The document describes the internal architecture and components of the 8085 microprocessor. It includes the following main units: 1) Processing unit containing the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), accumulator, flags register, and temporary register for performing arithmetic and logical operations. 2) Storage and interface unit containing registers like the general purpose registers, stack pointer, program counter, and address/data buffers for memory interfacing. 3) Instruction unit containing the instruction register, decoder and timing/control section for fetching and decoding instructions. 4) Interrupt and serial I/O unit for handling interrupts and serial communication with peripheral devices. The 8085 uses address, data and control buses to interface with external memory and devices.

1. Architecture of 8085

2. Block Diagram of 8085

3. The internal architecture of 8085
Includes
 Arithmetic and Logical Unit
 Register Array
 Instruction Register and Decoder
 Interrupt Control
 Serial I/O Control
 Timing and Control Unit
 Internal Data Bus

4. Units of 8085
1. Processing Unit
2. Storage and Interface Unit
3. Instruction Unit
4. Interrupt and Serial input/output unit

5. 1. Processing Unit
ALU
Accumulator
Temporary Register
Flags

6. ALU
 The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as ‘add’, ‘subtract’,
‘AND’, ‘OR’ etc.
 Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic operation and
always stores result of operation in Accumulator.
 The sequence of operations in ALU are given below
 One operand is in the A register
 The other may be in one of the GPR or memory location, which will be transferred to the temporary
register(TR)
 The contents of A and TR are the inputs of ALU on which specified operation is performed
 The result of ALU operation is transferred in the A register through internal data bus
 The content of the flag register will be changed depending on the result

7. Accumulator
 The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of processing unit.
 This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical
operations. The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.
 The accumulator is also identified as register A.

8. Flag register
 8085 has 8-bit flag register. There are only 5 active flags.
 Flags are flip-flops which are used to indicate the status of the accumulator and other
register after the completion of operation.
 These flip-flops are set or reset according to the data condition of the result in the
accumulator and other registers.

9. 2. Storage and Interface Unit
 General Purpose Registers
 Stack Pointer
 Program Counter
 Increment/Decrement Address Latch
 Address Buffer
 Address/Data Buffer

10. General Purpose Registers
 There are six 8-bit general purpose registers B, C, D, E, H & L.
 General purpose registers are used for temporary storage of data and intermediate
results while the processor is executing the program.
 Two eight bit registers can be combined for handling 16-bit data and Combination of
two 8-bit registers is known as pair.
 Valid register pairs are B-C, D-E, H-L.
 The H-L pair is used to address memories.

11. Stack pointer
 The stack pointer is a 16-bit register which basically serves two purposes.
a) Points towards the stack memory. Initially it indicates the beginning of the stack
memory. Whenever something is added to the stack, the stack pointer is decremented
and whenever something is removed from the stack the stack pointer is incremented.
Hence the stack pointer always points to the top of the stack.
b) Stack pointer also points towards the memory location where the µP has to go after
attending an interrupt or a subroutine; therefore it acts as a bookmark.

12. Program Counter
 It is a 16-bit register which holds the address of the instructions.
 Initially it indicates towards the starting address of the program but after the first
instruction is fetched the program counter automatically gets incremented by one and
points towards the next instruction.
 This process continues till the end of the program.

13. Increment/Decrement address latch
 It is another 16-bit internal register latch available in the register section for internal
operations and is not accessible to the user.
 It selects an address to be sent out from the program counter, from the stack pointer,
or from one of the 16-bit register pairs.
 It latches this address onto the address lines for the required time.
 This 16-bit circuit is used to increment or decrement the contents of program counter
or stack pointer as a part of execution of instructions related to them

14. Address /Data buffer and Address buffer
 Address/Data Bus Buffer (AD0 to AD7) is a 8-bit bidirectional buffer.
 Address Bus buffer( A8 to A15) is a 8-bit unidirectional buffer.
 The contents of the stack pointer and program counter are loaded into the address buffer and
address-data buffer.
 These buffers are then used to drive the external address bus and address-data bus.
 As the memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data to
the memory and I/O chips
 The address-data buffer is not only connected to the external data bus but also to the internal data
bus which consists of 8-bits.
 The address data buffer can both send and receive data from internal data bus

15. 3. Instruction Unit
 Instruction Register
 Instruction Decoder
 Timing and Control Section

16. Instruction Register and Decoder
 The first word of an instruction is the operation code, i.e., binary code for that
instruction.
 In the first machine cycle of any instruction µ𝑝 fetches the instruction from the memory.
 The op-code representing the instruction to be executed is fetched from the (program)
memory location pointed to by (PC) and loaded into the instruction register (IR).
 The IR passes this op-code to the instruction decoder which interprets this op-code
appropriately in order to decide what operation needs to be done for executing this
instruction.
 The instruction decoder tells the control unit the type of instruction to be executed; the
number of machine cycles necessary to execute the instruction etc.

17. Contd.
 E.g. if the instruction is ADI 04H, then the first binary code read by the µ𝑝 is C6H into the
(IR).
 After decoding this, the decoder will recognize that another memory read cycle is required
to read 04H to be added to the number in the accumulator.
 The decoder will direct the control circuit to send out another memory read pulse and
transfers the data coming on the data bus into the temporary register (Temp), so that it
can be added to the accumulator.
 When the addition is completed the control circuit directs the result back to the
accumulator.
 The program counter is then incremented to point the next memory address and send out
another memory read pulse to read the µ𝑝 code of next instruction from memory.

18. Timing and Control Section

19. Contd.
 Timing and control unit is a very important unit as it synchronizes the registers and flow of
data through various registers and other units.
 It provides timing & control signals necessary to all the operations in the microcomputer.
 This unit consists of an oscillator and controller sequencer which sends control signals needed
for controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and peripherals (input, output &
memory).
 The oscillator generates two-phase clock signals which aids in synchronizing all the registers
of 8085 microprocessor.

20. Signals that are associated with Timing
and control unit are:
1. Control Signals: READY, RD(active low), WR (active low), ALE
2. Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M(active low)
3. DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
4. RESET Signals: RESET IN(active low), RESET OUT

21. What is Clock ?
 We need some timing or clocking mechanism so as to decide when the output is going to
change i.e. at which point of time things will change.
 A clock signal is nothing but a train of pulses that oscillates between a high and a low
state that is, which alternates between 0 and 1 values.
A clock generator is used to generate a clock, which is an oscillator that provides a square wave output.

22. Clock cycle
 The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by the clock cycle,
which is the amount of time between two pulses of an oscillator.
 The higher number of pulses per second, the faster the computer processor will
be able to process information.
 The frequency of a processor is measured in clock cycles per second

23. 4. Interrupt Control Unit
 Interrupts are the Signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor to
perform a task. So it’s a mechanism by which an I/O device or an instruction can suspend
the normal execution of processor and get itself serviced.
 Consider that a microprocessor is executing the main program. Now whenever the interrupt
signal is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from main program to
process the incoming request and after the completion of request, the control goes back to
the main program.
 On occurring of interrupt the microprocessor temporarily stops the execution of main
program and transfers control to specific special routine known as "Interrupt Service
Routine"(ISR). After ISR control is transferred back to main program.
 Interrupt signals present in 8085 are Trap, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, INTR.

24. Serial I/O control section
 Serial I/O is a method of communicating data between devices, typically a
computer and its peripherals, in which the individual data bits being sent
and receive sequentially.
 The microprocessor performs serial data input or output (one bit at a
time). In serial transmission, data bits are sent over a single line, one bit at
a time.
 The 8085 has two signals to implement the serial transmission: SID (serial
input data) and SOD (serial output data)

25. 8085 System Bus
 System bus is basically a group of communication lines/wires that are
responsible for transferring information between different units of the device
or peripherals.
 A typical microprocessor communicates with memory and other devices
using three buses:
Address bus
Data bus and
Control bus.

26. Address bus:
 Address bus is a unidirectional group of 16 lines i.e. bits flow in
one direction from the µP to the peripheral devices.
 The 8085 µP with it’s 16 address lines is capable of addressing
216=65536 (64K) memory locations.
 The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15 which are
unidirectional , known as higher order address bus.
 Other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time shared) with the 8
data bits i.e. AD0 – AD7, known as lower order address bus as
well as data bus.

27. Contd.
 So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as A0 –
A7 and D0 – D7 at the same time.
 During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the
address bits during the early part, then during the late parts
of the execution, they carry the 8 data bits.

28. Data bus:
 Data bus carries data in binary form, between microprocessor
and peripheral devices as well as memory.
 It is a group of bidirectional 8-bits from AD0 – AD7 .
 Data bus is time multiplexed with the lower order address
bus, i.e. AD0 – AD7
 They are used as low-order address bus as well as data bus
and therefore they are known as multiplexed address/data
bus.

29. Control bus:
 The control bus is combination of various single lines that
carry control signals.
 The control lines are not group of lines like address and data
bus but are individual lines.

30. Demultiplexing of AD7-AD0
 AD7– AD0 lines are serving a dual purpose and that they need to be
demultiplexed to get all the information.
 The high order bits of the address remain on the bus for three clock periods.
However, the low order bits remain for only one clock period and they
would be lost if they are not saved externally.
 To make sure we have the entire address for the full three clock cycles, we
will use an external latch to save the value of AD7– AD0 when it is carrying
the address bits.
 We use the ALE signal to enable this latch

31. Contd.
Given that ALE operates as a
pulse during T1, we will be
able to latch the address.
Then when ALE goes low, the
address is saved and the AD7–
AD0 lines can be used for
their purpose as the bi-
directional data lines.

32. Contd.
 The high order address is placed on the address bus and hold
for 3 clock periods.
 The low order address is lost after the first clock period, this
address needs to be hold however we need to use latch.
 The address AD7 – AD0 is connected as inputs to the latch
74LS373.
 The ALE signal is connected to the enable (G) pin of the latch
and the OC – Output control – of the latch is grounded

33. Contd.
 In first T state Microprocessor generates the address on Address Bus, half
portion of address (lower order address) is generated on AD0-AD7 . This
Address bits are captured by D latches and stored in.
 During next cycles say T2, T3 and so on, MP can use AD0-AD7 as Data Bus to
send receives data. During this period the initially generated Address is also
available at output pins of D Latches.
 74LS373is used as Address Latch it contains 8 D Latches to store lower half of
address.(8 bits).