1. distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
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This document discusses tectonic landscapes and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes around the world. It aims to describe the global distribution of these geological events and name specific eruptions and quakes. Students will learn about the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust of the Earth by making an egg model. The formation of the Earth's continents through plate tectonics is also examined, with evidence for continental drift presented. Real-time maps of current earthquakes and volcanic activity are provided.
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Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Geological, biological, and climate evidence support the theory of plate tectonics and that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Geological evidence includes the matching continental edges of South America and Africa and volcanic and earthquake activity. Biological evidence includes the fossil of Mesosauraus found in similar rock formations in both South America and Africa. Climate evidence includes matching deposits of limestone along the coasts of continents that were once joined.
Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
seafloor spreading theory LP
This science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about seafloor spreading through various classroom activities. Students will learn how seafloor spreading happens, how drill samples provided evidence of spreading, and the lines of evidence that support plate tectonics theory. The lesson involves engaging students with an animation and video on seafloor spreading, think-pair-share discussions, and an activity using a seafloor spreading model. Formative assessments include student diagrams illustrating seafloor spreading and additional activities on magnetic reversals are suggested for application and remediation.
Continental drift theory evidences Activity sheet
This document provides instructions for an activity to recreate the supercontinent Pangaea and support the Continental Drift Theory. Students will cut out and paste continents onto a map to show their positioning in Pangaea. They will then place icons within continents to indicate the locations of mountain ranges, coal deposits, and glacial features found as evidence. The activity aims to describe plate movement and cite evidence like rock and mountain correlations and paleoclimate data that support Continental Drift Theory.
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SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
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Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Geological, biological, and climate evidence support the theory of plate tectonics and that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Geological evidence includes the matching continental edges of South America and Africa and volcanic and earthquake activity. Biological evidence includes the fossil of Mesosauraus found in similar rock formations in both South America and Africa. Climate evidence includes matching deposits of limestone along the coasts of continents that were once joined.
Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
Lesson 1: Types and Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries
Lesson 2: Evidence of Plate Movements
Lesson 3: Mechanism (possible causes of movement) of Plate Tectonics
source: DepEd K12. (2019, July). Science Grade 10 Learner’s Materials. [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://www.depedk12.com/2019/07/science-grade-10-learners-materials-pdf.html
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This science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about seafloor spreading through various classroom activities. Students will learn how seafloor spreading happens, how drill samples provided evidence of spreading, and the lines of evidence that support plate tectonics theory. The lesson involves engaging students with an animation and video on seafloor spreading, think-pair-share discussions, and an activity using a seafloor spreading model. Formative assessments include student diagrams illustrating seafloor spreading and additional activities on magnetic reversals are suggested for application and remediation.
Continental drift theory evidences Activity sheet
This document provides instructions for an activity to recreate the supercontinent Pangaea and support the Continental Drift Theory. Students will cut out and paste continents onto a map to show their positioning in Pangaea. They will then place icons within continents to indicate the locations of mountain ranges, coal deposits, and glacial features found as evidence. The activity aims to describe plate movement and cite evidence like rock and mountain correlations and paleoclimate data that support Continental Drift Theory.
Types of Volcanoes
Volcanoes form in different types depending on the composition of the magma and tectonic setting, with shield volcanoes being non-explosive and forming from basalt in oceanic settings, composite volcanoes sometimes having explosive eruptions from more viscous magma in continental settings, and cinder cones being the smallest from pyroclastic eruptions.
SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
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Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made of plates that move over Earth's rocky inner layer. In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift which later developed into the modern theory of plate tectonics. Pangaea, a supercontinent, broke apart starting 200 million years ago and the continents have continued moving apart on separate plates to their current positions. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where crust is consumed through subduction, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. The Mariana Plate forms the basement of the Mariana Islands and separates from the Philippine Sea Plate along a divergent boundary, while the Philippine
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This semi-detailed science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about the Continental Drift Theory. The lesson involves students recreating the supercontinent Pangaea by arranging cut-out continents. Students will then discuss the positions of the continents in Pangaea and two pieces of evidence that supported Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory: the apparent fit of continents and fossil correlation between continents. To check understanding, students will predict where the Philippines may be located in the future and discuss if the two presented evidence were enough to convince people in Wegener's time of continental drift.
Plate boundaries ppt
Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
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1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
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Types of plate boundaries include divergent, convergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and one plate slides under the other, resulting in volcanic activity and earthquakes. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are moving apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur where plates slide horizontally past each other, causing shallow earthquakes.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
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This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
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Earthquakes and Fault Grade 8
Earthquakes occur along fault lines where the earth's crust has cracked, forming weak spots. There are two main types of earthquakes - tectonic earthquakes caused by movement of tectonic plates, and volcanic earthquakes caused by volcanic activity. Faults are classified based on the movement under the crust, such as dip-slip, strike-slip, and oblique-slip faults. Active faults are those likely to produce future earthquakes, as movement has occurred within the past 10,000 years, such as the Philippine West Valley Fault Line and Philippine Fault.
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Lesson plan grade 10 june 27 30
This document outlines the daily objectives, content, learning resources, procedures, and reflections for a week-long lesson on plate tectonics for a 10th grade science class. Each day focuses on a different aspect of plate tectonics, including defining converging plates, describing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, and explaining the processes that occur at plate boundaries. Activities include students explaining their answers to previous assignments, illustrating plate boundary types, and performing a simulation of plate convergence. The overall objectives are for students to understand the relationship between the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains and to suggest ways to reduce damage from these events.
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1) Major earthquakes are more common near convergent plate boundaries and in certain areas like South America and the Philippines.
2) Approximately 47% of major earthquakes occur within 100 miles of plate boundaries and 71% occur within 200 miles.
3) Areas at risk for future major earthquakes include the Philippines, Pacific Northwest, South America, New Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, Alaska, the Mediterranean, Burma, and the Lesser Antilles due to factors like their proximity to plate boundaries and lack of recent seismic activity.
Geography notes volcanoes, Earthquakes, AQA
The document discusses plate tectonics and associated hazards. It describes the structure of the Earth's interior with an inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust is divided into plates that move via convection currents in the asthenosphere. Plates interact at boundaries that are either constructive, destructive, or conservative. Destructive boundaries result in volcanoes, earthquakes and fold mountains through processes like subduction. Plate movement is evidenced by magnetic striping in ocean crust. Hazards vary depending on the type of boundary and are managed differently in LEDCs and MEDCs.
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Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer layer is made of plates that move over Earth's rocky inner layer. In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift which later developed into the modern theory of plate tectonics. Pangaea, a supercontinent, broke apart starting 200 million years ago and the continents have continued moving apart on separate plates to their current positions. Plate boundaries include divergent boundaries where new crust forms, convergent boundaries where crust is consumed through subduction, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. The Mariana Plate forms the basement of the Mariana Islands and separates from the Philippine Sea Plate along a divergent boundary, while the Philippine
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This semi-detailed science lesson plan aims to teach 10th grade students about the Continental Drift Theory. The lesson involves students recreating the supercontinent Pangaea by arranging cut-out continents. Students will then discuss the positions of the continents in Pangaea and two pieces of evidence that supported Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Theory: the apparent fit of continents and fossil correlation between continents. To check understanding, students will predict where the Philippines may be located in the future and discuss if the two presented evidence were enough to convince people in Wegener's time of continental drift.
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Earth's outer shell is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move over the mantle below. Plates interact at boundaries where they either converge and collide, causing volcanoes and earthquakes, diverge and form rift valleys and ocean ridges, or slide past each other along transform boundaries, also producing earthquakes. The movement of these plates over geological time scales shapes the earth's surface features and geography.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
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The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
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This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
Divergent plate boundary PPT
Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, new crust is formed in between through volcanic activity and magma solidifying. This results in the creation of geological features such as mid-ocean ridges under the ocean or rift valleys on land. Over millions of years, continued separation at divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of new oceans as the crust spreads out.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
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Types of plate boundaries include divergent, convergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide and one plate slides under the other, resulting in volcanic activity and earthquakes. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are moving apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur where plates slide horizontally past each other, causing shallow earthquakes.
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The document summarizes key concepts of plate tectonic theory. It explains that the lithosphere is made up of rigid tectonic plates that float on the asthenosphere and move at rates of 1-16 cm/year. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics generates phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and affects climate by moving continents and oceans over geologic time.
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The document discusses volcanoes and earthquakes, including where they occur and why. It provides learning objectives about knowing where volcanoes and earthquakes happen and why. It includes maps showing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes around the world. The patterns are explained by the locations of tectonic plates and different plate boundary types where movement occurs. Iceland is used as a specific example, noting it is at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge plate boundary, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes like Eyjafjallajökull.
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This lesson plan aims to teach students about meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It will begin with a motivation activity to familiarize students with related terms. Students will then learn about the differences between meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites - specifically what happens when a meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere. The lesson emphasizes the importance of perseverance in achieving goals by relating shooting stars to making wishes come true through hard work. To evaluate learning, students will define and differentiate key terms and concepts in exercises.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
Plate movement ppt
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It discusses how early scientists like Alfred Wegener proposed that continents move over time (continental drift). Wegener noticed matching land features and fossil evidence between continents. Later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener's ideas by discovering that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, providing evidence of sea-floor spreading as plates move apart. Convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's core are now understood to drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
Earthquakes and Fault Grade 8
Earthquakes occur along fault lines where the earth's crust has cracked, forming weak spots. There are two main types of earthquakes - tectonic earthquakes caused by movement of tectonic plates, and volcanic earthquakes caused by volcanic activity. Faults are classified based on the movement under the crust, such as dip-slip, strike-slip, and oblique-slip faults. Active faults are those likely to produce future earthquakes, as movement has occurred within the past 10,000 years, such as the Philippine West Valley Fault Line and Philippine Fault.
Types of the volcanoes
There are many different types of volcanoes beyond the Hollywood version of a tall conical mountain. Some of the main types include shield volcanoes, which are broad with flat tops and low slopes like those in Hawaii; composite volcanoes like Mount Fuji which are tall and steep; cinder cones which are small, steep-sided mounds formed from loose debris; and submarine volcanoes common on ocean floors, which form underwater without disturbing the surface. Fissure volcanoes have cracks that erupt vast quantities of lava to form flat plains rather than a central mountain.
Lesson plan grade 10 june 27 30
This document outlines the daily objectives, content, learning resources, procedures, and reflections for a week-long lesson on plate tectonics for a 10th grade science class. Each day focuses on a different aspect of plate tectonics, including defining converging plates, describing the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, and explaining the processes that occur at plate boundaries. Activities include students explaining their answers to previous assignments, illustrating plate boundary types, and performing a simulation of plate convergence. The overall objectives are for students to understand the relationship between the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains and to suggest ways to reduce damage from these events.
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1) Major earthquakes are more common near convergent plate boundaries and in certain areas like South America and the Philippines.
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Collisional Plate Boundaries
The document summarizes features created by compressional plate boundaries, specifically fold mountains like the Himalayas, Andes, and Alps. The Himalayas formed from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, pushing marine sediments upwards to form the highest mountains in the world. The Alps resulted from the African plate colliding with Eurasia, creating pressure that uplifted the continental margins into a mountain range. Collision margins generally occur when continental plates meet, causing the land between them to fold upwards into tall mountains without volcanic activity.
Let’s mark the boundaries
This document discusses plate tectonics and describes the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. It notes that places where most earthquakes originate and some mountains and volcanoes formed mark the boundaries of lithospheric plates. Each plate slowly moves relative to the others, causing geological events like volcanoes and earthquakes to occur along their boundaries. Plates are large pieces of the upper Earth that move as single units above the mantle, and important processes happen at their margins such as mountain building, quakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes Lesson 1
1) The document discusses key concepts related to earthquakes including their location, cause, measurement, and impact.
2) Major concepts explained include the focus (where pressure is released underground), epicenter (location directly above the focus where damage is greatest), and Richter scale (method for measuring earthquake magnitude).
3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
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The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges. It provides details on the theory of plate tectonics which suggests that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact and produce geologic features through processes like subduction. Specific examples mentioned include the Mayon volcano in the Philippines, oceanic ridges, the Pacific Ring of Fire, faults that cause earthquakes, trenches formed by subduction, and convergent boundary mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes.
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Conservative (Passive) Plate Boundaries
- Conservative (passive) plate boundaries occur where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past one another in opposite directions, causing friction and earthquakes along the fault line where they meet.
- As the plates move, a gap is created behind each one called a fault. The best known example is the San Andreas Fault in California, where the Pacific and North American Plates slide past each other.
- Major earthquakes, like the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, are caused by the built-up friction along the fault line being suddenly released as the plates shift. These earthquakes can cause widespread damage.
Earthquakes
1) Earthquakes are caused by vibrations induced in the earth's crust due to internal or external forces that shake parts of the crust and structures on it.
2) Seismographs are instruments used to measure earthquake vibrations and locate the focus or epicenter. The focus is the point where faulting begins inside the earth, and the epicenter is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
3) There are two main types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes: body waves that travel through the earth's interior, and surface waves that travel along the surface.
Destructive plate boundaries
This document summarizes the three types of plate boundaries:
1) When an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This can form deep trenches and volcanic island arcs.
2) When two oceanic plates meet, one plate subducts beneath the other, forming ocean trenches and island arcs offshore.
3) When two continental plates meet, they are forced upwards to form fold mountains rather than subducting. This leads to earthquakes but no volcanic activity. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes are examples of this type of plate boundary.
Plate margins
There are two types of crust - continental and oceanic - and three directions of plate movement - converging, diverging, and passive. This results in six plate boundary types: destructive (oceanic-continental convergence), destructive (oceanic-oceanic convergence), destructive (continental-continental collision), constructive (diverging at ocean ridges), constructive (continental rifting), and conservative (passive movement). Each boundary type creates different landforms and hazards due to the associated geological processes.
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in three main zones around the world. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, with the most common type occurring along faults. The San Andreas fault in California regularly produces earthquakes, including the 1906 quake in San Francisco. Volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface from underground chambers; the type of eruption determines the volcano's shape, such as cinder cones from explosive eruptions or shield volcanoes from fluid lava flows. Major zones of earthquake and volcanic activity encircle the Pacific Ocean, extend through the Mediterranean region, and follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the ocean.
Earthquakes
Leaving Certificate slides on Earthquakes - causes, areas, features, measurement, effects, case studies
Thinking About A Volcano
Another re-imagined and refined presentation. Thanks to all the staff & pupils for allowing me the time and space to work on this.
Any feedback would be really useful.
Thanks
Simon
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A case study on the Eyjafjallajökull Icelandic Eruption of 2010. Suitable for GCSE, AS Level, A Level Geography and beyond. Complete with stunning images.
Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
Earthquakes
This document provides an overview of earthquakes. It begins with a brief history of earthquake studies from ancient times through modern developments in seismology. Key concepts introduced include the location of the hypocenter and epicenter, and the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document then discusses the causes of earthquakes in relation to plate tectonics and fault ruptures. Different scales for measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes are presented, including the Mercalli and Richter scales. Locations of historic destructive quakes are also highlighted.
Managing Earthquakes
The document discusses five methods to reduce the impacts of earthquakes: 1) Planning infrastructure locations away from quake-prone areas, 2) Designing quake-resistant buildings using techniques like base isolators and shear walls, 3) Strengthening existing structures by adding steel frames, 4) Providing education through drills and signs, and 5) Monitoring earthquakes using seismometers to warn people of impending quakes and allow for evacuation. Each method is described along with examples and limitations. The overall message is that a variety of approaches can help mitigate earthquake damage by considering location, design, reinforcement, preparedness, and early warning systems.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
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- Plate tectonics theory holds that Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates that move over the asthenosphere. Plates can converge at boundaries, causing one to subduct under the other, or diverge such as at mid-ocean ridges.
- Evidence for continental drift includes matching continental margins, matching geological formations and fossil distributions across continents, and paleoclimate and paleontological indicators matching when the continents were joined in the past.
Plate Tectonics I
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the key individuals and discoveries that led to the development of the theory. It discusses Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift in the early 20th century, which was initially rejected. It then covers the discoveries of the mid-ocean ridge system and magnetic striping of the ocean floor in the 1950s-60s, which provided evidence that the continents are moving and new crust is generated at ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. This led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a scientific theory to explain geological phenomena.
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This document contains notes from a lesson on plate tectonics that describes the distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain ranges. It discusses key concepts like the theory of plate tectonics, convection currents in the mantle, and how earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are often located along plate boundaries. Maps and figures show the distribution of earthquake epicenters, volcanoes, and plates. Questions guide students to understand the relationships between these geographic features and plate tectonics theory.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
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The document summarizes information about the Earth, including its interior structure, tectonic plates, continents, and earthquakes and volcanoes. It describes the lithosphere and two types of crust. It explains tectonic plates and lists the seven major plates. It discusses continental drift and the movement of continents over time. It provides brief descriptions of volcanoes and earthquakes, including what causes them and examples of volcanic eruptions and earthquake damage.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries, as well as the movement of continents over geologic time as described by Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Plate Tectonics II
The document discusses evidence for plate tectonics including measurements over 10 years showing the movement of tectonic plates and geological studies of ocean floor rocks. Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis are linked to plate tectonic boundaries as plates diverge, converge, or a hot spot rises. Examples include the Hawaiian Islands formed by a hot spot and volcanoes and quakes at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Historic quakes like 1989 in San Francisco and tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku, Japan events are also summarized.
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This document describes plate tectonics and the evidence that supports it. It explains the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they collide, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other. It provides details on subduction zones, island arcs, and mountain building. The document also discusses mantle plumes and uses the Hawaiian Islands as an example of a hotspot track. It includes a hypothetical tectonic map exercise asking students to interpret earthquake and age data to identify plate boundaries.
Plate tectonics
The document describes plate tectonics and the evidence that supports it. It explains that lithospheric plates move over the asthenosphere at different plate boundary types - divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and cause subduction or mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. It provides examples like the Hawaiian hotspot chain that demonstrate plate motions. The document concludes by outlining an exercise to interpret a hypothetical tectonic map and identify plate boundaries and features based on earthquake and age data patterns.
Plate tectonics
The document describes plate tectonics and the evidence that supports it. It explains that lithospheric plates move over the asthenosphere at different plate boundary types - divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and cause subduction or mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. It provides examples like the Hawaiian hotspot chain that demonstrate plate motions. The document also describes how seismic activity patterns, magnetic anomalies in ocean crust, and the age of seafloor rocks provide further evidence of plate tectonics.
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The document describes an earthquake that struck the Iranian city of Bam in 2003. The earthquake, measured at 6.6 on the Richter scale, was caused by the pushing together of the Iranian and Arabian tectonic plates. Over 20,000 people were killed when the earthquake destroyed thousands of homes in Bam. Emergency services struggled to help those injured and trapped in the rubble due to damaged roads and collapsed buildings. The earthquake devastated the historic structures in Bam, including the famous 2,000-year-old citadel.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement,
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
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The document discusses plate tectonics theory and the evidence that supports it. Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth's outer layer is made up of rigid plates that move over the asthenosphere below. Plates move by separating at mid-ocean ridges and colliding in other areas. When plates collide, one plate generally subducts under the other. The theory is supported by paleomagnetism data, the distribution of earthquakes along plate boundaries, the ages of seafloor sediments, and hotspot tracks.
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This slide show describes the theory of plate tectonics and explains how the interaction of tectonic plates changes the surface of our earth.
Tectonic plates 2
The Earth is composed of layers including the crust divided into tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate interactions cause volcanic activity and earthquakes, most commonly at plate margins.
Unit 5 - Disaster Management
This document provides an overview of seismicity and earthquakes. It discusses seismic waves, earthquakes and faults, measures of earthquakes including magnitude and intensity, ground damage from earthquakes, tsunamis caused by earthquakes, and earthquake resistant construction. Specific topics covered include the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India and the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The document aims to introduce students to key concepts regarding seismicity and earthquakes.
Unit 9 Internal dynamics of the earth
The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the underlying mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate tectonics explains global patterns of volcanic and earthquake activity which predominantly occur at plate boundaries as the plates interact, collide and subduct.
2019 tg lithosphere1 earth
The document discusses the structure and evolution of the Earth. It describes the Earth's interior as being composed of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle form tectonic plates that move over Earth's surface. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching continental margins and the distribution of fossils, rocks, and glacial deposits across continents. The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Life evolved around 3.8 billion years ago and photosynthesis emerged 2.5-3 billion years ago. The atmosphere and climate have changed over geological eras from the Archean to present day.
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The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses how early scientists like Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea. Later evidence from mapping ocean floors and magnetic stripes on ocean crust supported sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. The theory states the earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move via three types of boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they slide past each other. The movement of plates like India colliding with Asia helped form features like the Himalayas.
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1. distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
- 1. TECTONIC LANDSCAPES DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
- 2. SPECIFICATION DETAIL • 3.1a World distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.
- 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To be able to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a global scale. • Know the locations of some named eruptions and earthquakes.
- 4. LOOKING INTO THE EARTH
- 6. YR 9: CROSS SECTION OF EARTH’S STRUCTURE
- 7. YR 9: MAKING EARTH • TASK: You are to make a egg version of the Earth structure. • Which part is the: • Inner core • Outer core • Mantel • Crust
- 9. PLATE MOVEMET • What has happened to the Earth of the past 750millions years: Here • TASK: Based on the clip you have seen, describe the process involved in shaping the Earth’s continents.
- 10. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To be able to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a global scale. • Know the locations of some named eruptions and earthquakes.
- 12. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To be able to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a global scale. • Know the locations of some named eruptions and earthquakes.
- 14. EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT It was not until the 1960s that the theory of continental drift became accepted by the scientific community. Some continents fit together almost perfectly, e.g. South America and Africa. Similar fossils can be found on different continents. This shows these regions were once very close or joined together. Almost identical patterns of rock layers on different continents is evidence that the rocks were once close together or joined. Why are the continents moving?
- 16. WHERE IS IT ALL HAPPENING? • Real time earthquake map : Here • Real time volcanoes map : Here
- 17. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To be able to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a global scale. • Know the locations of some named eruptions and earthquakes.