8. cell division.ppt
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This document provides an overview of cell division, including the two main types - somatic cell division and reproductive cell division. Somatic cell division, via mitosis, produces two identical cells to replace dead or damaged cells. Reproductive cell division, via meiosis, produces gametes and reduces the chromosome number by half. Mitosis and meiosis are then described in more detail, outlining their key phases and processes. The role of cell division in development and growth is also mentioned.
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Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. During cell division, the DNA is copied and organized into chromosomes. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells. Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, increasing genetic variation in offspring.
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Chapter 5 cell division SPM Biology Form 4
Mitosis and meiosis both involve cell division, but have key differences:
Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells through one nuclear division, while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions. Meiosis involves homologous chromosome pairing and crossing over during prophase I, which introduces genetic variation. The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells, and the second division separates sister chromatids. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction to generate egg and sperm cells.
Mitosis And Meiosis
Embryology is the study of development of an embryo and fetus. It helps understand complex anatomy and explain abnormalities. Chromosomes contain DNA that transmits genetic information through cell division. Mitosis produces daughter cells identical to the parent, while meiosis reduces chromosome number by half to form gametes. The cell cycle includes interphase for DNA replication and cell growth, then mitosis with four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs align and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. The cell then divides, separating the homologous chromosomes. Meiosis II then divides the remaining sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. This process ensures genetic variation between gametes through independent assortment and crossing over during Meiosis I.
5 cell and nuclear division
Mitosis allows for the growth, repair, and asexual reproduction of organisms by producing genetically identical daughter cells. It involves several stages: interphase for cell growth and DNA replication, followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Telomeres prevent loss of genes during DNA replication. Controlled mitosis is crucial for development but uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer if mutations disrupt cell cycle regulation and cause non-stop cell division forming tumors. Mitosis is applied in cloning through tissue culture techniques.
Cell_Division_Mitosis_Meiosis_ppt.pptx
Here are the key points about meiosis:
1. Mitosis produces genetically identical diploid body cells.
2. Meiosis produces genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
3. Humans have 23 chromosomes in their haploid gametes.
4. Meiosis involves two cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) which results in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell.
5. Chromosomes are replicated once before meiosis, not between the two meiotic divisions.
6. Cells become genetically different during meiosis due to independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over.
Cell_Division_Mitosis_Meiosis_ppt_{SIS7DDA7B647659}.pptx
Here are the key points about meiosis:
1. Mitosis produces genetically identical diploid body cells.
2. Meiosis produces genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
3. Humans have 23 chromosomes in their haploid gametes.
4. Meiosis involves two cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) which results in four haploid daughter cells from one original diploid cell.
5. Chromosomes are replicated once before meiosis, not between the two meiotic divisions.
6. Cells become genetically different during meiosis due to independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over.
4. Cell division - Anatomy - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptx
It is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.
It is an essential biological process in many organisms. It is the means used by multicellular organisms in order to grow, repair, and reproduce.
Types of Cell division:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Mitosis: Mitosis is a division of the nucleus to produce two new daughter cells containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell.
Phases of Mitosis:
Mitosis is a continuous process and divided into different phases based on the appearance and behavior of the chromosomes.
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
1.Prophase:
Early prophase:
During prophase chromatin (the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus), condense and become visible in a light microscope
Nucleolus disappears & Paired centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
The replicated chromosomes have an X shape and are called sister chromatids. The sister chromatids are joined at a point called the centromere.
Late prophase:
Nuclear membrane disappears
a structure called the mitotic spindle begins to form at opposite ends of the cell (responsible for separating the sister chromatids into two cells)
2. Prometaphase: Prometaphase is the second stage of mitosis. In prometaphase,
Chromosomes continue to condense
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitotic spindle attach to kinetochores
Centrosomes move toward opposite poles
3. Metaphase:
Metaphase is the third step in mitosis.
Mitotic spindle is fully developed
Sister chromatids line up at the spindle equator
At the end of metaphase, the centromeres start to divide
4.Anaphase:
Anaphase begin with the separation of the centromeres
Sister chromatids together break down
Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
The sister chromatids are drawn to opposite poles of the cell by contraction of spindle fibers
5.Telophase:
Telophase begin when the two sets of daughter chromosomes have reached the two poles of the cell.
The spindle fibers breaks down,
The nuclear membrane forms around each set of daughter chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear
The chromosomes uncoil and become less visible under the light microscope
6. Cytokinesis:
Cytokinesis is the sixth and final step of mitosis & A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division to form two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis takes place when the Cytoplasm divides and two cells with identical genetic material are formed Daughter Cells
Meiosis:
Meiosis Takes place in the Gametes of an organism
People have a Chromosome count of 46
When an egg joins a sperm the count must stay at 46 to remain human
So, the egg can only have 23 chromosomes, and the sperm can only have 23 chromosomes
But, the integrity of the organism must be maintained.
During Meiosis diploid cells are reduced to haploid cells
Diploid (2n) to Haploid (n):
During Meiosis gamete (sex
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells and occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes involved in sexual reproduction, where the union of male and female gametes leads to fertilization and the formation of a new individual with a mix of genetic material.
cell division mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell during growth and tissue repair. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells, reducing the chromosome number by half so fertilization restores the number. The cell cycle includes interphase where DNA replicates and cell growth occurs, as well as mitosis where chromosomes separate into two daughter cells. Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer.
Cell division, a new way.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during growth and repair of the body. It ensures the genetic makeup remains the same. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It results in genetic diversity that is important for sexual reproduction.
Cell division/Cell Cycle/ DNA duplication
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
JNL College ( Pallavi for Botany B.Sc Part I) Topic-Cell Division.pdf
The document summarizes the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through replication of genetic material and division, while meiosis produces four genetically distinct gametes through two cell divisions. It also describes the key stages and substages of each process, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase for both mitosis and meiosis I. Additionally, it notes that meiosis involves a S phase followed by two cell divisions while mitosis involves one cell division.
Ch4cellreproduction
This document provides an overview of cell reproduction and the cell cycle. It begins by introducing cell division and its importance for growth, development, and passing genetic information between cells. It then covers chromosome structure, including that chromosomes are made of DNA coiled around histone proteins.
The document discusses the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases within it (G1, S, G2). It also covers the two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis divides the nucleus and results in two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes. The stages of each type of cell division are described in detail. Finally, the document touches
Chromosomes and cell cycle
Chromosomes are structures located in the nucleus that contain DNA. They carry genetic instructions that are passed down from parents to offspring. Chromosomes vary in number between species and contain genes. During cell division, the chromosome duplicates and divides equally between the two new cells through the process of mitosis. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. When telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer replicate and dies.
Lesson-2-Mitosis-vs.-Meiosis.pptx
The document describes the cell cycle process of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four unique haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell through the two divisions of meiosis I and meiosis II, where homologous chromosomes separate then sister chromatids separate, respectively, reducing the chromosome number by half. The accurate transmission of chromosomes is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
Cell growth & cell division
Cell growth is the irreversible increase in cell size or mass until it reaches its maximum limit, at which point the cell will divide rather than continue growing. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, allowing for cell growth and replacement. Meiosis produces four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes, which occurs in the formation of gametes like eggs and sperm.
Cell division and gametogenesis
Cell division is the process by which cells duplicate their DNA and divide to produce two daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces the chromosome count to produce gametes. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis to split the cell. Meiosis occurs in germ cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count from diploid to haploid. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes by which male and
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JNL College ( Pallavi for Botany B.Sc Part I) Topic-Cell Division.pdf
JNL College ( Pallavi for Botany B.Sc Part I) Topic-Cell Division.pdf
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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8. cell division.ppt
- 1. HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY-I CELL DIVISION Presented By: Lovekesh Singh Assistant Professor ISF College of Pharmacy, MOGA
- 2. Introduction • Most cells of the human body undergo cell division, the process by which cells reproduce themselves. • The two types of cell division 1. somatic cell division 2. reproductive cell division A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ cell. A germ cell is a gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete.
- 3. Cell Division In somatic cell division, a cell undergoes a nuclear division called mitosis and a cytoplasmic division called cytokinesis to produce two identical cells, each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cell. •Somatic cell division replaces dead or injured cells and adds new ones during tissue growth. Reproductive cell division is the mechanism that produces gametes, the cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms. •This process consists of a special two-step division called meiosis, in which the number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced by half.
- 4. Mitosis •Beginning with the fertilised egg, or zygote, cell division is an ongoing process. As the fetus develops in the mother's uterus, its cells multiply and grow into all the specialties that provide the sum total of the body's physiological functions. •The life span of most individual cells is limited. •Many become worn out and die, and are replaced by identical cells by the process of mitosis. •The organelles in the cytoplasm of the daughter cells are incomplete at cell division but they develop as the cell grows to maturity.
- 5. Mitosis is divided into five phases 1. Interphase • The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes. • Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical for the process of cell division. • During interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes. 2. Prophase • The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope. • Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, containing identical genetic information.
- 6. Cont…. •The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are together, and so on. •At the end of prophase the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes. •The mitotic spindle, consisting of the microtubules and other proteins, extends across the cell between the centrioles as they move to opposite poles of the cell. Metaphase: •The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the centre (equator) of the cell. •The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them. •The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chromatids.
- 7. Cont…. Anaphase: •The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole. Telophase •At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together. •A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei. •The single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus.This process is known as cytokinesis.
- 9. Meiosis •This is the process of cell division that occurs in the formation of reproductive cells (gametes — the ova and spermatozoa).The ova grow to maturity in the ovaries of the female and the spermatozoa in the testes of the male. •In meiosis four daughter cells are formed after two divisions. •During meiosis the pairs of chromosomes separate and one from each pair moves to opposite poles of the 'parent' cell. •When it divides, each of the 'daughter' cells has only 23 chromosomes, called the haploid number.This means that when the ovum is fertilized the resultant zygote has the full complement of 46 chromosomes (the diploid number), half from the father and half from the mother.
- 10. Cont…. • Thus the child has some characteristics inherited from the mother and some from the father, such as colour of hair and eyes, height, facial features, and some diseases. Determination of sex depends upon one particular pair of chromosomes: the sex chromosomes. • In the female both sex chromosomes are the same size and shape and are called X chromosomes. • In the male there is one X chromosome and a slightly smallerY chromosome. • When the ovum is fertilised by an X-bearing spermatozoon the child is female and when it is fertilised by aY-bearing spermatozoon the child is male. • Sperm X + ovum X —> child XX = female • SpermY + ovum X —> child XY = male
- 13. References • Gerard J. Tortora (2003). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-10th. • Anne Waugh and Alison Grant (2007) Anatomy and Physiology. Edition-12th
- 14. THANKS