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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest energy stored in ATP. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production. Without oxygen, cells undergo fermentation which produces less ATP through pathways like lactic acid fermentation in muscles and alcohol fermentation in yeast.
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Fermentation
1. The document describes different types of fermentation including alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. It provides details on the products and pathways of each type.
2. It asks multiple choice questions about the topics covered, including what products come from alcoholic fermentation, what taste lactic acid bacteria give foods, examples of milk products from lactic acid fermentation, and differences between fermentation and aerobic respiration.
3. A timeline is provided showing intervals of exercise, and questions ask about when the body switches energy sources, which process provides more energy for different durations of exercise, and where the body gets energy for a 25-minute race.
Cellular respiration updated
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle, where more ATP is generated. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used to power ATP synthase and produce large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis. The final products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Fermentation
Fermentation can take place aerobically or anaerobically in cells. Anaerobic fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen after glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol via acetaldehyde. Lactic acid fermentation directly reduces pyruvate to lactate without carbon dioxide release and causes muscle fatigue and pain in humans during low oxygen states.
Lec08 gluco neo
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver and kidneys. During periods of fasting, hepatic stores are depleted and glucose must be formed from substrates like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids. The key steps involve carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase, transport of oxaloacetate to the cytoplasm, its decarboxylation to phosphoenolpyruvate by PEP carboxykinase, and the reversal of glycolytic reactions to generate glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by hormones like glucagon and the
Resp intro
This document discusses respiration and gas exchange. It explains that aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic respiration in yeast breaks down glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration in humans produces lactic acid instead of alcohol when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to muscles during vigorous exercise.
Releasing Energy From Food Cellular Respiration
Organisms use cellular respiration to release energy from carbohydrates like glucose. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor to produce ATP from glucose. Some bacteria use anaerobic electron transport or fermentation which does not require oxygen. Fermentation produces less ATP than aerobic respiration but allows organisms to generate energy without oxygen.
Metabolic Fate of Pyruvate and Cori cycle and Alanine cycle Cori & Alanine cy...
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Glycogen by Shivneel Singh
1. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule made of glucose units that is stored mainly in the liver and muscle.
2. Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) converts glucose into glycogen through a series of enzymatic reactions, while glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) converts glycogen back into glucose.
3. Liver glycogen breakdown provides glucose to the bloodstream, while muscle glycogen breakdown provides glucose locally without releasing it into circulation.
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Fermentation
1. The document describes different types of fermentation including alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. It provides details on the products and pathways of each type.
2. It asks multiple choice questions about the topics covered, including what products come from alcoholic fermentation, what taste lactic acid bacteria give foods, examples of milk products from lactic acid fermentation, and differences between fermentation and aerobic respiration.
3. A timeline is provided showing intervals of exercise, and questions ask about when the body switches energy sources, which process provides more energy for different durations of exercise, and where the body gets energy for a 25-minute race.
Cellular respiration updated
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle, where more ATP is generated. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used to power ATP synthase and produce large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis. The final products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Fermentation
Fermentation can take place aerobically or anaerobically in cells. Anaerobic fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen after glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol via acetaldehyde. Lactic acid fermentation directly reduces pyruvate to lactate without carbon dioxide release and causes muscle fatigue and pain in humans during low oxygen states.
Lec08 gluco neo
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver and kidneys. During periods of fasting, hepatic stores are depleted and glucose must be formed from substrates like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids. The key steps involve carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase, transport of oxaloacetate to the cytoplasm, its decarboxylation to phosphoenolpyruvate by PEP carboxykinase, and the reversal of glycolytic reactions to generate glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by hormones like glucagon and the
Resp intro
This document discusses respiration and gas exchange. It explains that aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic respiration in yeast breaks down glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration in humans produces lactic acid instead of alcohol when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to muscles during vigorous exercise.
Releasing Energy From Food Cellular Respiration
Organisms use cellular respiration to release energy from carbohydrates like glucose. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor to produce ATP from glucose. Some bacteria use anaerobic electron transport or fermentation which does not require oxygen. Fermentation produces less ATP than aerobic respiration but allows organisms to generate energy without oxygen.
Metabolic Fate of Pyruvate and Cori cycle and Alanine cycle Cori & Alanine cy...
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Glycogen by Shivneel Singh
1. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule made of glucose units that is stored mainly in the liver and muscle.
2. Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) converts glucose into glycogen through a series of enzymatic reactions, while glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) converts glycogen back into glucose.
3. Liver glycogen breakdown provides glucose to the bloodstream, while muscle glycogen breakdown provides glucose locally without releasing it into circulation.
Cellular respiration
Organisms use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules like glucose. There are two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, and anaerobic respiration which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration involves fermentation and produces either ethanol or lactic acid instead of fully oxidizing glucose.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP. It involves multiple steps:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
2. The pyruvate molecules then enter the mitochondria where they are further oxidized, producing acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide and generating 2 more NADH per pyruvate.
3. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle uses the acetyl CoA to generate carbon dioxide and produces 6 more NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
This overall process breaks down the glucose molecule, producing
Chapter 9
Cellular respiration is the process by which living cells extract energy from glucose or other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. It has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid, producing more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, the electron transport chain uses these electron carriers to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Fate of pyruvate
The document discusses the fate of pyruvate in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle to generate most ATP molecules. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes fermentation into lactic acid or alcohol, generating no ATP. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscles and red blood cells to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Ethanol fermentation is less common but important for producing items like wine and beer through microbial processes.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present. There are two main ways cells deal with this: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, yeasts convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This regenerates NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals where pyruvate is converted to lactate, also regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis ongoing when oxygen is absent.
Respiration presentation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down food, usually sugar, with oxygen to produce ATP, the main fuel source for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells, where sugar and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through a series of enzyme-driven reactions. Organisms breathe in oxygen to power this process of breaking down food to generate energy in the form of ATP, with carbon dioxide and water being released as waste products.
Glyoxylate cycle
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate which enters the mitochondria, undergoing further breakdown through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and generates up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule for energy in the cell.
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis and PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme and Pentose Phosphat...
The document summarizes key aspects of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate with production of a small amount of energy. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates during periods of fasting or low blood glucose. Both pathways are reciprocally regulated through common enzymes and allosteric effectors like fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to control flux through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis -
Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs primarily in the liver and kidneys. Key substrates include lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. The process is regulated by substrate availability and key enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Gluconeogenesis is critical for maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate intake.
Tca cycle
The TCA cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from these nutrients and provides precursors for amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid synthesis. The cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria and involves 8 steps that completely oxidize acetyl-CoA to produce carbon dioxide and water while generating reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2. These cofactors then transfer electrons to the electron transport chain to facilitate ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Test
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small net gain of two ATP molecules. The pyruvate molecules are then used in the citric acid cycle to continue harvesting energy from glucose through the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers supply energy for the final stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, where ATP is synthesized to capture the energy released during oxidative phosphorylation.
Unit 6
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP per glucose. The citric acid or TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondria and completes the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, producing 2 ATP and other electron carriers per glucose. Finally, the electron transport system uses these carriers to power ATP synthesis, producing 34 additional ATP per glucose through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages fully break down one glucose molecule to produce a net total of 38 ATP through aerobic respiration using oxygen.
Metabolism
This document provides an overview of cellular metabolism, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It discusses various topics such as metabolism, energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions, ATP, enzymes, cellular respiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis. The key points covered are that cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP per glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, while the other stages occur in the mitochondria and produce much more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain.
AP Biology - The stages of cellular respiration, Ch. 7
The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytosol. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA to feed into the citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through the electron transport chain located in the mitochondrial cristae, establishing a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The overall process generates around 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Glyogenesis and lysis pdf
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in animals. It is synthesized from glucose in a process called glycogenesis, which takes place in the cytosol and requires enzymes like glycogen synthase. Glycogen is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis to maintain blood glucose levels between meals or during exercise. Key steps include the actions of glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme. Glycogen metabolism is regulated by allosteric effectors, hormones, and calcium levels to balance glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Cori cycle
The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway where lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back to glucose, which returns to the muscles. During intense exercise, muscles produce lactic acid when oxygen demand exceeds supply. The lactic acid travels to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate and then glucose through gluconeogenesis. The glucose returns to the muscles and is broken down again to lactic acid, completing the cycle. The Cori cycle plays an important role in preventing lactic acidosis in muscles during exercise and provides energy when muscle activity stops to repay oxygen debt.
Question 4
Pyruvate has two main fates depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase and enters the TCA cycle to generate most ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to produce a small amount of ATP, either producing lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation in muscles and red blood cells lacking mitochondria or ethanol via alcohol fermentation.
Fotossíntese e Fermentação
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O pesadelo de goainia
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Cellular respiration
Organisms use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules like glucose. There are two main types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, and anaerobic respiration which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration involves fermentation and produces either ethanol or lactic acid instead of fully oxidizing glucose.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP. It involves multiple steps:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
2. The pyruvate molecules then enter the mitochondria where they are further oxidized, producing acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide and generating 2 more NADH per pyruvate.
3. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle uses the acetyl CoA to generate carbon dioxide and produces 6 more NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
This overall process breaks down the glucose molecule, producing
Chapter 9
Cellular respiration is the process by which living cells extract energy from glucose or other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. It has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid, producing more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, the electron transport chain uses these electron carriers to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Fate of pyruvate
The document discusses the fate of pyruvate in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle to generate most ATP molecules. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes fermentation into lactic acid or alcohol, generating no ATP. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscles and red blood cells to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Ethanol fermentation is less common but important for producing items like wine and beer through microbial processes.
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Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present. There are two main ways cells deal with this: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, yeasts convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This regenerates NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals where pyruvate is converted to lactate, also regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis ongoing when oxygen is absent.
Respiration presentation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down food, usually sugar, with oxygen to produce ATP, the main fuel source for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells, where sugar and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through a series of enzyme-driven reactions. Organisms breathe in oxygen to power this process of breaking down food to generate energy in the form of ATP, with carbon dioxide and water being released as waste products.
Glyoxylate cycle
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate which enters the mitochondria, undergoing further breakdown through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and generates up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule for energy in the cell.
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis and PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme and Pentose Phosphat...
The document summarizes key aspects of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate with production of a small amount of energy. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates during periods of fasting or low blood glucose. Both pathways are reciprocally regulated through common enzymes and allosteric effectors like fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to control flux through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis -
Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors and occurs primarily in the liver and kidneys. Key substrates include lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. The process is regulated by substrate availability and key enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Gluconeogenesis is critical for maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate intake.
Tca cycle
The TCA cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from these nutrients and provides precursors for amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid synthesis. The cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria and involves 8 steps that completely oxidize acetyl-CoA to produce carbon dioxide and water while generating reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2. These cofactors then transfer electrons to the electron transport chain to facilitate ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Test
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small net gain of two ATP molecules. The pyruvate molecules are then used in the citric acid cycle to continue harvesting energy from glucose through the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers supply energy for the final stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, where ATP is synthesized to capture the energy released during oxidative phosphorylation.
Unit 6
Cellular respiration involves three main stages to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP per glucose. The citric acid or TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondria and completes the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, producing 2 ATP and other electron carriers per glucose. Finally, the electron transport system uses these carriers to power ATP synthesis, producing 34 additional ATP per glucose through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages fully break down one glucose molecule to produce a net total of 38 ATP through aerobic respiration using oxygen.
Metabolism
This document provides an overview of cellular metabolism, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It discusses various topics such as metabolism, energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions, ATP, enzymes, cellular respiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis. The key points covered are that cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP per glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, while the other stages occur in the mitochondria and produce much more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain.
AP Biology - The stages of cellular respiration, Ch. 7
The document summarizes the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytosol. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA to feed into the citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through the electron transport chain located in the mitochondrial cristae, establishing a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The overall process generates around 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Glyogenesis and lysis pdf
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in animals. It is synthesized from glucose in a process called glycogenesis, which takes place in the cytosol and requires enzymes like glycogen synthase. Glycogen is broken down to glucose through glycogenolysis to maintain blood glucose levels between meals or during exercise. Key steps include the actions of glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme. Glycogen metabolism is regulated by allosteric effectors, hormones, and calcium levels to balance glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Cori cycle
The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway where lactic acid produced during anaerobic glycolysis in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back to glucose, which returns to the muscles. During intense exercise, muscles produce lactic acid when oxygen demand exceeds supply. The lactic acid travels to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate and then glucose through gluconeogenesis. The glucose returns to the muscles and is broken down again to lactic acid, completing the cycle. The Cori cycle plays an important role in preventing lactic acidosis in muscles during exercise and provides energy when muscle activity stops to repay oxygen debt.
Question 4
Pyruvate has two main fates depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase and enters the TCA cycle to generate most ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to produce a small amount of ATP, either producing lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation in muscles and red blood cells lacking mitochondria or ethanol via alcohol fermentation.
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Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis and PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme and Pentose Phosphat...
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AP Biology - The stages of cellular respiration, Ch. 7
AP Biology - The stages of cellular respiration, Ch. 7
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Apresentação cesio 137
"Esta apresentação, referência a um trabalho relacionado a radiação, onde trabalhou-se, o acidente radioativo do césio-137."
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knowyou.pptx
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria and release more energy through the oxidation of pyruvate and other molecules, producing much more ATP through chemiosmosis. Together, these stages of cellular respiration fully break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to capture energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular respiration part 1
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in both plants and animals and takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, where more ATP is produced. Without oxygen, fermentation occurs instead to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
Chapter 7 - Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP. It takes place in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP, while the electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic cellular respiration is the most efficient pathway for producing ATP.
8.3 cellular respiration 2014
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - to break down glucose and harvest its chemical energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces more ATP and waste carbon dioxide. During the electron transport chain, electrons are passed down a chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. This powers ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis and produces water as a waste product. Anaerobic respiration can also occur through fermentation if oxygen is absent, producing only a small amount of ATP.
Cellular respiration notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate in the mitochondria to produce electron carriers. In the final stage, the electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons across a membrane and generate a large amount of ATP through chemiosmosis. Cellular respiration is an aerobic process, but anaerobic respiration can also occur without oxygen through fermentation pathways like lactic acid or ethanol production.
8.2 Cellular Respiration 2014
Cellular respiration harvests chemical energy from food like carbohydrates to make ATP, the energy currency of cells. It involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose without oxygen to make a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products and makes more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate the most ATP through chemiosmosis. When oxygen is absent, fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation allow some ATP production through anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are where most ATP is produced through aerobic respiration.
Photo&cr notes
This document summarizes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-stage process in chloroplasts. The glucose produced can be broken down through cellular respiration in mitochondria to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work in a constant cycle to provide energy for plants and animals. Key compounds involved include glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and ADP.
Cellular_Respiration.ppt
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food molecules and release energy stored in chemical bonds. It occurs in the mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and yields some ATP. If oxygen is present, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produce much more ATP through aerobic respiration. If oxygen is absent, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by producing lactic acid or ethanol. Overall, cellular respiration releases energy from nutrients through breakdown and oxidation to fuel cellular functions and produce 36-38 ATP molecules. [/SUMMARY]
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces electron carriers. The electron transport chain uses these carriers to pump protons and produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration includes all three stages and occurs with oxygen, while anaerobic respiration involves only glycolysis and occurs without oxygen. Both provide energy to cells through ATP production.
Fermentation processes and their application
Fermentation is a process by which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation - alcoholic fermentation which produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid. Fermentation is used to produce many foods like bread, yogurt, cheese, and beverages like wine. It is also used industrially to produce chemicals like acetone, butanol and ethanol through ABE fermentation of Clostridia bacteria, and amino acids through the growth of various microorganisms. Common products of fermentation include foods, industrial chemicals, enzymes, vitamins and pharmaceuticals.
cellular respiration 2022.pptx
1. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposing reactions. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
2. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce the most ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation when oxygen is absent. Glycolysis is the only process that occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
3. The electron transport chain produces the most ATP and requires oxygen, so it only occurs during aerobic cellular respiration. Glycolysis and fermentation occur in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria
9-1 Cellular Respiration
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and its three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It begins by asking multiple choice and true/false questions about glycolysis and cellular respiration. It then discusses that glycolysis yields 2 ATP molecules net and produces NADH. When oxygen is absent, fermentation occurs instead of the later respiration stages, producing either lactic acid or ethanol. Glycolysis is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration as it breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid.
Sheriff kubeka
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to extract energy. It involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes, pumping protons across a membrane and producing most of the ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the most energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.
RESPIRATION.ppt
Plants perform photosynthesis, which uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and sugars like glucose. Glucose is used by plants and animals to produce energy through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration takes place in three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. This occurs either with or without oxygen. Aerobic respiration using oxygen produces much more ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces lactic acid or ethanol, with fewer ATP produced.
cellular respiratio.ppt
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and other food sources to release energy. There are two main types of respiration: anaerobic, which does not require oxygen, and aerobic, which does. Anaerobic respiration includes glycolysis and fermentation in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and occurs in mitochondria through multiple processes, producing much more ATP. The energy released is captured in ATP, which cells use like a currency to power various processes.
cellular respiratio.ppt
This document summarizes cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and other food sources to release energy. There are two main types: anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, while aerobic respiration does. Anaerobic processes like glycolysis and fermentation occur in the cytoplasm and produce a small amount of ATP. Aerobic processes take place in the mitochondria and fully break down pyruvate from glycolysis into CO2, producing much more ATP with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. The ATP produced is the cell's energy currency, and is constantly broken down and remade through metabolic pathways to power cellular work.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy from nutrients like glucose. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Anaerobic respiration occurs in two steps - glycolysis and fermentation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing 2 ATP. Fermentation further breaks down pyruvic acid into either alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid, but produces no additional ATP. Aerobic respiration occurs in three steps - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - and yields much more ATP, around 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration is thus much more efficient at producing
ppt chapter 4 respiration- The source of energy.pptx
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Cellular Respiration
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
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Use this one_respiration & fermentation
- 2. Harvesting energy stored in food • Cellular respiration – breaking down food to produce ATP • in mitochondria • using oxygen food – “aerobic” respiration – usually digesting glucose • but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins O2 glucose + oxygen → + carbon dioxide + water C6H12O6 + 6O2 → + 6CO2 + 6H2O ATP
- 3. Mitochondria Located in plant and animal cells
- 4. What do we need to make energy? • The “Furnace” for making energy – mitochondria • Fuel – food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Helpers – oxygen – enzymes food enzymes • Product – ATP • Waste products – carbon dioxide • then used by plants – water O2 ATP CO2 H2O
- 5. Chemical Structure of ATP
- 6. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36-38 ATP • • • • Uses O2 (aerobic) Starts in the cytoplasm but ends in mitochondria Eukaryotic organisms 3 steps: – Glycolosis – Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle) – Electron transport chain • 36-38 ATP are produced
- 7. Metabolism of Glucose • • • • A multistep pathway Catalyzed by an enzyme at every step Energy is transferred to ATP 3 major processes that are important for the “harvest” of energy from glucose – Glycolysis – splitting into pyruvic acid – Fermentation - anaerobic – Cellular Respiration - aerobic
- 8. cellular
- 9. Anaerobic Respiration • Fermentation – alcohol fermentation • yeast – glucose → ATP + CO2+ alcohol – make beer, wine, bread – lactic acid fermentation • bacteria, animals – glucose → ATP + lactic acid – bacteria make yogurt – animals feel muscle fatigue
- 10. Fermentation C6H12O6 2CO2 + C2H5OH + 2 ATP • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell • NO O2 is present (anaerobic) • Prokaryotic organisms (don’t have membrane-bound organelles) and sometimes in eukaryotic* • Two short fermentation pathways are the best understood – Lactic acid: • End byproduct is lactic acid – Alcohol: • End byproduct is ethyl alcohol • 2 ATP are produced
- 11. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Occurs in many microorganisms & in some muscle tissues* • *Energy is needed for muscle contraction – Blood cannot supply muscles with O2 fast enough so muscle cells revert to lactic acid fermentation – Lactic acid build is what causes muscle cramping
- 12. Alcohol Fermentation • Occurs in some yeasts & plants cells under anaerobic conditions • Result is ethyl alcohol • Alcohol beverages and bread are made using this type of fermentation
- 13. Summary of Cellular Energy Processes QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Editor's Notes
- Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water