Hydrops fetalis refers to edema of the fetus, involving subcutaneous edema, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and ascites. It can be caused by immune or non-immune factors, with the latter including genetic conditions, infections, tumors, and structural abnormalities. The document discusses the history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and outcomes of hydrops fetalis. It provides overview of key figures in the study of this condition and reviews literature on rates, risk factors, and management approaches.

1. 1
(hydrops fetalis) F F
ˈ
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
(subcutaneous edema)
F
(pleural effusion) F
(pericardial effusion)
F F (ascites) ( 1.1
1.2)
2
F
F
F F
F
F
F
F
F
hydrops fetalis F
F
1
F
F ˈ
F
F F
F F
F
ˈ
F
F
F
ˈ
F
1
F F F
F
ˈ hydrops fetalis F
isolated ascites
isolated hydrothorax [1]
hydrops fetalis F
F
F
F
ascites
F
F
. . 2435 John W. Ballantyne
F
F ˈ
[2] F
hydrops fetalis F
F
F ˈ
F
F
F

2. 2
(Pathology of Hydrops Fetalis)
F
Rh (materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility)
F
F
F
F
F
F
. . 2486 Edith L. Potter
F
F
(perinatal pathology) [3]
F
F ˁ hydrops fetalis F F
F
ˈ
F
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology [4] Potter
F universal edema
F hydrops fetalis
F ˈ 2 F
F
ˆ
F
F
F (immune hydrops)
F
F
F
F
(non-immune hydrops) F F
F immune
hydrops
materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility
F
ˆ
F
Rh
F F
F
F
anti-Rh antibody (anti-D immunoglobulin) ˂
F
immune hydrops
F
F
F
Kell, MNS
Duffy
F non-immune hydrops
F F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
hydrops fetalis F F
(polyhydramnios)
(umbilical cord edema)
F (placentomegaly)
F
preeclampsia
[1]
mirror syndrome
Mirror syndrome ˈ F
F
F
F
F ˁ hydrops fetalis Ballantyne
F F F F
F Ballantyne syndrome F
F F
pseudotoxemia, maternal hydrops syndrome, pregnancy toxemia, acute second
trimester gestosis
triple edema
F preeclampsia mirror
syndrome ˈ
F
FF
F
bleb
F F
F hyperactive reflex ˈ
ˈ mirror syndrome F
F F
F
F
hemodilution F
preeclampsia
hemoconcentration

3. 1
A
B
C
1.1
3
D
hydrops fetalis
F subcutaneous edema (A),
pleural effusion (B), pericardial effusion (C)
ascites (D)
F hemodilution ˈ
atrial natriuretic factor
F
F
F
F
F
[5, 6]
hydrops fetalis ˈ
F F F
F
vasopression
F F
F F
F F
F
F
F F congenital pulmonary airway malformation
F
F
F
heart block
teratoma
F
F
twin-to-twin
transfusion syndrome [1] F
hydrops fetalis F
FF
F

4. 4
(Pathology of Hydrops Fetalis)
F
F
F ˁ
F
F
F
F hydrops fetalis
F
(idiopathic hydrops fetalis)
F
F
30-60
F . . 2510-2520 [7, 8]
F
10-20
F F . . 2530 ˈ F
F
ˆ
F F
[9-11]
F
non-immune hydrops
F
F
F
F F
F hydrops fetalis
F
F
F
F
. . 2544-2553
10 ʾ F idiopathic hydrops
F F
11.5
F
88.5 ˈ non-immune hydrops
F immune hydrops [10]
A
C
1.2
B
D
hydrops fetalis
F scalp edema (A),
bilateral pleural effusion (B), pericardial effusion (C)
ascites (D)

5. 5
1
F
1 : 3,750
F
F F
F
hydrops fetalis F
F
F
1 : 500
F
F
F hydrops fetalis
F
F
F
F
F
ˈ
aneuploidy
[12] F
F ˈ
F
FF
F
hydrops fetalis
F
1 : 1,500
ˈ
F F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
F ˁ
F
F
F
F
F
[14]
syndrome F
F
F
F
F
F ˈ hydrops fetalis F
37
FF
FF
55-98
F
F
27
52
F F
ˈ
F
F
F
F
F
F
ˈ F
F
F
ˈ
F
F
F
F
F ˁ
hydrops fetalis
F
F
F
23
F
F
F
[13] F
F
F
F
F
F
hydrops fetalis
F
ˈ
F ˈ
F
F
[10]
16
ˆ
F
F
ˆ
hydrops fetalis
F
F ˈ
F
F
F
F
F
pleural effusion
F
F
hydrops fetalis F
idiopathic hydrops
F
F F
F
F
F
ˆ
ˈ
F
F
F
F
[15-17]

6. 6
(Pathology of Hydrops Fetalis)
F
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fetal ascites. In Gilbert-Barness E (ed.), Potter s Pathology of the fetus,
infant and child. 2 Edition. Philadephia: Elsevier 2007; 333-354.
2. Dunn PM. Dr John Ballantyne (1861-1923): perinatologist extraordinary of
Edinburgh. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68: 66-67.
3. Dunn PM. Dr Edith Potter (1901 1993) of Chicago: pioneer in perinatal pathology.
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92: F419-420.
4. Potter EL. Universal edema of the fetus unassociated with erythroblastosis. Am
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associated conditions, maternal presentation and perinatal outcome. Fetal
Diagn Ther 2010; 27: 191-203.
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fetal hydrops persistence. Fetal Diagn Ther 2008; 24: 474-477.
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challenge in perinatal pathology. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 785-789.
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fetalis. A study of ten cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106: 635-640.
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365-374.
10. Taweevisit M, Thorner PS. Hydrops fetalis in the stillborn: a series from the
central region of Thailand. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010; 13: 369-374.
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nonimmune hydrops fetalis admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Rev
Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2003; 58: 125-132.

7. 1
7
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fetalis: multidisciplinary studies are necessary for diagnosis review of 94
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risk factors associated with death. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 84-89.
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571-575.
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186-195.
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experience and factors related to a poor outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol
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