Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention of Mother-toChild Transmissio...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant route through which children contract HIV and can be controlled through Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme. This paper presents programme activities on PMTCT conducted among women of reproductive age in Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among women of reproductive age in eight local government areas of Plateau state. Seven civil society organizations were engaged and provided with funding by Plateau State Agency for the Control of AIDS under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II. A total of 7460 women of reproductive age are the estimated sample size for this intervention and the minimum prevention package intervention was used for this project activities. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and DHIS2 while analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of community dialogues/advocacy held was 85 and a total of 1,437 people participated. Seventeen income generation activities were carried out in this intervention and 131 people benefitted from it. A total of 87,028 pieces of condom were distributed with majority (88.5%) being distributed in 2014. Only a total of 5606 women were counseled tested and received result and 44 (0.8%) were tested positive. A total of 3275 women were referred for antenatal care during this programme and more than half (52.0%) were referred in 2014. Conclusion: This intervention has been helpful in reducing the burden of HIV and AIDS among women of reproductive age in Plateau State. However, the coverage of minimum prevention package intervention was low. More needs to be done in terms of coverage in future programmes and the intervention should also be extended to other local government areas.
Ghia foundation strategy document v4.dec.17.2015 (ab)Ghia Foundation
GHIA FOUNDATION WAS FOUNDED IN 2013 by a team of kind-heated Professionals.
VISION: A World where women in developing Countries live healthier , longer lives
MISSION – To reduce morbidity and mortality among women in developing Countries by strengthening Health Systems to deliver high quality, comprehensive health services.
Save the Children Situational analysis of under five mortality across the East African Community, presented at the launch of the East Africa Paediatric Association, Kampala
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention of Mother-toChild Transmissio...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant route through which children contract HIV and can be controlled through Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme. This paper presents programme activities on PMTCT conducted among women of reproductive age in Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among women of reproductive age in eight local government areas of Plateau state. Seven civil society organizations were engaged and provided with funding by Plateau State Agency for the Control of AIDS under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II. A total of 7460 women of reproductive age are the estimated sample size for this intervention and the minimum prevention package intervention was used for this project activities. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and DHIS2 while analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of community dialogues/advocacy held was 85 and a total of 1,437 people participated. Seventeen income generation activities were carried out in this intervention and 131 people benefitted from it. A total of 87,028 pieces of condom were distributed with majority (88.5%) being distributed in 2014. Only a total of 5606 women were counseled tested and received result and 44 (0.8%) were tested positive. A total of 3275 women were referred for antenatal care during this programme and more than half (52.0%) were referred in 2014. Conclusion: This intervention has been helpful in reducing the burden of HIV and AIDS among women of reproductive age in Plateau State. However, the coverage of minimum prevention package intervention was low. More needs to be done in terms of coverage in future programmes and the intervention should also be extended to other local government areas.
Ghia foundation strategy document v4.dec.17.2015 (ab)Ghia Foundation
GHIA FOUNDATION WAS FOUNDED IN 2013 by a team of kind-heated Professionals.
VISION: A World where women in developing Countries live healthier , longer lives
MISSION – To reduce morbidity and mortality among women in developing Countries by strengthening Health Systems to deliver high quality, comprehensive health services.
Save the Children Situational analysis of under five mortality across the East African Community, presented at the launch of the East Africa Paediatric Association, Kampala
Educational and Occupational Maternal Attitude towards Prevention of Malaria ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Rural Women Perceptions of Digital Media Influence on Awareness Creation abou...AJSSMTJournal
This study has investigated the perception of digital media influence in awareness creation on
maternal health amongst rural women in Minna, Nigeria. Survey questionnaire was administered to a sample
of 384 respondents randomly drawn from a population of 96,886. The response was 99.2%. Findings reveal
that 109(28.61%) of the respondents rural women in Minna metropolis were very much exposed to maternal
health information on digital media with (Mean=4.14), while WhatsApp group 111(29.13%) (Mean=4.09),
whereas 107(28.08%) with (Mean= 3.88) were exposed to Internet discussion forum. However, discussion
forum and social networks appear to be the major sources of maternal health information among rural women
in Minna metropolis. Lack of local content on maternal health issues and inadequate relevant maternal health
information were revealed as the challenges to maternal health. The study recommends that digital media
should be effectively and efficiently used for maternal health improvement in Nigeria health centres.
). The BPS looks at how physical and mental health are influenced by interacting biological, psychological (thoughts, emotions, and behavior) and social (socio-economic and cultural) factors. The BPS model was proposed by Engel (1981) contrary to the dominant biomedical model (BM) that states that illness can be attributed to some deviation from the normal state due to an external agent like a virus or injury or due to genetic or developmental abnormality. The BM model cannot make provision for the person as a whole or from a psychological or social nature (Engel, 1977). The biological factors of etiology, incidence, transmission, and prevention by immunization and the need for vaccinating HCWs to prevent the spread of the virus and the causes for low rates of immunization are presented. The psychological analysis looks at motivation, risk perceptions and altruistic behaviors that affect immunization of HCWs. The methods used to encourage HCWs uptake of flu vaccines and the need for mandatory immunization policies are discussed. Finally, the social and ethical issues regarding mandatory immunization policies are put in perspective
Under Five Child Mortality Experience from Bangladeshijtsrd
Under five mortality rates is a key indicator for several development policies, targets and programs. However, relevant source of data on causes of death are not available in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Because sometimes the information is hidden with the various causes of risk. The main purpose of this study is to find out some different cases of child mortality with the various causes. The paper reveals that several characteristics socioeconomic, demographic, health related disease and non disease are affecting child mortality. Juliet Reberio "Under Five Child Mortality: Experience from Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42601.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/other/42601/under-five-child-mortality-experience-from-bangladesh/juliet-reberio
Choice for women: have your say on a new plan to tackle reproductive, materna...DFID
More than a third of a million women die every year from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Improving reproductive, maternal and newborn health in the developing world is a major priority for the UK Government. DFID is therefore developing a new business plan.
To inform the plan we are holding a 12 week consultation, which will close on 20 October 2010. We want to hear what people in the UK and around the world have to say on the subject of reproductive, maternal and newborn health. This will help us to understand different viewpoints, how these issues might vary in different countries, and how DFID could work better with partners.
If you want to discuss the consultation with colleagues, partners or users of services, we have created this presentation document to help you stimulate discussion. Once you have gathered responses submit your feedback online or use our template response document and email your comments.
To find out more visit http://www.dfid.gov.uk/choiceforwomen
under 5 mortality, most common causes for under 5 mortality, the situation in India, situation in other parts of the world and schemes by Indian government to overcome this problem
Educational and Occupational Maternal Attitude towards Prevention of Malaria ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Rural Women Perceptions of Digital Media Influence on Awareness Creation abou...AJSSMTJournal
This study has investigated the perception of digital media influence in awareness creation on
maternal health amongst rural women in Minna, Nigeria. Survey questionnaire was administered to a sample
of 384 respondents randomly drawn from a population of 96,886. The response was 99.2%. Findings reveal
that 109(28.61%) of the respondents rural women in Minna metropolis were very much exposed to maternal
health information on digital media with (Mean=4.14), while WhatsApp group 111(29.13%) (Mean=4.09),
whereas 107(28.08%) with (Mean= 3.88) were exposed to Internet discussion forum. However, discussion
forum and social networks appear to be the major sources of maternal health information among rural women
in Minna metropolis. Lack of local content on maternal health issues and inadequate relevant maternal health
information were revealed as the challenges to maternal health. The study recommends that digital media
should be effectively and efficiently used for maternal health improvement in Nigeria health centres.
). The BPS looks at how physical and mental health are influenced by interacting biological, psychological (thoughts, emotions, and behavior) and social (socio-economic and cultural) factors. The BPS model was proposed by Engel (1981) contrary to the dominant biomedical model (BM) that states that illness can be attributed to some deviation from the normal state due to an external agent like a virus or injury or due to genetic or developmental abnormality. The BM model cannot make provision for the person as a whole or from a psychological or social nature (Engel, 1977). The biological factors of etiology, incidence, transmission, and prevention by immunization and the need for vaccinating HCWs to prevent the spread of the virus and the causes for low rates of immunization are presented. The psychological analysis looks at motivation, risk perceptions and altruistic behaviors that affect immunization of HCWs. The methods used to encourage HCWs uptake of flu vaccines and the need for mandatory immunization policies are discussed. Finally, the social and ethical issues regarding mandatory immunization policies are put in perspective
Under Five Child Mortality Experience from Bangladeshijtsrd
Under five mortality rates is a key indicator for several development policies, targets and programs. However, relevant source of data on causes of death are not available in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Because sometimes the information is hidden with the various causes of risk. The main purpose of this study is to find out some different cases of child mortality with the various causes. The paper reveals that several characteristics socioeconomic, demographic, health related disease and non disease are affecting child mortality. Juliet Reberio "Under Five Child Mortality: Experience from Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42601.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/other/42601/under-five-child-mortality-experience-from-bangladesh/juliet-reberio
Choice for women: have your say on a new plan to tackle reproductive, materna...DFID
More than a third of a million women die every year from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Improving reproductive, maternal and newborn health in the developing world is a major priority for the UK Government. DFID is therefore developing a new business plan.
To inform the plan we are holding a 12 week consultation, which will close on 20 October 2010. We want to hear what people in the UK and around the world have to say on the subject of reproductive, maternal and newborn health. This will help us to understand different viewpoints, how these issues might vary in different countries, and how DFID could work better with partners.
If you want to discuss the consultation with colleagues, partners or users of services, we have created this presentation document to help you stimulate discussion. Once you have gathered responses submit your feedback online or use our template response document and email your comments.
To find out more visit http://www.dfid.gov.uk/choiceforwomen
under 5 mortality, most common causes for under 5 mortality, the situation in India, situation in other parts of the world and schemes by Indian government to overcome this problem
Vivimos en una sociedad fuertemente condicionada por la evolución económica y el gran desarrollo tecnológico. Una sociedad en constante evolución que, cada vez más, requiere profesionales especializados capaces de adaptarse a un panorama laboral cambiante.
Este Centro de Formación ha elegido una de las áreas profesionales con mejores perspectivas de futuro, la Sanidad, y ha incorporado en su vademécum formativo una serie de cursos dirigidos a formar profesionales que actúen como personal de apoyo del colectivo sanitario. Al mismo tiempo una gran diversidad de acciones formativas para los profesionales del sector en su actualización y puesta al día en su campo de actuación.
Jisc RSC Eastern WBL Elearning Forum November 2012 'Office equipment' JISC RSC Eastern
WBL Procurement Project
WBL Procurement Project- how you can save money by buying in a WBL consortia. Update by Steve Durham, JISC Advance WBL Procurement Project Manager
MONTHLY DIGITAL KNOCKOUTS
I team FullSIX & Grand Union vogliono condividere con voi, ogni mese, una selezione dei contenuti e delle iniziative più rilevanti sui media digitali, per ispirare e condividere
Effectiveness of Community based Interventions in Reducing Maternal Mortality...ObinnaOrjingene1
Background & Aim: Maternal mortality ratio for sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 was estimated to be about 600 per 100,000 live births, which is approximately higher than what is obtainable in advanced countries. To this end, several community-based interventions have been put in place by governments and developmental partners in the region to address the situation. This review aimed to seek evidence from existing literature on the level of effectiveness of these interventions in improving maternal health outcomes in the region. The literature search process resulted in retrieval of six full text studies that were written in English, published between 2000 and 2019 and were focused on intervention based at the community level which resulted in the reduction of maternal deaths in some sub-Saharan African countries. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool was used to critically review retrieved literature.
Findings: Findings from the articles reviewed show that community-based interventions with a direct reduction in maternal mortality were implemented in Ethiopia and Nigeria and were effective since maternal mortality declined by 64% and 43.5% respectively. Other community based interventions did not directly address the reduction in maternal mortality but rather addressed leading causes of maternal mortality such as home and unskilled birth attendance, low Ante-Natal Care (ANC) & Post-Natal Care (PNC) services utilization, Eclampsia, delay in accessing care and Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH). Such interventions were implemented in Nigeria, Zambia, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo and were proved to be effective in reducing maternal mortality.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Based on the literatures reviewed, it was concluded that community based interventions were effective in reducing maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. The following recommendations were made based on gaps observed in the implementation of some interventions. Introduction of emergency transport scheme in countries where they do not exist as despite the existence of maternity waiting homes and dedicated maternity ambulances in Zambia, many expectant mothers still had difficulty reaching the health facilities in time to deliver, Engagement and training of more health workers so as to avoid human resources challenges that may be associated with increased demand for health facility deliveries.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Sustained research successes during the first two decades of the AIDS epidemic, an unprecedented expansion of HIV prevention and treatment programs during the last decade, and recent global attention and leadership have set the stage for the virtual elimination of new HIV infections in infants in the next decade.
Information needs and resource utilization by people living with hiv/aidsResearchWap
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
c. To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
d. To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
e. To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
Today we stand at a vital threshold. Within our grasp is the opportunity to end 30 years of suffering and death due to HIV/AIDS. Individuals and communities around the world have been mobilized toward prevention, and existing treatment can prolong life for many years. While we celebrate these successes, we reject any modicum of complacency. Now is the time to double down and finish the job. The world is fighting AIDS today just as it had previously fought to eliminate smallpox. For centuries, smallpox was a feared scourge that killed nearly half of those infected and maimed those that survived. A worldwide campaign to end the disease began in earnest in the late 1960s and by 1980 smallpox was officially eradicated.
Planet Aid anticipates the day when AIDS, too, will be stopped. To this end, we have been helping mobilize communities around the globe to increase HIV/AIDS prevention and care. With this special issue of the Planet Aid Post, we focus on the battle ahead. We also extend a warm welcome to those joining us on the forefront of this work,
13Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted AnastaciaShadelb
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
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Introduction
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Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
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Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
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combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
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comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
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The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on the knowledge
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.16, 2013
www.iiste.org
The Influence of Prevention of Mother-To-Child HIV
Transmission Campaigns on the Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice among Nigerian Women
Ngwu C. Christian 1*, Okwudiri Ekwe2 Okechuchwu Chukwuma3,
1.Senior Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
(ESUT) Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria. *chelarsuniverse@yahoo.com
2.Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Renaissance University Ugbawka, Enugu State Nigeria,
ekweokwudiri@yahoo.com
3.Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Gregory University Uturu, Abia State Nigeria
ok4higher@yahoo.com
Abstract
The transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding is
called Mother-to-Child Transmission (MCT). This is one avenue that has fundamentally aided the infection of
children with the dreaded HIV disease. This menace of mother-to-child transmission has been very devastating.
Many children have been infected which has resulted to their early deaths. According to a progressive report in
2012 by UNAIDS, an estimate of 3.4 million children younger than 15 years were living with HIV globally in
2011, 91% of them in Sub-Saharan Africa (where Nigeria is situated), while an estimated 230 thousand children
died from AIDS-related illness in the same year. It was also reported that mother-to-child transmission accounts
for more than 90% pediatric AIDS. To effectively combat the MCT malaise, the Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) was introduced. This introduction heralded countless number of PMTCT
campaigns globally, including Nigeria. Therefore, the critical question that necessitated this study is, what is the
influence of the PMTCT campaigns on the knowledge, attitudes and practice among Nigerian women? Using
Survey Research Method and Multi-Stage Sampling Technique, women in 6 selected states from the 6 geopolitical zones of Nigeria (1 state from each of the zones) were studied. In the end, findings revealed amongst
others that though the knowledge level, attitudes and practice of PMTCT among Nigerian women is abysmally
low. Based on the findings, it was recommended, amongst others, that organizations, agencies and other bodies
involved in packaging PMTCT campaigns should design and disseminate adequate, specific clear and very
convincing messages to the women. This will help improve their knowledge on the PMTCT programme which
will consequently secure the right attitude in them and herald an improved level of practice. When this is
achieved, mother-to-child transmission would have been drastically reduced.
Keywords: Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV •Campaign •Knowledge •Attitude •Practice
Introduction
The scourge of HIV/AIDS has, no doubt, continued to ravage virtually all parts of the world. According
to statistics, 34 million people are estimated to be living with HIV worldwide; 16.7 million of these are women
and 3.4 million are children younger than 15 years of age. In 2011, a total of 2.5 million people were newly
infected with HIV globally; an estimation of 330 thousand of these new infections are children under 15 years of
age. Also in 2011, the world recorded 1.7 million deaths orchestrated by AIDS of which 230 thousand children
under 15 years of age were involved (UNAIDS, 2012).
According to the National Agency for the control of AIDS (NACA), Nigeria has an estimated 3.1
million people living with HIV/AIDS, with an annual HIV positive births of 56, 681, a cumulative AIDS deaths
of 2.1 million and an annual AIDS death of 215, 130 people (NACA, 2011). Statistics from the agency further
show that an estimated 281, 180 new HIV infections have been recorded; 126, 260 are adults while 154, 920
children were involved in the new infections. Women, however, constitute 57% of adults infected with HIV in
the country (NACA, 2011, FMOH and MASI, 2006). The pandemic is, no doubt, having a serious effect on the
reproductive health of women (Adeleke, Mukhtar and Gwarzo, 2009, p.21).
Globally, the number of women dying from AIDS related causes during pregnancy or within 42 days
after pregnancy was estimated to be 37 million. Also, among the 21 high priority countries (including Nigeria),
33,000 pregnancy – related deaths among women were recorded (UNAIDS, 2012 and 2011). Statistics also
indicate that maternal mortality was still very high in Nigeria (630/100,000 live births) (UNAIDS, 2011).
From the figures presented above, it is very correct to aver that in all the HIV infections and deaths,
children have continued to be seriously victimized. One avenue that has fundamentally aided the infection of
children with this deadly disease (HIV) is Mother-to-Child Transmission (MCT). This has, no doubt, served as a
major pathway for the spread of the HIV virus. For instance, in Nigeria alone, UNAIDS reported that an
estimated 84, 200 children were newly infected with HIV through mother-to-child transmission in 2009. To this
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end, the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2010 reported that the prevention of mother-to-child transmission
of HIV (PMTCT) has been at the forefront of global HIV prevention activities since 1998.
The transmission of HIV from a HIV positive mother to her child during pregnancy, delivery or
breastfeeding is called mother-to-child transmission (WHO, 2010). Children, no doubt, are mainly infected with
HIV through mother-to-child transmission at the time of pregnancy, labour and delivery or through
breastfeeding. This has created enormous social and economic problems. Aside the dominant hetero-sexual
transmission of HIV, vertical transmission from mother to child accounts for more than 90% of pediatric AIDS.
Particularly in developing countries, mother to child transmission has become a critical child health problem
(Goncho, 2009, p.6).
The menace of mother to child transmission has been very devastating. Many children have been
infected which has resulted in their early deaths. According to a progress report by UNAIDS 2012, an estimate
of 3.4 million children younger than 15 years were living with HIV globally in 2011, 919 of them in sub-Saharan
Africa (where Nigeria is situated). An estimated 230 thousand children died from AIDS-related illness in the
same year.
In the absence of interventions, the range of 20-45% of infants would be infected with the deadly HIV
through mother to child transmission during pregnancy. 10-20% of infants would be infected during labour and
delivery, while 5-20% will be infected through breast feeding. With appropriate interventions, the overall risk
can be reduced to less than 2% (WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF, 2008) cited in (Goncho, 2009, p.7).
To nip this deadly scourge in the bud, renewed efforts were made to scale-up the prevention of motherto-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes globally. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by
the UN General Assembly in 2010 committed the international community to reducing child mortality,
improving maternal health, and combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases by 2015. At the UN General
Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) in 2001, governments, further committed to reduce by 50% the proportion
of infants infected by HIV by 2010 by ensuring 80% of pregnant women accessing antenatal care receive
PMTCT services (WHO, 2010, p.11). Also, in 2005, representatives of governments, multilateral agencies,
development partners, research institutions, civil societies and people living with HIV assembled at the PMTCT
High level global partners forum in Abuja, Nigeria, which resulted in a “call for Action” for the elimination of
HIV infection in infants and children and a HIV-and AIDS free generation (WHO, 2007, p.4).
To effectively combat mother-to-child transmission, the United Nations came up with a four-pronged
strategy for PMTCT which addresses a broad range of HIV related prevention, care, treatment and support needs
of pregnant women, mother, their children and families. This comprehensive approach includes four elements
which are the primary prevention of HIV infection among women, especially young women, the prevention of
unintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women, provision of specific interventions to reduce HIV
transmission from HIV-infected women to their infants, and provision of treatment, care and support for HIVinfected mothers, their infants and families (FMOH, 2010, p.4-5).
The potential for PMTCT to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to less than 2% of births to HIVpositive mothers underscores the importance of a communication strategy that reaches all relevant stakeholders
(CADRE, 2009). This calls for the provision of adequate information to the general population and relevant
service providers on the programme through well coordinated campaigns to create awareness and positively
influence attitudes, norms, values, and behaviours of the public regarding PMTCT, and to improve the capacity
and skills of healthcare providers for standard PMTCT services.
Statement of the Research Problem
Countless number of HIV prevention campaigns have been going on globally, Nigeria not exempted.
The campaigns sponsored by various organizations and bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO),
Society for Family Health (SFH), United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), United Nations
Children Fund (UNICEF), United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and many others,
including Nigeria’s Federal Ministries of Health and Information, have all been targeted towards the prevention
of HIV. Recognising the high prevalent rate of mother to child transmission, the campaigns have as well given
priority attention in sensitizing mothers to embrace the prevention of mother to child transmission programme.
For instance, the global campaign, “Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS”, which was launched in October
2005, is a concerted effort by the international community to ensure that children and adolescents are effectively
included in HIV and AIDS prevention, protection, and treatment strategies. The campaign provides a childfocused framework for nationally owned programmes around four main areas known as the “four Ps” which
prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV is the first ‘P’. Some years after these campaigns started, have
the campaigns succeeded in influencing Nigeria women to change their attitudes and in turn participate in the
PMTCT programme? These and other questions formed the fulcrum on which this study revolved.
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Objectives of the Study
The following objectives guided the study;
1. To find out whether Nigerian women are aware of PMTCT campaigns
2. To ascertain the major source of exposure of Nigerian women to PMTCT campaigns.
3. To find out the knowledge level of Nigerian women about the PMTCT programme
4. To ascertain the attitude of Nigerian women on PMTCT programme
5. To determine whether the PMTCT campaigns have influenced Nigerian women to participate in the
PMTCT programme.
Research Questions
In line with the set objectives of the study, the researchers asked the following research questions
1. Are Nigerian women aware of PMTCT campaigns?
2. What is the major source of Nigerian women’s exposure to PMTCT campaigns?
3. What is the knowledge level of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme?
4. What is the attitude of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme?
5. Have the PMTCT campaigns influenced Nigerian women to participate in the programme?
Literature Review
All over the world, there have been several studies conducted to ascertain the knowledge level, attitudes
and practice of PMTCT particularly by women. Omondi, Ongo’re, Ngugi and Nduati (2012) conducted a study
entitled “The Quality of PMTCT Services and Uptake of ARV prophylaxis amongst HIV positive Pregnant
Women in Kakamega District of Kenya”. The study was a cross-sectional study. 30 health facilities and
healthcare workers were sampled using multi-stage sampling technique. From the 30 health facilities, 119 HIVpositive pregnant women were surveyed by convenience sampling. The PMTCT counselors and HIV-positive
pregnant women were interviewed using structured questionnaire. It was found amongst others that 95% of the
HIV pregnant women knew about mother-to-child transmission and that ARVs can be used for PMTCT. The
maternal ARV prophylaxis uptake was highest in Kakamega-South District (100%) followed by Kakamega
North (85%) and Kakamega – Central (74%). The worst performing district was kakamega – East district which
has an uptake of 56%.
The above findings therefore imply that PMTCT campaigns in kakamega of Kenya have serious
positive influence on the mothers. It helped to create awareness and as well enhance the knowledge level of
HIV-positive pregnant women on the PMTCT programme which consequently engendered positive behaviour
that can be seen in the high rate of ARV prophylaxis uptake among the women.
Also, Olugbenga-Bello, Oladele, Adeomi and Ajala (2012) carried out a study entitled “Perception
about HIV Testing among Women attending Antenatal Clinics at Primary Health Centres in Osogbo, Southwest,
Nigeria”. It was a survey study conducted in Olorunda Local Government Area, one of the 30 LGAs in Osun
State with administrative headquarters in Igbona, Osogbo, Nigeria. The study covered all pregnant women that
attended antenatal clinic (first ANC visit in current pregnancy) in three randomly selected primary health care
centres in the local government area under study, between May and August 2009, and a total of 270 respondents
were sampled. The findings revealed amongst others that many of the respondents felt mother-to-child
transmission of HIV takes place before delivery (73.0%) during labour (66.7%) or during breastfeeding (75.9%).
88 of the women had no idea about PMTCT. 53.3% felt mother-to-child transmission could be prevented by
giving ART to infected mothers, 44.8% indicated that MTCT can be prevented through delivery by caesarean
section which 62.6% said MTCT can be prevented by not breastfeeding. Health workers (45.1%) and radio
(39.4%) were identified as their main sources of PMTCT information.
Adeleke, Mukhtar and Gwarzo (2009) conducted a study entitled “Awareness and Knowledge of
Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Clinic in Kano, Nigeria”. The study was carried out at the pediatric HIV
clinic of Aminu-Kano Teaching Hospital from 1st July – December 30th, 2006. Mothers included in the study
were mother in first contact with HIV facilities before any form of counseling. Survey research method was used
and questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection.91% of the respondents were aware that HIV
infection could coexist with pregnancy, while a significant lower proportion (61%) of the respondents were
aware of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Specific knowledge of routes of transmission was low. More than
half of the woman did not know of any method of preventing mother to child HIV transmission. This, no doubt,
call for an improved awareness campaigns which will consequently stimulate the desired behavior (response).
Knowledge, attitude and practices survey which was conducted in Zimbabwe to see the change in
pregnant woman utilization of PMTCT services before and after extensive community awareness mobilization
for two years on PMTCT benefits, indicates that the awareness of PMTCT among woman increased. This
changed PMTCT services and utilization practice and behavior for pregnant women significantly (Gliemann
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etal.,2006) Cited in ( Goncho, 2009, p.18). This is in line with a study conducted in 2004 by Malawi
Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) to amongst other things assess the knowledge level of women on
PMTCT. The study found that 75% of women had knowledge that HIV can be transmitted by breastfeeding.
However, it was found that only 39% of the respondents indicated that the risk of MTCT can be reduced by
mother receiving appropriate treatment during labour.
Geoffery (2011) did a study entitled “Study of the knowledge, Attitudes and Intended Practices of
Pregnant women regarding prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) in Mzimba District of
Malawi. It was a survey study with a sample size of 384 pregnant women selected by systematic sampling in six
out of the ten health facilities offering antenatal care and VCT. The results showed that PMTCT uptake among
pregnant women was at 60.4% (232/384). Regarding knowledge, 86% (199/232) of those who accepted PMTCT
and 85.5% of those who did not accept PMTCT knew that mother-to-child transmission of HIV does occur.
MTCT methods mentioned were during labour 46.6% (179/384), during breastfeeding (46.6% (179/384), and
during pregnancy 10.4% (40/384). Interventions for MTCT mentioned include taking ARVs 41.4% (159/384),
avoidance of breastfeeding 12.8% (48/384), and by operation 0.8% (3/384). Majority of the women had positive
attitude towards PMTCT.
Goncho (2009) conducted a study on the factors influencing the utilization of PMTCT services in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. The study carried out literature review from internet and Kit library, WHO, UNAIDS and
USAID. It discovered that knowledge in the community as well as among the pregnant women on transmission
of HIV from mother-to-child during breastfeeding and PMTCT services was high but utilization of the services
was low.
It is expedient to assert here that having knowledge about PMTCT does not necessarily guarantee
attitudinal change to subsequent use of PMTCT services. Wrong perceptions of PMTCT services by clients, low
level of literacy, lack of adequate information and awareness on the benefits of PMTCT services are affecting its
utilization.
Attitude-Change Theory
The Attitude Change Theory was developed from propaganda theories in the 1930s during World War
II (Baran & Davis 2012, p.175). The theory explains that there are pre-existing attitudes, whether biological or
psychological which have to be changed if selected messages must have any effect on the target audience. Again,
it explains that these pre-existing attitudes are core and, therefore, stand as barriers to effective penetration of
messages for desired change. Thus an intellectual and emotional strategy of communication will influence
change if properly channeled to do so. Change in evaluations and perceptions of an individual’s predispositions
will take place if the required modification favours his expectations, if it is tied to someone he admires, or if it is
bound to be beneficial to him (Wood, 2000, p.539).
The theory also identifies that existing attitudes or mental predispositions need to be changed or
channeled to a particular cause through an intellectually and emotionally binding strategy. (Baran & Davis, 2012,
p.175).
In the PMTCT campaign, possible barriers to knowledge acquisition, positive attitude and practice of
campaign messages may include psychological, emotional and physical. Psychological when women see issues
with opening up to modern medicine when they detect or observe body changes that may be harmful to their
bodies and conceal their observations due to shyness, stigmatisation or cultural beliefs. Physical, when screening
facilities/PMTCT sites are not reachable or available, or medical specialists/healthcare workers are inadequate.
Emotional, when the fear of being diagnosed of HIV overrides the need for early detection and care, to avert
mother-to-child transmission.
Methodology
A study of public perception calls for a method(s) that will give the researchers the opportunity to elicit
responses from the respondents. To this end, Survey Research Method was employed to effectively prosecute
this study. Questionnaire served as the measuring instrument. The population of the study was women in
Nigeria. The 2006 census figures as obtained from the National Population Commission (NPC) shows that the
total population of women in Nigeria is 69,086,302 from where a sample size of 384 was drawn using Philip
Meyor’s sample size determination method. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select the study
areas. Below is a tabular presentation of the selected study areas.
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Table 1: Zones, Selected States, Selected Local Governments, Population and Proportional Representation
Proportional Rep
Zone
Selected States
Selected LGAs
Population
South-South
Rivers
Port-Harcourt
257,855
93
South-East
Enugu
Enugu-North
123,245
44
South-West
Lagos
Ikeja
145,832
52
North-Central
Benue
Makurdi
146,239
53
North-East
Kaduna
Bauchi
241,310
87
North-West
Kano
Kano-Municipal
151,607
55
Total
1,066,088
384
From the table above, 93 copies of the questionnaire were administered to 93 women in Port-Harcourt,
44 copies were administered to respondents in Enugu-North LGA, 52 copies were given to respondents in Ikeja
LGA, 53 copies were as well shared to respondents in Markurdi LGA, respondents in Bauchi LGA got 87 copies
of the questionnaire while 55 copies were administered in Kano-Municipal LGA making a total of 384
respondents. After the questionnaire administration, 4 were lost in transit while 2 were not properly filled. The
researchers therefore used the remaining 378 for the study.
Analysis and Results
Research Question One: Are Nigerian women exposed to PMTCT campaigns?
Table 2: Whether Nigerian Women are aware of PMTCT campaigns?
Awareness
No. of Respondents
Percentage
Yes
378
100%
No
0
0%
Total
378
100%
The data as presented in table 2 above explain that 357 or (100%) respondents are aware of PMTCT
campaigns; no respondents said they are not aware of the PMTCT campaigns. This means that all the
respondents have in one form or the other heard of the PMTCT programme through the various campaigns. The
indication here is that, awareness level about PMTCT amongst Nigerian women is very high.
Research Question Two: What is the major source of Nigerian women’s exposure to PMTCT campaigns?
Table 3: On the major source of Nigerian women’s exposure to PMTCT campaigns?
Sources
No. of Respondents
Percentage
Television
92
24.3%
Radio
217
57.4%
Newspapers
4
1.1%
Magazines
-
-%
Public Campaigns/Rallies
31
8.2%
Health Workers
17
4.5%
Religious Organisations/Leaders
12
3.2%
Friends/Relatives/Neigbours
5
1.3%
Total
378
100%
The data presented in table 3 above indicate that 92 or 24.3% of the total respondents get PMTCT
campaigns majorly via television, 217 or 57.4% of the respondents have radio as their major source of PMTCT
campaigns, 4 or 1.1% respondents said newspaper is their major source of PMTCT information while none of
the respondents utilize magazine as a source of PMTCT campaigns. 31 or 8.2% of the respondents get PMTCT
information majorly through public campaigns/rallies, 17 or 4.5% of the respondents are often tutored on
PMTCT by health workers, 12 or 3.2% of the respondents majorly access PMTCT information through religious
organization/leaders while 5 or 1.3% of the respondents get exposed to PMTCT campaigns via
friends/relatives/neighbours. This analysis obviously point to the fact that majority of the respondents get
exposed to PMTCT campaigns via radio.
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Research Question Three: What is the knowledge level of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme?
Table 4: The knowledge level of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme?
What are the methods of preventing mother-to-child transmission?
No. of Respondents Percentage
Taking antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy
13
3.4%
Taking antiretroviral therapy during labour
9
2.4%
Delivery by cesarean section
18
4.8%
Avoiding breastfeeding
16
4.2%
Administering antiretroviral therapy to newborn
11
2.9%
All of the above
17
4.5%
None of the above
0
0%
Don’t Know
294
77.8%
Total
378
100%
The data as presented in table 4 above helped to ascertain the knowledge level of Nigerian women on
the PMTCT programme. From the table, 13 or (3.4%) respondents indicated that taking antiretroviral therapy
during pregnancy can help prevent mother-to-child transmission. 9 or (2.4%) respondents said taking
antiretroviral therapy during labour is the best method of PMTCT. 18 respondents representing 4.8% indicated
that delivery by cesarean section is the method they know on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. 16
or (4.2%) of the respondents said avoiding breastfeeding is the method they are aware of in the prevention of
MCT, administering antiretroviral therapy to newborn was chosen by 11 or (2.9%) respondents. 17 or (4.5%)
respondents indicated taking antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, taking antiretroviral therapy during labour,
delivery by cesarean section, avoiding breastfeeding and administering antiretroviral therapy to newborn as
methods of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV while 294 or (77.8%) of the total respondents said
they do not know how to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Research Question Four: What is the attitude of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme?
Table 5: The attitude of Nigerian women on PMTCT?
Do you think the PMTCT programme is good?
No. of Respondents
Percentage
Yes
33
14%
No
49
13%
Not Sure
276
73%
Total
378
100%
The data as presented in table 5 above explain that 53 or (14%) respondents are feel that the PMTCT
programme is good, 49 or (13%) respondents do not really have positive attitude towards the PMTCT
programme while 276 or (73%) respondents do not have clear cut attitude towards the PMTCT programme. This
implies that just a minor number of the respondents feel good about the PMTCT programme.
Research Question Five: Have the PMTCT campaigns influenced Nigerian women to participate in the
programme?
Table 6: On whether the PMTCT campaigns have influenced Nigerian women to participate in the
programme?
When was the last time you did HIV test?
No. of Respondents
Percentage
6 months
6
1.6%
1 year ago
13
3.4%
2 years ago
58
15.3%
3 years ago
301
79.6%
Total
378
100%
The data presented in table 6 above explain that 6 or (1.6%) respondents went for HIV test 6 months
ago, 13 or (3.4%) respondents said they went for HIV test 1 year ago, those that went for the test two years ago
are 58 representing 15.3% while those that did their last HIV test 3 years and above are 301 or (79.6%). This is
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7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.16, 2013
www.iiste.org
an indication that the level of practice is low.
Summary of Findings
Nigerian women are aware of the PMTCT programme through the various campaigns; radio is the
major source of Nigerian women’s exposure to PMTCT campaigns. the knowledge level of Nigerian women on
the PMTCT programme is low; the attitude of Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme is discouragingly
negative and the level of PMTCT practice amongst Nigerian women is low.
Conclusion
As revealed by this study, the knowledge level of the Nigerian women on the PMTCT programme is
low. Consequent upon this, the researchers conclude that until adequate and very clear messages on PMTCT are
properly disseminated (mainly through the radio channel in combination with other channels), the knowledge
level of Nigerian women, including their attitudes and participation in the PMTCT programme will continue to
be on the low side and the end result will be massive transmission of HIV from infected mothers to their babies.
Recommendations
While deploying the various communication channels to disseminate PMTCT messages to Nigerian
women, greater attention should be given to the radio channel as it was shown that radio constitutes their major
source of exposure to PMTCT messages. Again, organisations, agencies and other bodies involved in packaging
PMTCT campaigns should design and disseminate adequate, specific, clear and very convincing messages to the
women. This will help to improve their knowledge on the PMTCT programme which will consequently secure
the right attitude in them and herald an improved level of practice. When this is achieved, mother-to-child
transmission would have been drastically reduced.
Experts with proven track records in Behavioural Change Communication (BCC) and other media
professionals should be fully engaged to help in the process of designing and disseminating messages on
PMTCT.
Further studies in this area should go beyond the scope covered in this study by including more states
that were not captured in this study for an all encompassing result. Also, Focus Group Discussion should be
employed to conduct the study.
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