9-1 Cellular Respiration
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This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and its three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It begins by asking multiple choice and true/false questions about glycolysis and cellular respiration. It then discusses that glycolysis yields 2 ATP molecules net and produces NADH. When oxygen is absent, fermentation occurs instead of the later respiration stages, producing either lactic acid or ethanol. Glycolysis is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration as it breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid.
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4. Respiration
The document summarizes the key stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a net of 2 ATP. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix, producing carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and more ATP. The cytochrome system uses hydrogen ions to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, 38 ATP are produced from each glucose molecule through these stages of aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
This document summarizes anaerobic respiration. It begins by explaining cellular respiration and how cells break down food to produce ATP energy. It then describes glycolysis, which breaks down glucose to pyruvate. When oxygen is limited, anaerobic respiration occurs through fermentation instead of aerobic respiration. Two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation, where pyruvate is converted to lactate, and ethanol fermentation, where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The document also notes that humans undergo anaerobic respiration in muscles during intense exercise when oxygen demands outpace supply.
Nov. 2 (aerobic vs. anaerobic)
The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
Getting energy to make atp part 1 (pp.231-226) answer key
This document is a biology assignment from Centro Escolar Solalto for the 9th Pre-IB Biology class, taught by Javier Aguirre. It provides instructions for students to complete a handout on cellular respiration by investigating key vocabulary terms and answering questions about glycolysis from their textbook. The questions cover topics like the stages of cellular respiration, where glycolysis occurs, what happens during glycolysis, and the role of molecules like ATP, NAD+, and pyruvic acid in energy production.
Cellular respiration introduction general for 9th grade biology
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy from glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of energy as ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down the pyruvate molecules, producing more ATP and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to pump protons out of the mitochondria, powering ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP while fermentation makes only 2 ATP without oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present. There are two main ways cells deal with this: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, yeasts convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This regenerates NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals where pyruvate is converted to lactate, also regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis ongoing when oxygen is absent.
Bio9 Cellular Respiration Review SlideShow
Cellular respiration involves three main stages:
1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
2. The Krebs cycle produces 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP per glucose.
3. Electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce 34 more ATP per glucose.
Overall, cellular respiration results in the production of 36 ATP from one glucose molecule.
Exercise 14 - Cellular Respiration in Yeast
Cellular respiration in yeast was studied using 5 Smith Fermentation tubes containing different reagents. Tube 1 contained glucose and yeast, tube 2 contained just glucose, tube 3 contained boiled yeast and glucose, tube 4 contained starch solution and yeast, and tube 5 contained just yeast. The production of CO2 was observed and measured over 40 minutes. Tube 1, which contained both glucose and live yeast, produced the most CO2, indicating that yeast undergo aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and glucose to produce energy. The other tubes produced less or no CO2, demonstrating the importance of both yeast and glucose for cellular respiration.
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The document summarizes the key stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a net of 2 ATP. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix, producing carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and more ATP. The cytochrome system uses hydrogen ions to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, 38 ATP are produced from each glucose molecule through these stages of aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
This document summarizes anaerobic respiration. It begins by explaining cellular respiration and how cells break down food to produce ATP energy. It then describes glycolysis, which breaks down glucose to pyruvate. When oxygen is limited, anaerobic respiration occurs through fermentation instead of aerobic respiration. Two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation, where pyruvate is converted to lactate, and ethanol fermentation, where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The document also notes that humans undergo anaerobic respiration in muscles during intense exercise when oxygen demands outpace supply.
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The document is the agenda and lesson plan for a biology class. It discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and only produces 2 ATP through lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.
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This document is a biology assignment from Centro Escolar Solalto for the 9th Pre-IB Biology class, taught by Javier Aguirre. It provides instructions for students to complete a handout on cellular respiration by investigating key vocabulary terms and answering questions about glycolysis from their textbook. The questions cover topics like the stages of cellular respiration, where glycolysis occurs, what happens during glycolysis, and the role of molecules like ATP, NAD+, and pyruvic acid in energy production.
Cellular respiration introduction general for 9th grade biology
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy from glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of energy as ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down the pyruvate molecules, producing more ATP and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to pump protons out of the mitochondria, powering ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP while fermentation makes only 2 ATP without oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present. There are two main ways cells deal with this: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, yeasts convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This regenerates NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals where pyruvate is converted to lactate, also regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis ongoing when oxygen is absent.
Bio9 Cellular Respiration Review SlideShow
Cellular respiration involves three main stages:
1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
2. The Krebs cycle produces 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP per glucose.
3. Electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to produce 34 more ATP per glucose.
Overall, cellular respiration results in the production of 36 ATP from one glucose molecule.
Exercise 14 - Cellular Respiration in Yeast
Cellular respiration in yeast was studied using 5 Smith Fermentation tubes containing different reagents. Tube 1 contained glucose and yeast, tube 2 contained just glucose, tube 3 contained boiled yeast and glucose, tube 4 contained starch solution and yeast, and tube 5 contained just yeast. The production of CO2 was observed and measured over 40 minutes. Tube 1, which contained both glucose and live yeast, produced the most CO2, indicating that yeast undergo aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and glucose to produce energy. The other tubes produced less or no CO2, demonstrating the importance of both yeast and glucose for cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Anaerobic respiration 2
Anaerobic respiration, also known as fermentation, is respiration that occurs without oxygen. There are two main types of anaerobic respiration: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH to form lactate, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP without oxygen. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetylaldehyde and then ethanol, with NADH donating electrons to regenerate NAD+ and sustain glycolysis. Anaerobic respiration is much less efficient at producing energy than aerobic respiration but allows cells to generate some ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Yeast cellular respiration lab report (karen krmoyan) (1)
Cellular respiration is a process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. Cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store its energy in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration is critical for the survival of most organisms because the energy in glucose cannot be used by cells until it is stored in ATP. Two critical ingredients required for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Although most organisms on Earth carry out cellular respiration to generate ATP, a few rely on alternative pathways to make this vital molecule. These pathways are anaerobic
that is, they don't require oxygen. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic pathway used by certain species of bacteria that live in anaerobic environments, such as stagnant ponds or decaying vegetation. Some cells produce ATP using both anaerobic and aerobic pathways ( Lagunzad, 2004).
Cells And Respiration
1. Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from food molecules in cells. Glucose is the main food molecule used and is broken down through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
2. Energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in ATP molecules. An enzyme joins phosphate to ADP to form ATP. When energy is needed, ATP is broken down by an enzyme into ADP and phosphate, releasing the stored chemical energy.
3. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. This produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which breaks down glucose without oxygen.
6.2.2 anaerobic respiration UEC Senior 1
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Respiration Part2
Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce a small amount of ATP but is inefficient on its own. However, it sets the stage for more extensive energy harvesting through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria or anaerobic fermentation pathways. Pyruvate produced by glycolysis acts as a branch point, directing metabolic pathways down different routes depending on the availability of oxygen. Further processing of pyruvate is required to fully oxidize glucose and generate more ATP through recycling of NADH.
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This document provides information about how cells convert food energy into a usable form through cellular respiration. It discusses that glucose is the molecule that cells can directly use for energy but must first be broken down by mitochondria. The mitochondria break down glucose and convert the energy from it into many molecules of ATP through cellular respiration. ATP is the form of energy that cells can directly use to power their functions and work. The document seeks to explain this process to students through diagrams, examples, and questions to help them understand how food energy is converted into a usable form in cells through the mitochondria and ATP.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide through a series of redox reactions. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to power their metabolic functions.
Aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
Cellular respiration and fermentation
1. This document describes experiments to study the effect of pH on the rate of fermentation in yeast. Students will set up solutions with yeast in buffers of varying pH and measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time.
2. The results will be recorded and two graphs will be made: one showing gas production over time for each pH, the other showing gas produced at 40 minutes for each pH. This will help determine the effect of pH on the rate of fermentation.
3. The effect of pH and possible mechanisms will be discussed, drawing on cell biology and metabolic knowledge.
Use this one_respiration & fermentation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest energy stored in ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production. Without oxygen, cells undergo fermentation which produces less ATP through pathways like lactic acid fermentation in muscles and alcohol fermentation in yeast.
Biology Lab Report 3
This lab report investigates the effect of varying glucose amounts on the rate of yeast fermentation through experimentation. The hypothesis is that increasing the amount of glucose will increase the fermentation rate. The experiment measures the dependent variable of CO2 formation over time as the independent variable, glucose amount, is manipulated. Controlled variables include temperature, water amount, yeast amount, and oxygen levels. The aim is to understand how glucose amount affects fermentation rate under set experimental conditions. Data collection and processing will be followed by conclusions on the relationship between glucose and fermentation rate.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces electron carriers. The electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons and produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration includes all three stages and occurs with oxygen, while anaerobic respiration involves only glycolysis and occurs without oxygen. Both provide energy to cells through ATP production.
Photosynthesisand cellularrespiration
This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key components. It explains that cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces some ATP without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate most ATP through redox reactions that require oxygen. The role of ATP as the energy currency of cells is also described.
Cell resp
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the chemical energy in nutrients into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - and takes place primarily in mitochondria.
5. anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and involves two pathways - ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation. Ethanol fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and occurs in yeast and plants, producing CO2 that allows bread to rise. Lactate fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate in skeletal muscles during exertion when oxygen demand exceeds supply, allowing muscles to continue working by recycling NAD+ but building up a toxic "oxygen debt".
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This document describes an experiment to determine what ingredient in cookies activates yeast growth. Students labeled bags with flour and sugar, added yeast and one ingredient to each bag along with water, and measured carbon dioxide production. More carbon dioxide was produced in the sugar bag, showing that sugar activates yeast as its food source through cellular respiration, where sugar is broken down to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
AP Bio Ch. 9 Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Anerobic & aerobic respiration
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
Cellular Respiration
The document discusses different types of cell respiration. Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm. There are two main pathways for respiration after glycolysis: anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen, and aerobic respiration which requires oxygen. Anaerobic respiration includes lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells and alcoholic fermentation done by bacteria on foods. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose into water, carbon dioxide, and generates significantly more ATP using oxygen in the mitochondria.
ATP Review
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecular unit that stores and transports energy within cells. It fuels enzymes and is present in all cells, providing energy for physiological processes. ATP is continuously recycled in the body, turning over its own body weight equivalent daily. Several studies have found that ATP supplementation can help reduce muscle fatigue, improve force output during exercise, increase muscle mass, strength and power, and provide small ergogenic effects on muscular strength under some conditions. However, more research is needed before recommending ATP supplementation to athletes seeking ergogenic aids.
Cellular Respiration
The document describes the process of cellular respiration which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules while producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid to extract more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis, producing about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the entire cellular respiration process.
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Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Anaerobic respiration 2
Anaerobic respiration, also known as fermentation, is respiration that occurs without oxygen. There are two main types of anaerobic respiration: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH to form lactate, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP without oxygen. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetylaldehyde and then ethanol, with NADH donating electrons to regenerate NAD+ and sustain glycolysis. Anaerobic respiration is much less efficient at producing energy than aerobic respiration but allows cells to generate some ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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Cellular respiration is a process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. Cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store its energy in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration is critical for the survival of most organisms because the energy in glucose cannot be used by cells until it is stored in ATP. Two critical ingredients required for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Although most organisms on Earth carry out cellular respiration to generate ATP, a few rely on alternative pathways to make this vital molecule. These pathways are anaerobic
that is, they don't require oxygen. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic pathway used by certain species of bacteria that live in anaerobic environments, such as stagnant ponds or decaying vegetation. Some cells produce ATP using both anaerobic and aerobic pathways ( Lagunzad, 2004).
Cells And Respiration
1. Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from food molecules in cells. Glucose is the main food molecule used and is broken down through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.
2. Energy released during respiration is stored as chemical energy in ATP molecules. An enzyme joins phosphate to ADP to form ATP. When energy is needed, ATP is broken down by an enzyme into ADP and phosphate, releasing the stored chemical energy.
3. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. This produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which breaks down glucose without oxygen.
6.2.2 anaerobic respiration UEC Senior 1
Anaerobic respiration is a process that produces cellular energy without oxygen. It produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule, far less than aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and produces end products like ethanol, carbon dioxide, or lactic acid. It is an important process for some microbes and occurs temporarily in animals and plants during strenuous exercise or when oxygen is limited.
Respiration Part2
Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce a small amount of ATP but is inefficient on its own. However, it sets the stage for more extensive energy harvesting through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria or anaerobic fermentation pathways. Pyruvate produced by glycolysis acts as a branch point, directing metabolic pathways down different routes depending on the availability of oxygen. Further processing of pyruvate is required to fully oxidize glucose and generate more ATP through recycling of NADH.
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This document provides information about how cells convert food energy into a usable form through cellular respiration. It discusses that glucose is the molecule that cells can directly use for energy but must first be broken down by mitochondria. The mitochondria break down glucose and convert the energy from it into many molecules of ATP through cellular respiration. ATP is the form of energy that cells can directly use to power their functions and work. The document seeks to explain this process to students through diagrams, examples, and questions to help them understand how food energy is converted into a usable form in cells through the mitochondria and ATP.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide through a series of redox reactions. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to power their metabolic functions.
Aerobic & anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
Cellular respiration and fermentation
1. This document describes experiments to study the effect of pH on the rate of fermentation in yeast. Students will set up solutions with yeast in buffers of varying pH and measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time.
2. The results will be recorded and two graphs will be made: one showing gas production over time for each pH, the other showing gas produced at 40 minutes for each pH. This will help determine the effect of pH on the rate of fermentation.
3. The effect of pH and possible mechanisms will be discussed, drawing on cell biology and metabolic knowledge.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest energy stored in ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production. Without oxygen, cells undergo fermentation which produces less ATP through pathways like lactic acid fermentation in muscles and alcohol fermentation in yeast.
Biology Lab Report 3
This lab report investigates the effect of varying glucose amounts on the rate of yeast fermentation through experimentation. The hypothesis is that increasing the amount of glucose will increase the fermentation rate. The experiment measures the dependent variable of CO2 formation over time as the independent variable, glucose amount, is manipulated. Controlled variables include temperature, water amount, yeast amount, and oxygen levels. The aim is to understand how glucose amount affects fermentation rate under set experimental conditions. Data collection and processing will be followed by conclusions on the relationship between glucose and fermentation rate.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces electron carriers. The electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons and produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration includes all three stages and occurs with oxygen, while anaerobic respiration involves only glycolysis and occurs without oxygen. Both provide energy to cells through ATP production.
Photosynthesisand cellularrespiration
This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key components. It explains that cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces some ATP without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate most ATP through redox reactions that require oxygen. The role of ATP as the energy currency of cells is also described.
Cell resp
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert the chemical energy in nutrients into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - and takes place primarily in mitochondria.
5. anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and involves two pathways - ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation. Ethanol fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and occurs in yeast and plants, producing CO2 that allows bread to rise. Lactate fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate in skeletal muscles during exertion when oxygen demand exceeds supply, allowing muscles to continue working by recycling NAD+ but building up a toxic "oxygen debt".
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This document describes an experiment to determine what ingredient in cookies activates yeast growth. Students labeled bags with flour and sugar, added yeast and one ingredient to each bag along with water, and measured carbon dioxide production. More carbon dioxide was produced in the sugar bag, showing that sugar activates yeast as its food source through cellular respiration, where sugar is broken down to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
AP Bio Ch. 9 Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Anerobic & aerobic respiration
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
Cellular Respiration
The document discusses different types of cell respiration. Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm. There are two main pathways for respiration after glycolysis: anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen, and aerobic respiration which requires oxygen. Anaerobic respiration includes lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells and alcoholic fermentation done by bacteria on foods. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose into water, carbon dioxide, and generates significantly more ATP using oxygen in the mitochondria.
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecular unit that stores and transports energy within cells. It fuels enzymes and is present in all cells, providing energy for physiological processes. ATP is continuously recycled in the body, turning over its own body weight equivalent daily. Several studies have found that ATP supplementation can help reduce muscle fatigue, improve force output during exercise, increase muscle mass, strength and power, and provide small ergogenic effects on muscular strength under some conditions. However, more research is needed before recommending ATP supplementation to athletes seeking ergogenic aids.
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The document describes the process of cellular respiration which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules while producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid to extract more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis, producing about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the entire cellular respiration process.
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Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Notes New
1. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-phase process of light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
2. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other food molecules to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
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Similar to 9-1 Cellular Respiration
knowyou.pptx
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria and release more energy through the oxidation of pyruvate and other molecules, producing much more ATP through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages of cellular respiration fully break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to capture energy in the form of ATP.
cellular respiration 2022.pptx
1. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposing reactions. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
2. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce the most ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation when oxygen is absent. Glycolysis is the only process that occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
3. The electron transport chain produces the most ATP and requires oxygen, so it only occurs during aerobic cellular respiration. Glycolysis and fermentation occur in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria
ppt chapter 4 respiration- The source of energy.pptx
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Cellular_Respiration.ppt
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food molecules and release energy stored in chemical bonds. It occurs in the mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and yields some ATP. If oxygen is present, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produce much more ATP through aerobic respiration. If oxygen is absent, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by producing lactic acid or ethanol. Overall, cellular respiration releases energy from nutrients through breakdown and oxidation to fuel cellular functions and produce 36-38 ATP molecules. [/SUMMARY]
Intro to cellular respiration
To ease into cellular respiration student played a trivia game to introduce them to some of the key players in cellular respiration.
Respiration stage 1
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it is further broken down in the Krebs cycle. This is followed by the electron transport chain, where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced, yielding the majority of ATP. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as waste products.
Chapter 7 - Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP. It takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic cellular respiration is the most efficient pathway for producing ATP.
Cells and Energy
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. It takes place in two steps - glycolysis in the cytoplasm breaks down glucose, producing some ATP and precursor molecules, while the second step in mitochondria uses oxygen to break down these precursors and produce much more ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used without oxygen to produce less ATP. Photosynthesis converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen through reactions in chloroplasts.
Photo&cr notes
This document summarizes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-stage process in chloroplasts. The glucose produced can be broken down through cellular respiration in mitochondria to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work in a constant cycle to provide energy for plants and animals. Key compounds involved include glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and ADP.
respiration class 10.pptx
The document discusses respiration, which is the process by which organisms release energy from food. Through the respiration reaction, glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This energy is stored in ATP molecules within cells. There are two main types of respiration - aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not. Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscles during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
Cellular respiration introduction for 9th grade biology
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy stored in glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three main stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down pyruvate, producing more ATP, CO2, and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed through protein complexes, producing up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule.
Respiration
Respiration is the process by which glucose is oxidized to produce energy. It occurs via three main stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP. Respiration is essential for producing the energy currency ATP that cells need to carry out life functions.
3.7 cell respiration
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
3 130909221817-
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. During cell respiration, glucose is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. Anaerobic respiration involves converting pyruvate into either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, with no additional ATP produced. Aerobic respiration breaks down pyruvate in mitochondria into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a large amount of ATP.
12. Powering the Cell-Cellular Respiration.ppt
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose for energy. In the presence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria to further extract energy from glucose through oxidative phosphorylation, producing up to 38 ATP molecules. Without oxygen, fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation take over after glycolysis to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue at a lower energy yield of 2 ATP.
12. Powering the Cell-Cellular Respiration.ppt
Cellular respiration is the process by which living cells convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and produces a small amount of ATP. In the presence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain further break down pyruvate from glycolysis to produce much more ATP. Without oxygen, fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation produce ATP and regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at producing ATP.
12. Powering the Cell-Cellular Respiration.ppt
Cellular respiration has three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose for energy. This is followed by the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria which further breaks down the energy-rich molecules. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis. Without oxygen, fermentation pathways like lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation take over after glycolysis to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue, but with lower ATP yields. Aerobic respiration is much more efficient at harvesting energy from glucose.
Cell respiration
Cellular respiration is a process that uses sugar to produce ATP through a series of steps. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm to produce ATP and NADH. The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation use the products of glycolysis to generate more ATP. Fermentation occurs when cells do not receive enough oxygen, producing either lactic acid or alcohol as a byproduct.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy from nutrients like glucose. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Anaerobic respiration occurs in two steps - glycolysis and fermentation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP. Fermentation further breaks down pyruvic acid into either alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid, but produces no additional ATP. Aerobic respiration occurs in three steps - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - and yields much more ATP, around 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration is thus much more efficient at producing
Cellular-Respiration-02_19-02_22 (1).pptx
Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that take place in cells and can be divided into two types:
- Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy, such as cellular respiration breaking down glucose.
- Anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules, like photosynthesis producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
ATP is the cell's usable energy currency and is regenerated through catabolic pathways breaking its phosphate bonds, then replenished through anabolic pathways by adding phosphate to ADP. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide and water, capturing solar energy as chemical bonds in glucose. This provides the basis for energy and life on Earth.
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9-1 Cellular Respiration
- 2. POP QUIZ • 1. The process of cellular respiration begins with _______________. • 2. ____________ and _____________ are the reactants for cellular Respiration. • 3. Glycolysis breaks down ______________ molecules. • 4. How many ATP molecules are needed to start Glycolysis • 5. How many ATP molecules are made by the end of glycolysis? • 6. T or F: Animals cannot photosynthesize. • 7. T or F: Plants undergo Cellular Respiration. • 8. What is the energy needed to raise 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius? • When no oxygen (anaerobic) is present, this pathway follows glycolysis.
- 3. Living things get the energy they need from food. Both plants and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria
- 4. Chemical Energy and Food • How much energy is actually present in food? • One gram of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), when burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy.
- 5. What is a calorie?
- 7. Cellular Respiration Begins…. • There are three stages of cellular respiration • Glycolysis • The Krebs Cycle • The Electron Transport Chain
- 8. Glycolysis
- 9. Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
- 10. Glycolysis ATP Production Add 2 molecules of ATP to start process Investment: 2 ATPs Final balance: 4 ATPs Net gain: 2 ATPs
- 11. NADH Production
- 13. GYLCOLYSIS RECAP glucose oxidized yields pyruvic acid reactions take place in cytosol NAD+ to NADH (electron acceptor) Pyruvic acid yields 4 ATP but 2 used in process (so net yield is 2 ATP)
- 14. Fermentation • When oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway: Fermentation.
- 16. Drunk Squirrel
- 18. Sauerkraut
- 19. Fermentation •fermentation is the formation of alcohol from sugar. •Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). •Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. •Two Types: 1. Lactic Acid (animal cells) 2. Alcohol (plant cells)
- 20. Lactic acid fermentation •NADH oxidized to NAD+ e.g. Yogurt, cheese •*in muscle – not enough oxygen so switch to anaerobic respiration b/c oxygen is depleted which makes cytosol acidic so produces cramps
- 21. Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). 2 Lactic acid 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C Glucose Glycolysis C C C 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD+ C C C C C C
- 22. Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids
- 23. Alcoholic Fermentation •convert pyruvic to ethyl alcohol by removing CO2 e.g. bread, beer, wine - need enzymes in yeast
- 24. Alcohol Fermentation Plants and Fungi beer and wine glucose Glycolysis C C C C C C C C C 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD+ C C 2 Ethanol2CO2 released 2NADH 2 NAD+
- 25. Alcohol Fermentation •End Products: 2 - ATP (phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s
- 26. •glycolysis is not efficient but unicellular organisms don’t need much energy to function •E.g. paramecium, ameoba •probably evolved early in history of life
- 27. • kilocalories – 1 kcal = 1000 cal