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The document discusses evidence that supports plate tectonic theory, including: - Fossils found across continents suggesting they were once joined together as a supercontinent. - Matching rock formations and mountain ranges that line up across plate boundaries. - Earth's crust consists of 11 major tectonic plates that are constantly in motion. - Most volcanic and earthquake activity occurs along plate boundaries.
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EARTH'S MECHANISM.pptx
The document discusses theories of the Earth's movement including continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that mantle convection causes lithospheric plates to move via convection currents. Hot mantle material rises and cools, sinking elsewhere, moving the plates over geologic timescales through processes like ridge push and slab pull. Plate tectonics integrates these ideas to explain volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building at plate boundaries.
Distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain ranges
The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges. It provides details on the theory of plate tectonics which suggests that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact and produce geologic features through processes like subduction. Specific examples mentioned include the Mayon volcano in the Philippines, oceanic ridges, the Pacific Ring of Fire, faults that cause earthquakes, trenches formed by subduction, and convergent boundary mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes.
Types of plate boundaries
There are three main types of plate boundaries:
1) Convergent boundaries, where plates collide and can result in mountain building or subduction and volcanism.
2) Divergent boundaries, where plates move apart and rift valleys and ocean ridges are formed.
3) Transform boundaries, where plates slide past one another horizontally, causing earthquakes along faults but neither creating nor destroying crust.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
This document discusses three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It provides examples and describes the geological effects of each boundary type. It also discusses processes at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Convergent boundaries include oceanic-oceanic convergence forming island arcs, and continental-oceanic convergence forming volcanic mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve strike-slip faulting along plate edges. Additionally, the document touches on hot spot volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
This document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by providing an overview of plate tectonics and the layers of the Earth. It then describes the three types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform) and how each results in different geological features and tectonic activity. Specific examples are given of different types of mountains that form at plate boundaries, including folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and volcanic mountains. The document also discusses earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the distribution of volcanoes around the world.
Types of Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and travel through the Earth, imparting acoustic energy. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel beneath the surface and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include primary P-waves and secondary S-waves that travel faster and slower respectively. Surface waves include Rayleigh and Love waves that cause the most destruction and travel the slowest. Earthquakes are usually caused by a sudden release of built-up pressure when rocks underground break along a fault.
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EARTH'S MECHANISM.pptx
The document discusses theories of the Earth's movement including continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that mantle convection causes lithospheric plates to move via convection currents. Hot mantle material rises and cools, sinking elsewhere, moving the plates over geologic timescales through processes like ridge push and slab pull. Plate tectonics integrates these ideas to explain volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building at plate boundaries.
Distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain ranges
The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges. It provides details on the theory of plate tectonics which suggests that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact and produce geologic features through processes like subduction. Specific examples mentioned include the Mayon volcano in the Philippines, oceanic ridges, the Pacific Ring of Fire, faults that cause earthquakes, trenches formed by subduction, and convergent boundary mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes.
Types of plate boundaries
There are three main types of plate boundaries:
1) Convergent boundaries, where plates collide and can result in mountain building or subduction and volcanism.
2) Divergent boundaries, where plates move apart and rift valleys and ocean ridges are formed.
3) Transform boundaries, where plates slide past one another horizontally, causing earthquakes along faults but neither creating nor destroying crust.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
This document discusses three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It provides examples and describes the geological effects of each boundary type. It also discusses processes at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys. Convergent boundaries include oceanic-oceanic convergence forming island arcs, and continental-oceanic convergence forming volcanic mountain ranges. Transform boundaries involve strike-slip faulting along plate edges. Additionally, the document touches on hot spot volcanism unrelated to plate boundaries.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and how it relates to mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by providing an overview of plate tectonics and the layers of the Earth. It then describes the three types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, and transform) and how each results in different geological features and tectonic activity. Specific examples are given of different types of mountains that form at plate boundaries, including folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and volcanic mountains. The document also discusses earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the distribution of volcanoes around the world.
Types of Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and travel through the Earth, imparting acoustic energy. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel beneath the surface and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include primary P-waves and secondary S-waves that travel faster and slower respectively. Surface waves include Rayleigh and Love waves that cause the most destruction and travel the slowest. Earthquakes are usually caused by a sudden release of built-up pressure when rocks underground break along a fault.
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seafloor spreading theory
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Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
Endogenic Process
Volcanoes form as magma rises up from below the Earth's crust and erupts onto the surface. The type and violence of volcanic eruptions depends on factors like the amount of gas in the magma and how easily it can escape. The most common types of volcanoes are composite volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes, which erupt in different ways and produce different landforms. Most volcanoes occur along plate boundaries in the Pacific Ring of Fire and other convergence zones.
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The document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes, including where they occur and why. It provides learning objectives about knowing where volcanoes and earthquakes happen and why. It includes maps showing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes around the world. The patterns are explained by the locations of tectonic plates and different plate boundary types where movement occurs. Iceland is used as a specific example, noting it is at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes like Eyjafjallajökull.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and describes the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. It notes that places where most earthquakes originate and some mountains and volcanoes formed mark the boundaries of lithospheric plates. Each plate slowly moves relative to the others, causing geological events like volcanoes and earthquakes to occur along their boundaries. Plates are large pieces of the upper Earth that move as single units above the mantle, and important processes happen at their margins such as mountain building, quakes, and volcanic eruptions.
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Sea Floor spreading
The document discusses the theory of seafloor spreading, where new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move apart, and magnetic patterns in rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence of periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. Analysis of magnetic stripes on both sides of ocean ridges that appear to be mirror images supports the idea that the seafloor is actively spreading.
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This document discusses tectonic landscapes and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes around the world. It aims to describe the global distribution of these geological events and name specific eruptions and quakes. Students will learn about the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust of the Earth by making an egg model. The formation of the Earth's continents through plate tectonics is also examined, with evidence for continental drift presented. Real-time maps of current earthquakes and volcanic activity are provided.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
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Endogenous processes on earth
The document describes three endogenous processes that occur within the Earth:
Magmatism, where rocks reach high temperatures and melt to form magma, which is then pushed through the mantle by convection currents. Volcanism occurs as magma escapes through openings, erupting at the surface with extreme heat and pressure. Metamorphism is the process by which the mineral components and textures of rocks change due to increases in heat, pressure, and fluids, occurring through contact or regional metamorphism on large scales.
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Stratified rocks are formed from layers of sediment or volcanic material that build up over time. The layers can range significantly in thickness from millimeters to meters and come in different shapes. Examples of stratified rocks include sedimentary rocks with clear layering as well as some igneous rocks, such as granite, that form distinct layers when they cool and harden on the Earth's surface.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and earthquake concepts for geophysicists. It includes discussions of different plate boundary types (convergent, divergent, transform), the associated geological features like volcanoes, trenches and mountain ranges, and methods for locating earthquake epicenters using seismic station data and triangulation. Examples covered include the Hawaiian hotspot volcanic chain and determining the epicenter based on timing data from multiple seismic stations.
Plate Boundaries -Hot Spot
Types of plate boundaries include divergent, convergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and one plate slides under the other, resulting in volcanic activity and earthquakes. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are moving apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur where plates slide horizontally past each other, causing shallow earthquakes.
Convergent boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards one another. There are three main types:
1) Oceanic-oceanic, where two oceanic plates collide and one subducts under the other, forming ocean trenches.
2) Oceanic-continental, where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, pushing up mountains.
3) Continental-continental, where collision resists subduction and the plates break and fold, forming mountains.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
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Paleogeography studies the geography of the past by mapping the positions of continents and distribution of land and seas over geological time. The positions of past continents can be determined using data like paleomagnetism, magnetic anomalies, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology, and geological history. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915 to explain geological evidence that continents have moved over time, such as matching fossil and rock formations found across separated continents. Plate tectonics later expanded on this theory by proposing that Earth's lithosphere is composed of plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere, causing geological activity along plate boundaries.
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Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. It describes how the crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle due to convection currents, and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. It provides examples of associated geological features like mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
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This document provides an overview of the Grade 10 Earth and Space science curriculum in the Philippines. It covers two main modules on plate tectonics and Earth's interior. The plate tectonics module describes plate boundaries, processes at boundaries like earthquakes and volcanoes, and activities to teach these concepts. The Earth's interior module covers the internal structure of Earth and evidence that supports plate movement, with additional hands-on activities. The curriculum aims to explain geological phenomena based on the theory of plate tectonics.
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Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
Endogenic Process
Volcanoes form as magma rises up from below the Earth's crust and erupts onto the surface. The type and violence of volcanic eruptions depends on factors like the amount of gas in the magma and how easily it can escape. The most common types of volcanoes are composite volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes, which erupt in different ways and produce different landforms. Most volcanoes occur along plate boundaries in the Pacific Ring of Fire and other convergence zones.
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The document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes, including where they occur and why. It provides learning objectives about knowing where volcanoes and earthquakes happen and why. It includes maps showing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes around the world. The patterns are explained by the locations of tectonic plates and different plate boundary types where movement occurs. Iceland is used as a specific example, noting it is at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes like Eyjafjallajökull.
Let’s mark the boundaries
This document discusses plate tectonics and describes the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. It notes that places where most earthquakes originate and some mountains and volcanoes formed mark the boundaries of lithospheric plates. Each plate slowly moves relative to the others, causing geological events like volcanoes and earthquakes to occur along their boundaries. Plates are large pieces of the upper Earth that move as single units above the mantle, and important processes happen at their margins such as mountain building, quakes, and volcanic eruptions.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
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The document discusses the theory of seafloor spreading, where new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move apart, and magnetic patterns in rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence of periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. Analysis of magnetic stripes on both sides of ocean ridges that appear to be mirror images supports the idea that the seafloor is actively spreading.
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This document discusses tectonic landscapes and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes around the world. It aims to describe the global distribution of these geological events and name specific eruptions and quakes. Students will learn about the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust of the Earth by making an egg model. The formation of the Earth's continents through plate tectonics is also examined, with evidence for continental drift presented. Real-time maps of current earthquakes and volcanic activity are provided.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
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The document describes three endogenous processes that occur within the Earth:
Magmatism, where rocks reach high temperatures and melt to form magma, which is then pushed through the mantle by convection currents. Volcanism occurs as magma escapes through openings, erupting at the surface with extreme heat and pressure. Metamorphism is the process by which the mineral components and textures of rocks change due to increases in heat, pressure, and fluids, occurring through contact or regional metamorphism on large scales.
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks are formed from layers of sediment or volcanic material that build up over time. The layers can range significantly in thickness from millimeters to meters and come in different shapes. Examples of stratified rocks include sedimentary rocks with clear layering as well as some igneous rocks, such as granite, that form distinct layers when they cool and harden on the Earth's surface.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and earthquake concepts for geophysicists. It includes discussions of different plate boundary types (convergent, divergent, transform), the associated geological features like volcanoes, trenches and mountain ranges, and methods for locating earthquake epicenters using seismic station data and triangulation. Examples covered include the Hawaiian hotspot volcanic chain and determining the epicenter based on timing data from multiple seismic stations.
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Types of plate boundaries include divergent, convergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and one plate slides under the other, resulting in volcanic activity and earthquakes. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are moving apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur where plates slide horizontally past each other, causing shallow earthquakes.
Convergent boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards one another. There are three main types:
1) Oceanic-oceanic, where two oceanic plates collide and one subducts under the other, forming ocean trenches.
2) Oceanic-continental, where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, pushing up mountains.
3) Continental-continental, where collision resists subduction and the plates break and fold, forming mountains.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea based on matching coastlines and fossil evidence. Later, developments in technology like sonar and sea floor drilling provided further evidence of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, supporting the modern theory of plate tectonics. The earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other at different boundary types, including divergent boundaries where new crust is created and convergent boundaries where plates collide.
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Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental drift - A2 Geography
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface over geological time due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching continental outlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits between continents; and paleomagnetic data showing continents have moved over time. The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 but was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures th.docx
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures that shape the world that we live in. The
first indication that continents might have been linked physically took place as soon as there was
mapping. It was known by the sixteenth and seventeenth century that the continents fitted together like
pieces of a puzzle. This and other proofs listed below lead to the concept of continental drift, that the
large continents had once been linked together. The scale movements of continents across the across
the surface of the planet was mind boggling.
By the close of the nineteenth century the geologist Edward Suess postulated that the southern
continents were joined together. This was from evidence seen by fossil animal distribution. Ancient life
forms have ranges just as modern animals. Tigers are found in India and Siberia, not in North America.
These ancient animals couldn’t get from South America to Africa, from Antarctica to Australia to India.
There were rock layers both sedimentary and igneous that were continuous on all of the five continents.
He christened this large continent Gondwanaland.
In 1915 Alfred Wegener wrote a book on continental drift. He proposed another super continent
called Pangaea. This continent included all of the modern continents. His mechanism for the movement
of the continents was that the continents moved through ocean crust, drifting until they joined then
breaking apart again. Wegener and others argued for their evidence pointing out rock similarities
type, similarities in rock trends and ages using all of the information gathered from Steno's laws and
fossil assemblages. They also showed that certain distant continents had similar plants and animals that
entered a different evolutionary path after the continents separated. An example of this is the fresh
water fish the Arowana found in both South America and Australia. Another example of this is the large
amount of marsupial
fossils found in South
America and Australia.
Placental mammals
were the dominant
mammalian life forms
in Eurasia, North
America and Africa.
Only in South America
and Australia were
marsupial fossils
dominated. It wasn't
until 3 million years ago
North and South
America joined
allowing placental
mammals to gain
dominance in South America. Despite this evidence Wegener and his followers mechanism for
continental movement was badly flawed. They proposed that the tidal forces from the Sun and Moon
like the tides in the ocean. This force is much too weak to move a continent so the theory was rejected.
Fossil plants and animal distribution on southern continents
In 1928 a geologist Arthur Holmes proposed the convection currents split the continents and that
these currents were in the mantel. Remember the knowledge of a mantel was already known at this
time. Ironically this was a mechanism had been proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1782. Many
geologi.
22 Mar 1952 - Origin Of The Continents_ Did They Float Away_.pdf
- The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
- Wegener argued that the continents could have moved across the surface of the Earth because the continents are thin and could crack under tension, floating on top of the denser basalt rock that forms the Earth's core.
- Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastlines of separated continents, matching fossil and mountain rock formations between continents, and patterns of ancient glaciation that indicate different past continental positions relative to the equator.
movements in the earth
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics theory including continental drift, seafloor spreading, and evidence that supports these ideas. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, though it was not widely accepted until the 1950s when evidence like paleomagnetism was discovered. It also explains how seafloor spreading was observed at mid-ocean ridges and helped explain continental drift, providing evidence like pillow lava, magnetic stripes in ocean crust, and dating of ocean floor rocks. Finally, it gives a brief overview of plate tectonics theory including major components like lithosphere, asthenosphere, convection cells, and different plate boundary types.
2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.
Plate Tectonic Theory.ppt
According to the theory of plate tectonics:
- The Earth's crust is broken into plates that slowly move over time;
- Plates interact at boundaries where they can collide, pull apart, or slide past one another;
- These interactions are responsible for geologic events like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
Ppt 4 eso the internal processes in the earth (1)
The document discusses evidence for continental drift and plate tectonics. It summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. It then outlines several lines of evidence that support this idea, including matching continental shapes, matching rock formations, and shared fossil distributions. The document goes on to describe the modern theory of plate tectonics, how the Earth's outer shell is broken into plates that move over convection currents in the mantle. It discusses the three types of plate boundaries and associated geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and movement of tectonic plates. It explains that the Earth's outer layer is made up of large rigid plates that move relative to each other, and this movement causes geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. It also describes different plate boundary types including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other.
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9.earth2
- 1. Spaceship Earth: Our oasis in the emptiness of space: The dynamic planet
- 2. Alfred Wegener (1903) suggested and presented evidence that the continents were once a single supercontinent, called Pangea, which divided ~ 200 Million years ago into Laurasia and Gondwanaland and later into the continents we see today (“continental drift”)
- 3. Fossils of the land-bound lizard Lystrosaurus were found in Africa, Antarctica and India, suggesting that these continents were one landmass during the life-time of this critter
- 4. Geologic evidence for “continental drift” Distribution of warm-water fossils Rocks of same age cross continents
- 5. Topography of Earth Huge mountain ranges (ridges, like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) circle the globe on the ocean floors
- 6. The crust of Earth consists of 11 major tectonic plates
- 7. Epicenters of major earthquakes tend to occur along ocean ridges and plate boundaries
- 8. The directions of movement of the major plates of Earth
- 9. Schematic diagram of an ocean spreading center: Symmetry in magnetic reversals indicates sea-floor spreading.
- 10. Elongated convection cells in the plastic asthenosphere drive the overlying rigid lithospheric plates.
- 11. The Hawaiian island chain is a wonderful example of plate tectonics in the middle of a plate. It is fed by a stationary mantle plume under Loihi, and the Pacific Plate glides over it at a speed of ~ 5 cm/year, carrying the islands with it in a northwesterly direction.
- 12. Ages of the Hawaiian islands: An example of plate tectonics associated with a mantle plume
- 13. Where were Earth’s continents in the geologic past?
- 14. Volcanoes: Pages 53 - 62 • Volcanoes are found on the surface of Earth and Venus; Mars has fewer volcanoes with some signs of relatively recent volcanic activity. • The volcanoes on Jupiter's satellite Io have turned the satellite inside out; it is heated inside by the tidal flexing action of nearby massive Jupiter. • Volcanoes of ice may have created some of the features now frozen into the bright smooth surface of Neptune's largest moon, Triton; dark geyser-like plumes have been observed in the process of eruption on the satellite.
- 15. Active volcanoes on Earth occur mostly along plate boundaries
- 16. Fire fountaining at Pu’u O’o, Hawaii, which has been erupting since 1983
- 17. Summit caldera of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii: A basaltic shield volcano
- 18. Pahoehoe lava flows at Pu’u O’o, Hawaii.
- 19. A’a lava flows, Pu’u O’o, Hawaii.
- 20. Lava from Pu’u O’o, Hawaii, enters the ocean. For more images, see: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/#images
- 21. Mt. Pinatubo, June 12th, 1991 An explosive Island Arc volcano in the Philippines
- 22. Composite Volcanoes in the Andes (Chile)
- 23. Maat Mons, Venus
- 24. Rift zones on Venus
- 25. Olympus Mons on Mars, the tallest mountain in the Solar System
- 26. Olympus Mons on Mars, compared to the Hawaiian island chain 640 km
- 27. Right: Eruption of the volcano Pele on Jupiter’s moon Io. Below: Top view of volcano Pele The volcanic plume (above) is 1,300 km wide and 600 km high.
- 28. Water volcanism on Saturn’s moon Enceladus
- 29. Dark, active nitrogen geysers on Neptune’s moon Triton. The constant direction of the black streaks hints at a very thin atmosphere.
- 30. The interior structure of Earth and the polar wandering of its magnetic field.