunities.