This document provides information about the skeletal system, specifically focusing on the axial skeleton. It defines the main types of bones and classifies them as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. It then describes the functions of bones and divides the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The majority of the document describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It provides details on the individual bones of the skull and vertebral column, including their features and locations.
The document provides information about bones and the skeletal system. It discusses the following key points:
- Bones make up the skeletal system and provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage.
- The skeletal system includes long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It protects organs and allows movement.
- Bones are made of compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum, and marrow. A typical long bone has a diaphysis, epiphyses
Skeletal System and division of axial and appendicularRupaSingh83
The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints of the body. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, which form the core of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletons, with over 200 bones that can be classified by shape.
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
THE SKELETON SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SLIDESHARE Jitendra Bhargav
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system. It begins with classifying the different types of bones as long, short, flat, or irregular. It then describes the axial and appendicular skeleton in detail, identifying the specific bones that make up each part. Finally, it reviews bone tissue, the process of bone formation, growth and remodeling, and the three types of joints and movements they allow. The skeletal system has important functions of support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
The document provides details on the skeletal system, including:
1) There are 206 bones in the human body that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing protection, support, and carrying other body parts. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
2) Bones are composed of organic and inorganic materials and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They contain bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that form and break down bone tissue.
3) The skeletal system functions to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
The document provides information about bones and the skeletal system. It discusses the following key points:
- Bones make up the skeletal system and provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage.
- The skeletal system includes long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It protects organs and allows movement.
- Bones are made of compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum, and marrow. A typical long bone has a diaphysis, epiphyses
Skeletal System and division of axial and appendicularRupaSingh83
The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints of the body. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, which form the core of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletons, with over 200 bones that can be classified by shape.
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
THE SKELETON SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SLIDESHARE Jitendra Bhargav
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system. It begins with classifying the different types of bones as long, short, flat, or irregular. It then describes the axial and appendicular skeleton in detail, identifying the specific bones that make up each part. Finally, it reviews bone tissue, the process of bone formation, growth and remodeling, and the three types of joints and movements they allow. The skeletal system has important functions of support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
The document provides details on the skeletal system, including:
1) There are 206 bones in the human body that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing protection, support, and carrying other body parts. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
2) Bones are composed of organic and inorganic materials and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They contain bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that form and break down bone tissue.
3) The skeletal system functions to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
The skeleton document describes the human skeletal system. It details that the skeleton is made up of 206 bones that form the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles with attached upper and lower limbs). The skeleton enables movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals. It categorizes each bone and describes its location, structure, and relevant features.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together.
The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
he skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.
The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of skeletomuscular system.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. There are two main parts - the axial skeleton along the body's central axis including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and protects internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage, and triglyceride reserves for the body.
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It provides structure and protection to the body. The skeletal system allows for movement through muscle attachment to bones. There are two major divisions of the skeletal system - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum which protect the organs. The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid based on their shape.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
Bones provide structure and support for the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones including the axial skeleton which protects the head and trunk, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Key bones include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skeleton is classified into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull bones, which are divided into the cranium and mandible. The cranium contains eight bones, while the mandible is a single bone. The document further describes several important skull bones in more detail, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone. It outlines the structures and features of each bone.
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON POWERPOINTmhixgoodie
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the anatomy of the human skeleton. It describes the skeletal system as being divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the extremities. It provides details on the types of bones, joints, microscopic structure of bones, and the individual bones that make up the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and extremities. The functions of the skeleton and common conditions that can affect it are also discussed.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The skeletal system consists of bones and cartilage that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and participate in other important bodily functions. The document defines and describes the skeletal system and its components. It discusses the types of bones, bone structure, markings and features, cells, histology, compact vs spongy bone, and divisions of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. Specific details are provided on various bones such as the cranial bones, vertebral column, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy, focusing on the bones of the skull and face. It describes the various bones that make up the cranium and face, including their names, locations, landmarks, and articulation points. Key bones discussed include the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, nasal, vomer and mandible. The document also covers bones of the middle ear, temporomandibular joint, hyoid bone, and fetal skull sutures.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
This document provides information about blood transfusions and the reticuloendothelial system. It begins with an introduction to blood transfusions, explaining that they involve transferring whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream to treat conditions like anemia. It then discusses the different blood types, components that can be transfused like red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and granulocytes. Finally, it describes the reticuloendothelial system as a network of phagocytic cells throughout the body that help clear particles and substances from the blood and tissues, including the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology focusing on the appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also describes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, including the hip bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. References are provided for additional information.
The skeleton document describes the human skeletal system. It details that the skeleton is made up of 206 bones that form the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles with attached upper and lower limbs). The skeleton enables movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals. It categorizes each bone and describes its location, structure, and relevant features.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together.
The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
he skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.
The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of skeletomuscular system.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. There are two main parts - the axial skeleton along the body's central axis including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and protects internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage, and triglyceride reserves for the body.
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It provides structure and protection to the body. The skeletal system allows for movement through muscle attachment to bones. There are two major divisions of the skeletal system - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum which protect the organs. The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid based on their shape.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
Bones provide structure and support for the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones including the axial skeleton which protects the head and trunk, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Key bones include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skeleton is classified into long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull bones, which are divided into the cranium and mandible. The cranium contains eight bones, while the mandible is a single bone. The document further describes several important skull bones in more detail, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone. It outlines the structures and features of each bone.
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON POWERPOINTmhixgoodie
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the anatomy of the human skeleton. It describes the skeletal system as being divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the extremities. It provides details on the types of bones, joints, microscopic structure of bones, and the individual bones that make up the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and extremities. The functions of the skeleton and common conditions that can affect it are also discussed.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The skeletal system consists of bones and cartilage that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and participate in other important bodily functions. The document defines and describes the skeletal system and its components. It discusses the types of bones, bone structure, markings and features, cells, histology, compact vs spongy bone, and divisions of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. Specific details are provided on various bones such as the cranial bones, vertebral column, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy, focusing on the bones of the skull and face. It describes the various bones that make up the cranium and face, including their names, locations, landmarks, and articulation points. Key bones discussed include the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, nasal, vomer and mandible. The document also covers bones of the middle ear, temporomandibular joint, hyoid bone, and fetal skull sutures.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
This document provides information about blood transfusions and the reticuloendothelial system. It begins with an introduction to blood transfusions, explaining that they involve transferring whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream to treat conditions like anemia. It then discusses the different blood types, components that can be transfused like red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and granulocytes. Finally, it describes the reticuloendothelial system as a network of phagocytic cells throughout the body that help clear particles and substances from the blood and tissues, including the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology focusing on the appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also describes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs, including the hip bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. References are provided for additional information.
This document discusses various types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hypolastic anemia, and haemolytic anemias. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type worldwide, caused by a lack of iron intake. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are needed to produce new red blood cells. Pernicious anemia specifically results from a vitamin B12 deficiency. Hypolastic anemia occurs when bone marrow is damaged and unable to produce red blood cells. Haemolytic anemias cause premature destruction of red blood cells. The document also briefly covers polycythaemia,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day can provide significant health benefits.
This document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, including lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs like the spleen and thymus, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It describes how lymph is formed from interstitial fluid, transported through lymphatic vessels and filtered in lymph nodes before returning to the bloodstream. The spleen and thymus are described as lymph organs that help filter pathogens, store blood, and support immune cell development and responses. MALT is diffuse lymphoid tissue found in the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts that helps intercept and destroy antigens entering the body.
This document provides an overview of blood and its composition. It discusses the scope and introduction to blood, including its properties and functions. It outlines the main components of blood, including plasma, formed elements, and platelets. Plasma is described as the straw-colored, slightly alkaline fluid portion of blood. Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against pathogens, and platelets help with clotting. The document also reviews the production and functions of these blood components in more detail.
This document provides an overview of cell division, including the two main types - somatic cell division and reproductive cell division. Somatic cell division, via mitosis, produces two identical cells to replace dead or damaged cells. Reproductive cell division, via meiosis, produces gametes and reduces the chromosome number by half. Mitosis and meiosis are then described in more detail, outlining their key phases and processes. The role of cell division in development and growth is also mentioned.
This document discusses transport processes across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and moves substances down concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients and requires energy, primarily from ATP. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport couples to the flow of ions down their gradients. Examples like sodium-potassium pumps are given to illustrate these transport concepts.
This document discusses hemostasis, the process by which bleeding is stopped. It describes the three main stages of hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting. When a blood vessel is injured, vasoconstriction occurs to reduce blood loss. Then, platelets adhere to the injury site and aggregate to form a temporary platelet plug. Finally, fibrin threads are produced and attach to the platelet plug to completely seal the break in the blood vessel. The coagulation cascade involves multiple clotting factors that activate one another in a chain reaction to ultimately produce a fibrin clot.
The document provides information on human cell structure and organelles. It discusses the basic components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microfilaments. The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and regulates the passage of substances. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular functions. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through aerobic respiration. Ribosomes synthesize proteins using RNA as a template.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology terms. It defines medical imaging as techniques used to visualize internal body structures, which allow for precise diagnosis. It then discusses the levels of organization in the human body from particles to organisms. It also defines common anatomical planes used to divide the body including sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Finally, it lists some common anatomical region terms like abdominal, antebrachial, and femoral.
This document provides an overview of the basic life processes in human anatomy and physiology. It defines six basic life processes: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. For each process, examples from the human body are given to illustrate the function. Metabolism represents the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including breaking down and building up of complex molecules. Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to internal and external changes. Movement refers to motion of the whole body or body parts. Growth is the increase in body size through cell size or amount of material between cells. Differentiation is the development of cells from unspecialized to specialized states. Reproduction creates new cells for tissue maintenance
Epilepsy is a group of disorders of the CNS characterized by paroxysmal cerebra dysrhythmia, manifesting as brief episode (seizures) of loss or disturbance of consciousness, with or without characteristic body movements (convulsions), sensory or psychiatric phenomenon.
Seizure – refers to abnormal firing of neurons
Convulsions – refers to motor incoordination
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a condition where blood pressure is elevated over the long term, which can damage the heart and lead to issues like stroke if not treated. The document discusses pre-hypertension blood pressure levels, stages of hypertension, and common causes like diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. It also examines the pathophysiology (disease processes) of hypertension, including how the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, vascular endothelium, and kidney functions can increase blood pressure through mechanisms like vasoconstriction and increased blood volume.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
1. Human Anatomy & Physiology-I
Skeletal System- Axial
Presented By: Lovekesh Singh
Assistant Professor
ISF College Of Pharmacy, Moga
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Types of bones
• Functions of bones
• Classification of skeletal system
• Axial Skeletal System and its different types
3. Introduction
Bone- Bone is a strong and
durable type of connective
tissue. It consists of:
• water (25%)
• organic constituents
including osteoid (the
carboncontaining part of
the matrix) and bone cells
(25%)
• inorganic constituents,
mainly calcium phosphate
(50%).
4. Types of bones
Bones are classified as long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid.
Long bones As the name suggests the length is much greater
than the width and slightly curved for strength. If bones were
straight, the weight of the body would be unevenly distributed,
and the bone would fracture more easily Examples include the
femur, tibia and fibula.
Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in
length and width. They consist of spongy bone tissue.
Examples of short bones are the carpal (wrist) bones and the
tarsal (ankle) bones (except for the calcaneus or heel bone,
which is an irregular bone).
5. • Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly
parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of
spongy bone tissue. Flat bones include the cranial bones,
which protect the brain; the sternum (breastbone) and ribs,
which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae
(shoulder blades).
• Irregular bones have complex shapes. They vary in the
amount of spongy and compact bone present. Such bones
include the vertebrae (backbones), hip bones, certain facial
bones, and the calcaneus.
• Sesamoid bones (like a sesame seed) develop in certain
tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and
physical stress, such as the palms and soles. They may vary in
number from person to person. Example; patella (knee cap).
6.
7. Functions of bones
Bones have a variety of functions. They-
• provide the framework of the body
• give attachment to muscles and tendons
• permit movement of the body as a whole and of parts of the
body, by forming joints that are moved by muscles
• form the boundaries of the cranial, thoracic and pelvic
cavities, protecting the organs they contain
• contain red bone marrow in which blood cells develop:
haematopoiesis.
• provide a reservoir of minerals, especially calcium phosphate.
8. Classification
The bones of the skeleton are divided into two groups:
1. The axial skeleton – This part consists of the
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Ribs
• Sternum.
2. The appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
• Upper limbs
• Pelvic (hip) girdle
• Lower limbs
12. Skull
The skull rests on the upper end of the vertebral column and its
bony structure is divided into two parts: the cranium and the face.
Cranium The cranium is formed by a number of flat and irregular
bones that provide a bony protection for the brain. It has a base
upon which the brain rests and a vault that surrounds and covers
it. In the mature skull the joints (sutures) between the bones are
immovable (fibrous). The bones have numerous perforations (e.g.
foramina, fissures) through which nerves, blood and lymph vessels
pass. The bones of the cranium are:
1 frontal bone 1 ethmoid bone
2 parietal bones 1 sphenoid bone
2 temporal bones
1 occipital bone
• .
13.
14. Conti….
Frontal bone
• The frontal bone forms the forehead (the anterior part of the
cranium), the roofs of the orbits (eye sockets), and most of the
anterior part of the cranial floor.
• Soon after birth, the left and right sides of the frontal bone are
united by the metopic suture, which usually disappears between the
ages of six and eight.
• The coronal suture joins the frontal and parietal bones and other
fibrous joints are formed with the sphenoid, zygomatic, lacrimal,
nasal and ethmoid bones.
15. Conti….
Parietal bones
• These bones form the sides and roof of the skull. They articulate with
each other at the sagittal suture, with the frontal bone at the coronal
suture, with the occipital bone at the lambdoidal suture and with the
temporal bones at the squamous sutures.
• The inner surface is concave and is grooved by the brain and blood
vessels.
Temporal bones
The two temporal bones forms the inferior parts of cranial cavity.
These bones lie one on each side of the head and form immovable
joints with the parietal, occipital, sphenoid and zygomatic bones. It
consist of following parts
Temporal squama – It is flat part which have zygomatic process
which for connection with zygomatic bone .
16. Conti….
• Petrous part – It forms base of the skull and also forms of bone of
internal ear .
• Mastoid process – It contai mastoid process , A thick region
behind ear .
• Temporamandebular joint – The part where temporal bone joints
with mendible bone .
• External acousticmeatus – Imegiately behind temporamandibular
joint is enternal acoustic meatus which passes inward to the
petrous part .
• Styloid process – It project form lower process of temporal bone
.
• Zygomatic process – The bridge present between the temporal
and zygomatic bone .
17. Occipital bone
• This bone forms the back of the head and part of the base of the
skull. It has immovable joints with the parietal, temporal and
sphenoid bones.
• Formen magnum – The forman magnum is in the inferior part of
the bone, with in their forman medulla olongata connected with the
spinal cord .
• Occipital condyls – The occipital condyles are oval with convex
surface.
Sphenoid bone
• It lies at the middle part of the base of the skull. it articulates with
the occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal bones. This bone is a link
between cranial and facial bones.
• On the superior surface in the middle of the bone there is a little
saddle-shaped depression, the hypophyseal fossa in which the
pituitary gland rests.
18. Conti….
Ethmoid Bone
• It is situated at the roof of nose and between orbits. On each
side are two projections into the nasal cavity, the upper and
middle conchae.
• It is a very delicate bone containing many air sinuses lined with
ciliated epithelium and with openings into the nasal cavity.
• The horizontal flattened part, the cribriform plate, forms the
roof of the nasal cavity and has numerous small foramina
through which nerve fibres of the olfactory nerve (sense of
smell) pass upwards from the nasal cavity to the brain.
• There is also a very fine perpendicular plate of bone that forms
the upper part of the nasal septum.
19. Face
The skeleton of the face is formed by 13 bones in addition to
the frontal bone. It includes
• 2 zygomatic or cheek bones
• 1 maxilla (originated as 2)
• 2 nasal bones
• 2 lacrimal bones
• 1 vomer
• 2 palatine bones
• 2 inferior conchae
• 1 mandible (originated as 2).
20.
21. Conti….
Zygomatic or cheek bones The zygomatic bones form the
prominences of the cheeks and part of the floor and lateral walls of
the orbital cavities.
Maxilla or upper jaw bone This originates as two bones but fusion
takes place before birth. The maxilla forms the upper jaw, the
anterior part of the roof of the mouth, the lateral walls of the nasal
cavity and part of the floor of the orbital cavities.
Nasal bones These are two small flat bones which form the greater
part of the lateral and superior surfaces of the bridge of the nose.
Lacrimal bones These two small bones are posterior and lateral to the
nasal bones and form part of the medial walls of the orbital cavities.
Each is pierced by a foramen for the passage of the nasolacrimal
duct which carries the tears from the medial canthus of the eye to
the nasal cavity.
22. Conti….
• Vomer The vomer is a thin flat bone which extends upwards from
the middle of the hard palate to form the main part of the nasal
septum. Superiorly it articulates with the perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid bone.
• Palatine bones These are two L-shaped bones. The horizontal parts
unite to form the posterior part of the hard palate and the
perpendicular parts project upwards to form part of the lateral walls
of the nasal cavity. At their upper extremities they form part of the
orbital cavities.
• Inferior conchae Each concha is a scroll-shaped bone which forms
part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and projects into it below
the middle concha.
23. • Mandible This is the only movable bone of the skull. It originates as
two parts which unite at the midline. Each half consists of two main
parts: a curved body with the alveolar ridge containing the lower
teeth and a ramus which projects upwards almost at right angles to
the posterior end of the body.
• At the upper end the ramus divides into the condi/lar process which
articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular
joint and the coronoid process that gives attachment to muscles and
ligaments. The point where the ramus joins the body is the angle of
the jaw.
24. Conti….
Hyoid bone
This is an isolated horse-shoe-shaped bone lying in the soft tissues of
the neck just above the larynx and below the mandible . It does not
articulate with any other bone but is attached to the styloid process
of the temporal bone by ligaments. It gives attachment to the base
of the tongue.
The functions of hyoid bone are:
• to give resonance to the voice
• to lighten the bones of the face and cranium, making it easier for
the head to balance on top of the vertebral column.
25. Conti….
• Fontanelles of the skull At birth, ossification of the cranial sutures is
incomplete.
• Where three or more bones meet there are distinct membranous
areas, or fontanelles. The two largest are the anterior fontanelle, not
fully ossified until the child is 12 to 18 months old, and the posterior
fontanelle, usually ossified 2 to 3 months after birth. The skull bones
do not fuse before birth to allow for moulding of the baby's head
during its passage through the birth canal.
26. Vertebral column
• The vertebral column consists of 24 separate movable, irregular
bones, the sacrum (five fused bones) and the coccyx (four fused
bones). The 24 separate bones are in three groups:
• 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar.
• The movable vertebrae have many characteristics in common but
some groups have distinguishing features.
29. Parts of typical vertebra
Vertebrae typically consist of a body, a vertebral arch, and
several processes.
Body The body, the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion, is the
weight bearing part of a vertebra. The anterior and lateral
surfaces contain nutrient foramina, openings through which
blood vessels deliver nutrients and oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide and wastes from bone tissue.
Vertebral Arch Two short, thick processes, the pedicles , project
posteriorly from the vertebral body to unite with the flat
laminae, to form the vertebral arch.
Processes Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch.
31. Cervical vertebrae
• The cervical spine has 7 distinct vertebrae called vertebrae, labeled
C1 through C7. The top of the cervical spine connects to the skull,
and the bottom connects to the upper back at about shoulder level.
• The cervical spine consists of seven, two of which are given unique
names: the first cervical vertebrae (C1) is known as the atlas, and
the second cervical vertebrae (C2) is known as the axis differ from
the other vertebrae because they are designed specifically for
rotation.
• These two cervical vertebrae support the neck to rotate in so many
directions.
• Each vertebra has a large hole (vertebral foramen) for the spinal
cord to pass through. Together, these vertebrae keep the spinal
cord shielded inside a bony tunnel called the spinal canal.
32. Conti….
• The cervical spine handles a heavy load, as the head weighs
on average between 10 and 13 pounds.
• In addition to supporting the head, the cervical spine allows
for the neck’s flexibility and head’s range of motion.
• Small holes (foramina in the transverse processes) in the
cervical spine provide a passageway for vertebral arteries to
carry blood to the brain.
• These openings for the blood vessels are present only in the
vertebrae of the cervical spine from C1 down to C6 (not in
C7 or lower).
33.
34. Features of Vertebral Column
Intervertebral discs
• The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by intervertebral
discs, consisting of an outer rim of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus)
and a central core of soft gelatinous material (nucleus pulposus).
They are thinnest in the cervical region and become progressively
thicker towards the lumbar region.
• The posterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral canal helps to
keep them in place. They have a shock-absorbing function and the
cartilaginous joints they form contribute to the flexibility of the
vertebral column as a whole.
35. Thoracic Region
• Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) are considerably larger and stronger
than cervical vertebrae. In addition, the spinous processes on T1 and
T2 are long, laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly. In contrast,
the spinous processes on T11 and T12 are shorter, broader, and
directed more posteriorly.
• Compared to cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae also have longer
and larger transverse processes. The feature of the thoracic
vertebrae that distinguishes them from other vertebrae is that they
articulate with the ribs. Except for T11 and T12, the transverse
processes have facets for articulating with the tubercles of the ribs.
The bodies of thoracic vertebrae also have either facets or
demifacets (half facets) for articulation with the heads of the ribs.
• The articulations between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs, called
vertebrocostal joints, occur on both sides of the vertebral body.
36.
37. Lumbar Region
• The lumbar vertebrae are bones that make up the spinal column or
backbone, specifically within the lower back.
• These bones are below the cervical and thoracic vertebrae but above
the sacrum or pelvis.
• They are the largest of the unfused vertebrae, and are larger than
the bones located above.
• There are five lumbar vertebrae in humans, referred to as L1 through
L5. L1 is closest to the thoracic vertebrae, while L5 is adjacent to the
pelvis.
• The lumbar vertebrae’s function is to support the great weight of the
body and allow certain movements, such as lifting objects.
38. Conti….
• The lumbar vertebrae flex and extend through rotation
between the vertebrae and movements in the sagittal
plane between them.
• These bones also protect the spinal cord and nerves from
injury and provide a measure of support.
• The lumbar vertebrae are the biggest vertebral bones.
• They increase in size further down the spine in order to
support the increasing weight of the body.
39.
40. Sacrum
• The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral
vertebrae (S1–S5).
• The sacral vertebrae begin to fuse in individuals between 16 and 18
years of age, a process usually completed by age 30. Positioned at
the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity medial to the two hip
bones.
• The sacrum is located in between the right and left iliac bones (hips)
and forms the back of the pelvis.
• The sacrum, along with the coccyx and 2 sacroiliac joints make up
the pelvic girdle.
41.
42. Coccyx
• The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape. It is formed by the
fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae. The coccygeal vertebrae
fuse somewhat later than the sacral vertebrae, between the ages of
20 and 30.
• On the lateral surfaces of the coccyx are a series of transverse
processes; the first pair are the largest. The coccyx articulates
superiorly with the apex of the sacrum. In females, the coccyx points
inferiorly to allow the passage of a baby during birth; in
males, it points anteriorly.
• The coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone.
• Both structures (sacrum and coccyx) are weight-bearing and integral
to functions such as walking, standing and sitting.
43. Functions of the vertebral column
• Collectively the vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal which
provides a strong bony protection for the delicate spinal cord lying
within it.
• The pedicles of adjacent vertebrae form intervertebral foramina,
one on each side, providing access to the spinal cord for spinal
nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
•The numerous individual bones enable a certain amount of
movement.
• It supports the skull.
• The intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers, protecting the brain.
• It forms the axis of the trunk, giving attachment to the ribs, shoulder
girdle and upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
44. Functions of the vertebral column
• Collectively the vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal which
provides a strong bony protection for the delicate spinal cord lying
within it.
• The pedicles of adjacent vertebrae form intervertebral foramina,
one on each side, providing access to the spinal cord for spinal
nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
•The numerous individual bones enable a certain amount of
movement.
• It supports the skull.
• The intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers, protecting the brain.
• It forms the axis of the trunk, giving attachment to the ribs, shoulder
girdle and upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
45. Thoracic cage
• The term thorax refers to the entire chest.
• The thoracic cage (rib cage) forms the thorax (chest) portion
of the body.
• The costal cartilages attach the ribs to the sternum.
• The thoracic cage is narrower at its superior end and
broader at its inferior end and is flattened from front to
back.
• It encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic like heart
and lungs, provides support for the bones of the upper
limbs.
• It also plays a role in breathing.
46. Thoracic cage
• The bones of the thorax or thoracic cage are:
• 1 sternum
• 12 pairs of ribs
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Sternum or breast bone
Strenum (15cm long) consists of three parts. The superior part is the manubrium,
the middle and largest part is the body; and the inferior, smallest part is the
xiphoid process.
This flat bone also known as breast bone can be felt just under the skin in the
middle of the front of the chest. The manubrium is the uppermost section and
articulates with the clavicles at the sternoclavicular joints and with the first two
pairs of ribs. The body or middle portion gives attachment to the ribs.
The xiphoid process is the tip of the bone. It gives attachment to the diaphragm,
muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and the linea alba.
47. •Ribs
There are 12 pairs of ribs which form the bony lateral walls of
the thoracic cage and articulate posteriorly with the thoracic
vertebrae.
• The first through seventh pairs of ribs have a direct anterior
attachment to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called
costal cartilage.
48. Conti….
• The costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage and prevent
various blows to the chest from fracturing the sternum and/or ribs.
• The ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum are called
true (vertebrosternal) ribs.
• The first rib does not move during respiration.
• The spaces between the ribs are occupied by the intercostals muscles. During
inspiration, when these muscles contract, the ribs and sternum are lifted upwards
and outwards, increasing the capacity of the thoracic cavity.
• The remaining five pairs of ribs are termed false ribs because their costal
cartilages either attach indirectly to the sternum or do not attach to the sternum
at all. The cartilages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs attach to one
another and then to the cartilages of the seventh pair of ribs. These false ribs are
called vertebrochondral ribs.
• The eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs are false ribs designated as floating
(vertebral) ribs because the costal cartilage at their anterior ends does not attach
to the sternum at all
50. References
• Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P.
Sembulingam. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.
• Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson,
Churchill Livingstone, New York.
• Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams and
Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA.
• Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton and John.E. Hall.
Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
• Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski. Palmetto,
GA, U.S.A.
• Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje, Academic
Publishers Kolkata.
51. Questions
• Classify bones.
• Write about various types of bones.
• Classify the bones of axial akeletal system.
• Draw a neat and clean diagram of skull and mentions various types of
bones in skull along with their functions.
• What are the various functions of bones?
• Enlist the bones of face along with their functions.