6.human genetics
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This document discusses human genetics, including genetic and environmental factors that contribute to variation between individuals. It describes quantitative traits like height and hair color that are influenced by multiple genes as well as qualitative traits like handedness that are determined by a single gene. The document also covers blood typing, karyotyping, genetic disorders, sex-linked inheritance, autosomal disorders, and sex chromosome disorders.
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Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
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Human genetics
This document discusses basic concepts in human genetics including genes, chromosomes, DNA, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and genetic disorders. It covers key topics like the human genome, inheritance from parents, genetic testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, influences on prenatal development, and genetic counseling.
Mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance and genetics. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). Mendel identified two laws of inheritance: the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation. The Law of Dominance states that some traits (called dominant traits) are expressed even if only one gene is present, while other traits (called recessive traits) are only expressed if two copies of the gene are present. The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass only one of their two genes for each trait randomly to their offspring. Mendel's experiments were the foundation of classical genetics and laid the basis for understanding inheritance.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics Powerpoint
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
Population Genetics 2015 03-20 (AGB 32012)
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next if the population is large, randomly mating, and not experiencing mutation, immigration, emigration or natural selection. It defines key population genetics terms like population, gene pool, allele frequency. It outlines the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and provides an example calculation of genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population of cats. Factors that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include small population size, non-random mating, mutation, migration, and natural selection.
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Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
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This document discusses basic concepts in human genetics including genes, chromosomes, DNA, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and genetic disorders. It covers key topics like the human genome, inheritance from parents, genetic testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, influences on prenatal development, and genetic counseling.
Mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance and genetics. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). Mendel identified two laws of inheritance: the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation. The Law of Dominance states that some traits (called dominant traits) are expressed even if only one gene is present, while other traits (called recessive traits) are only expressed if two copies of the gene are present. The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass only one of their two genes for each trait randomly to their offspring. Mendel's experiments were the foundation of classical genetics and laid the basis for understanding inheritance.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics Powerpoint
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
Population Genetics 2015 03-20 (AGB 32012)
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next if the population is large, randomly mating, and not experiencing mutation, immigration, emigration or natural selection. It defines key population genetics terms like population, gene pool, allele frequency. It outlines the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and provides an example calculation of genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population of cats. Factors that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include small population size, non-random mating, mutation, migration, and natural selection.
Sex linkage
This document discusses sex linkage and color blindness. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele that is tied to the sex chromosomes. It then discusses Thomas Morgan's discovery of sex linkage through his experiments with fruit flies in 1910. The document outlines several examples of sex-linked traits in humans like hemophilia and color blindness. It describes the three types of color blindness and explains that it is caused by genes located on the X chromosome, resulting in the condition affecting mostly males. The document concludes by discussing tests used to detect color blindness and treatments that may help in some cases.
Interaction of genes for slide share
This power point presentation is designed to explain deviation of Mendelian dihybrid ratio due to interaction of genes which may be of following types
1.Two gene pairs affecting same character – 9:3:3:1
2.Epistasis, one gene hides effect of other
a) Recessive Epistasis - 9:3:4
b) Dominant epistasis - 12:3:1
3.Complementary genes - 9:7 ( 2 genes responsible for production of a particular phenotype )
4. Duplicate genes – 15:1 ( same effect given by either of two genes )
5. Polymeric gene action - 9:6:1
6. Inhibitory gene action - 13 : 3
Each interaction is typical in itself and ratios obtained are different
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
Epistasis
Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through invisible "factors" now called genes. Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on or masked by another gene. There are several types of epistatic interactions that result in fewer than four phenotypes in the F2 generation, including dominant epistasis (12:3:1 ratio), recessive epistasis (9:3:4 ratio), duplicate recessive genes (9:7 ratio), duplicate dominant genes (15:1 ratio), dominant-recessive interaction (13:3 ratio), and duplicate genes with cumulative effect (9:6:1 ratio). Epistasis plays a role in determining
Polygenic Inheritance (AHL)
For the IB Biology course. To get the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
Inheritance
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited based on discrete units called genes. Genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his two laws of inheritance - the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws form the basis of modern genetics.
Cytogenetics 1
This document provides an overview of cytogenetics and chromosomal abnormalities. It begins with the history of cytogenetics, including the discovery of human chromosomes in 1882 and establishing the normal human karyotype of 46 chromosomes in 1956. It describes laboratory techniques for culturing and staining chromosomes, including various banding techniques. It discusses clinical cytogenetics and genetic counseling. It provides detailed explanations and examples of different types of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies, polyploidies, translocations, inversions, deletions and more. It explains the associated phenotypes and inheritance patterns of many common chromosomal syndromes.
Genetic variation due to meiosis
Genetic variation occurs due to three processes during meiosis: 1) Independent assortment of chromosomes, which randomly distributes maternal and paternal chromosomes to gametes, resulting in 16 possible combinations. 2) Crossing over allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, generating recombinant chromosomes. 3) Random fertilization, where a single egg is fertilized by one of millions of possible sperm, combining the genetic variation from both parents. Together, these three sources maximize genetic diversity.
10.2 gene linkage
Genes located on the same chromosome are linked and inherited together, forming a linkage group. Mendel's law of independent assortment does not apply to linked genes. During meiosis, linked genes may undergo crossing over, where portions of homologous chromosomes are exchanged. This can result in new combinations of alleles and the production of recombinant offspring that differ from their parents' genotypes. A test cross can be used to identify which offspring from a dihybrid cross involving linked genes are recombinants.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY AND MENDELIAN GENETICS
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Genetic basis of inheritance
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It describes Mendel conducting monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns. The results of his experiments led Mendel to formulate his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of segregation. His dihybrid crosses also demonstrated independent assortment of alleles and resulted in his law of independent assortment. Deviations from Mendelian ratios were later observed and are due to gene interactions.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
This document discusses sex-linked inheritance in genetics. It begins by defining key terms like autosomes, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It then provides examples of sex-linked traits in humans (color blindness), birds (plumage patterns), and Drosophila (white eye mutation). The rest of the document delves deeper into the mechanisms of different types of sex-linked inheritance patterns like X-linked recessive traits, sex-linked dominance, and criss-cross inheritance. It also discusses sex-influenced and sex-limited traits. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of sex-linked genetics and inheritance patterns.
Pedigree
This document discusses various patterns of inheritance through the use of pedigree analysis including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, and mitochondrial inheritance. Key points include how each type of inheritance is represented in a pedigree through symbols and whether traits skip generations, if both sexes are affected equally, and if unaffected parents can have affected children. Various genetic disorders are provided as examples for each inheritance pattern.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses multiple alleles and uses the ABO blood group system as an example. It explains that there are three alleles - IA, IB, and IO - that determine blood type. People can have the phenotypes A, B, AB, or O depending on which combination of these alleles they inherit. The alleles for A and B are codominant, so people with the genotype IAIB have the AB blood type.
Multiple allele of rabbit coat color
it is possible to have more than two allelic forms, i.e., multiple alleles, of one kind of gene.
The best examples of multiple allelic system have been observed in coat colour of rabbits, wings of Drosophila and blood groups in man
allelomorphs, monohybrid cross dihybrid cross mutant alleles
wild type
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Mendelian genetics ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
Mendelism
This document provides an outline and overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the fundamental laws of inheritance. It discusses genetics prior to Mendel, Mendel's experiments crossing true-breeding pea plants, his establishment of the principles of dominance/recessiveness and segregation of alleles, and how his principles can be applied to understand human genetics through the use of pedigrees. The document serves to introduce Mendelism and Mendel's pivotal role in establishing the foundations of genetics.
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Sex linkage
This document discusses sex linkage and color blindness. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele that is tied to the sex chromosomes. It then discusses Thomas Morgan's discovery of sex linkage through his experiments with fruit flies in 1910. The document outlines several examples of sex-linked traits in humans like hemophilia and color blindness. It describes the three types of color blindness and explains that it is caused by genes located on the X chromosome, resulting in the condition affecting mostly males. The document concludes by discussing tests used to detect color blindness and treatments that may help in some cases.
Interaction of genes for slide share
This power point presentation is designed to explain deviation of Mendelian dihybrid ratio due to interaction of genes which may be of following types
1.Two gene pairs affecting same character – 9:3:3:1
2.Epistasis, one gene hides effect of other
a) Recessive Epistasis - 9:3:4
b) Dominant epistasis - 12:3:1
3.Complementary genes - 9:7 ( 2 genes responsible for production of a particular phenotype )
4. Duplicate genes – 15:1 ( same effect given by either of two genes )
5. Polymeric gene action - 9:6:1
6. Inhibitory gene action - 13 : 3
Each interaction is typical in itself and ratios obtained are different
Human Karyotype ( Chromosomes)
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell. It depicts the complete set of chromosomes and can detect abnormalities. The study of whole chromosome sets is called karyology. Chromosomes are arranged in a standard format called a karyogram or idiogram. A karyotype is prepared by culturing cells to induce cell division, arresting mitosis, staining the chromosomes, and analyzing their number, size, shape, and banding pattern under a microscope. This allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities that can indicate genetic disorders.
Epistasis
Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through invisible "factors" now called genes. Epistasis occurs when the effect of one gene is dependent on or masked by another gene. There are several types of epistatic interactions that result in fewer than four phenotypes in the F2 generation, including dominant epistasis (12:3:1 ratio), recessive epistasis (9:3:4 ratio), duplicate recessive genes (9:7 ratio), duplicate dominant genes (15:1 ratio), dominant-recessive interaction (13:3 ratio), and duplicate genes with cumulative effect (9:6:1 ratio). Epistasis plays a role in determining
Polygenic Inheritance (AHL)
For the IB Biology course. To get the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
Inheritance
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited based on discrete units called genes. Genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his two laws of inheritance - the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws form the basis of modern genetics.
Cytogenetics 1
This document provides an overview of cytogenetics and chromosomal abnormalities. It begins with the history of cytogenetics, including the discovery of human chromosomes in 1882 and establishing the normal human karyotype of 46 chromosomes in 1956. It describes laboratory techniques for culturing and staining chromosomes, including various banding techniques. It discusses clinical cytogenetics and genetic counseling. It provides detailed explanations and examples of different types of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies, polyploidies, translocations, inversions, deletions and more. It explains the associated phenotypes and inheritance patterns of many common chromosomal syndromes.
Genetic variation due to meiosis
Genetic variation occurs due to three processes during meiosis: 1) Independent assortment of chromosomes, which randomly distributes maternal and paternal chromosomes to gametes, resulting in 16 possible combinations. 2) Crossing over allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, generating recombinant chromosomes. 3) Random fertilization, where a single egg is fertilized by one of millions of possible sperm, combining the genetic variation from both parents. Together, these three sources maximize genetic diversity.
10.2 gene linkage
Genes located on the same chromosome are linked and inherited together, forming a linkage group. Mendel's law of independent assortment does not apply to linked genes. During meiosis, linked genes may undergo crossing over, where portions of homologous chromosomes are exchanged. This can result in new combinations of alleles and the production of recombinant offspring that differ from their parents' genotypes. A test cross can be used to identify which offspring from a dihybrid cross involving linked genes are recombinants.
GENETIC TERMINOLOGY AND MENDELIAN GENETICS
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Genetic basis of inheritance
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It describes Mendel conducting monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns. The results of his experiments led Mendel to formulate his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of segregation. His dihybrid crosses also demonstrated independent assortment of alleles and resulted in his law of independent assortment. Deviations from Mendelian ratios were later observed and are due to gene interactions.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
This document discusses sex-linked inheritance in genetics. It begins by defining key terms like autosomes, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It then provides examples of sex-linked traits in humans (color blindness), birds (plumage patterns), and Drosophila (white eye mutation). The rest of the document delves deeper into the mechanisms of different types of sex-linked inheritance patterns like X-linked recessive traits, sex-linked dominance, and criss-cross inheritance. It also discusses sex-influenced and sex-limited traits. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of sex-linked genetics and inheritance patterns.
Pedigree
This document discusses various patterns of inheritance through the use of pedigree analysis including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, and mitochondrial inheritance. Key points include how each type of inheritance is represented in a pedigree through symbols and whether traits skip generations, if both sexes are affected equally, and if unaffected parents can have affected children. Various genetic disorders are provided as examples for each inheritance pattern.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses multiple alleles and uses the ABO blood group system as an example. It explains that there are three alleles - IA, IB, and IO - that determine blood type. People can have the phenotypes A, B, AB, or O depending on which combination of these alleles they inherit. The alleles for A and B are codominant, so people with the genotype IAIB have the AB blood type.
Multiple allele of rabbit coat color
it is possible to have more than two allelic forms, i.e., multiple alleles, of one kind of gene.
The best examples of multiple allelic system have been observed in coat colour of rabbits, wings of Drosophila and blood groups in man
allelomorphs, monohybrid cross dihybrid cross mutant alleles
wild type
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Mendelian genetics ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that established the foundations of genetics. Through his work, he discovered the laws of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. His work was the beginning of modern genetics and our understanding of heredity.
Linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by outlining Mendel's laws of inheritance and then describes how Bateson and Punnett discovered linkage between genes for flower color and pollen shape in peas through deviations from expected Mendelian ratios. Morgan later showed with Drosophila experiments that linkage occurs when genes are located near each other on the same chromosome. The document then explains that crossing over during meiosis results in new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, allowing genes to be reshuffled between generations. Linkage maps can be constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between gene pairs, with less recombination indicating closer proximity on the chromosome.
10.3 polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a trait, as opposed to single-gene inheritance. It can result in continuous variation, where a wide range of phenotypes exist between extremes. Human skin color and wheat seed color are examples of polygenic traits that show continuous variation, with skin color determined by 3-4 genes influencing melanin production and seed color by 3 genes determining red pigment levels.
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sex linked inheritance, Sex Influence inheritance and sex limited characters
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This document provides an outline and overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the fundamental laws of inheritance. It discusses genetics prior to Mendel, Mendel's experiments crossing true-breeding pea plants, his establishment of the principles of dominance/recessiveness and segregation of alleles, and how his principles can be applied to understand human genetics through the use of pedigrees. The document serves to introduce Mendelism and Mendel's pivotal role in establishing the foundations of genetics.
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This document discusses human genetics and genetic disorders. It covers inheritance and human variation, including dominant and recessive traits. Quantitative traits like skin and eye color are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The document also discusses diagnosing genetic diseases through amniocentesis and examines common genetic disorders like autosomal dominant and recessive traits as well as traits linked to the X chromosome. Pedigree charts are presented as a way to analyze inheritance patterns across generations.
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This document provides an overview of human genetics and inheritance, including:
- Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but one person in the example has an extra chromosome, likely from a nondisjunction error in meiosis, which could affect their traits.
- Genes determine traits and are located on chromosomes, with two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, coding for proteins that control appearance and function. Some traits are controlled by single genes while others involve multiple genes.
- Sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine sex and carry sex-linked genes, like colorblindness, which is recessive on the X chromosome and thus more common in males.
- Genetic disorders result
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in human genetics including:
1) Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with females typically being XX and males XY. Genes are passed from parents to offspring according to Mendelian inheritance.
2) Genetic traits can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many genetic disorders are caused by recessive alleles but some are dominant.
3) Advances in molecular genetics allow analysis of human DNA through techniques like fingerprinting and sequencing of the human genome. Gene therapy holds promise to replace faulty genes but also raises ethical issues.
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Genetics: Quantitative Inheritance
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Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
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1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
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ABO_Rh_groups.ppt
1) The document discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems, which are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies found in plasma.
2) The ABO system includes A, B, and H antigens that are synthesized based on inherited genes. The presence or absence of A and B antigens determines the four blood groups - A, B, AB, and O.
3) The Rh system involves the RhD antigen. Most individuals are RhD-positive unless they inherit two copies of the RhD-negative gene.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
Abo
The ABO blood group system is the most important for transfusion medicine. It includes four main groups - A, B, O, and AB - determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient blood can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. Resolving discrepancies in ABO typing results is important and may be due to technical errors, subgroups, or medical conditions affecting antibody production.
Blood Typing PPT.ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups (A, B, AB and O) in 1901. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping of red blood cells. This occurs due to the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Landsteiner's discovery made blood transfusions safer by allowing blood typing. There are over 20 blood group systems but ABO and Rh (Rhesus) are most important. ABO blood groups are determined by inheritance of A, B or O alleles while Rh status depends on presence/absence of the D antigen. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood is crucial to avoid dangerous immune reactions.
blood grouping.pptx
The document discusses blood grouping methodology and focuses on the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on:
- The ABO blood group system is the most clinically important and is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system involves the D antigen.
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work. Inheritance of blood groups follows genetic patterns.
- Common techniques for blood grouping include slide tests, tube tests, microplates, and gel cards. Proper sample collection and testing procedures must be followed.
- Understanding blood groups is essential for safe blood transfusions and preventing issues like hemolytic
Blood Typing
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.
3.inmuno hematología.inmunologia.2011.dr hilario
This document provides an overview of immunohematology, focusing on blood group systems. It discusses key concepts including antigens, antibodies, and the major blood group systems like ABO and Rh. The ABO system is described in detail, including the antigens (A, B, H), antibodies (anti-A, anti-B), inheritance patterns, common subtypes, frequencies in different populations, and routine testing methods involving direct and indirect agglutination. Causes of discrepancies in ABO testing are also reviewed. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to immunohematology and blood group systems from an immunological perspective.
Blood typing ppt
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. He found that mixing blood from two individuals can cause clumping if they have incompatible blood types due to antigens and antibodies. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB and O based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies in plasma. The Rh system further divides blood into Rh+ and Rh- based on the presence of the Rh antigen. Understanding blood groups is crucial to ensure compatibility during transfusions.
Genetic terms in blood banking
This document discusses the genetics and inheritance of blood groups, focusing on the ABO system. It explains that the ABO system is determined by three genes - A, B, and O - located on chromosome 9. These genes encode glycosyltransferase enzymes that add specific sugars to a basic oligosaccharide chain on red blood cells, producing the A, B, and H antigens. The presence or absence of these antigens determines the individual's blood group type. Proper understanding of blood group genetics is important for blood transfusions to avoid immune reactions between incompatible blood types.
Blood
Blood is composed of plasma and cells. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, minerals, and waste. Cells include red blood cells (RBCs, 45% of volume), which carry oxygen, and white blood cells (WBCs, 1% of volume), which fight infection. Platelets (less than 1%) help clotting. Blood type is determined by antigens on RBCs. The main types are A, B, AB, and O. Type is inherited based on alleles from each parent. Incompatibility between donor and recipient antigens can cause transfusion reactions.
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
SLO’s
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL REVIEW
EVOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION
ABOUT CLASSICAL ABO BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEM
AGGLUTINOGENS
AGGLUTININS
TYPES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
INHERITANCE
DETERMINATION
CLINICAL IMPRTANCE
Bloodgroups
This document discusses the history and science behind blood typing and blood transfusions. It covers the following key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. The Rh factor was discovered in 1930.
- Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies in the plasma. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh.
- Incompatible blood groups can cause blood clotting during transfusions. Type O negative blood is the "universal donor" as it lacks A, B and Rh antigens, while type AB positive is the "universal receiver."
- Not following blood
Blood groups
This document discusses the history and science behind blood typing and blood transfusions. It covers the following key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. The Rh factor was discovered in 1930.
- Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies in the plasma. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh.
- The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on whether the red cells have A antigens, B antigens, both, or neither. Compatibility for transfusion depends on this.
- The Rh system
59 ch14humangenetics2008
1) The document discusses several human genetic diseases including cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's chorea.
2) These diseases are often inherited in simple recessive patterns, meaning that carriers who are heterozygous typically do not show symptoms but can pass the disease-causing allele to offspring.
3) For some genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia, being a carrier provides an evolutionary advantage in regions where malaria is common, leading to balancing selection maintaining the allele in the population.
ABO_Rh_groups (1).ppt
The document discusses ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies involved, including their reciprocal relationship. It explains how the ABO blood groups are inherited based on codominance and gives examples of inheritance patterns. The synthesis of ABO antigens is described, showing how genes code for enzymes that add specific sugars to produce the A, B, or H antigens. Practical aspects of blood grouping techniques like the tube method and microplate method are also covered.
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1
BIOL 102: Lab 9
Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
• explain the biology of blood typing systems ABO and Rh
• explain the genetics of blood types
• determine the blood types of several patients
Introduction:
Before Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in 1901, it was thought that all blood was the
same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of a team
who discovered another blood group, the Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known
today, but the ABO and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The
designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood group was
discovered.
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different
common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that
can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body – on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs
also known as erythrocytes).
ABO System:
The antigens on RBCs are agglutinating antigens or agglutinogens. They have been designated as A and B.
Antibodies against antigens A and B begin to build up in the blood plasma shortly after birth. A person
normally produces antibodies (agglutinins) against those antigens that are not present on his/her erythrocytes
but does not produce antibodies against those antigens that are present on his/her erythrocytes.
• A person who is blood type A will have A antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have
antibodies against B antigens (anti-B antibodies). See picture below.
• A person with blood type B will have B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and will have antibodies
against antigen A (anti-A antibodies).
• A person with blood type O will have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
• A person with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens on the surface of her/his RBCs and has
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
The individual’s blood type is based on the antigens (not the antibodies) he/she has. The four blood groups
are known as types A, B, AB, and O. Blood type O, characterized by an absence of A and B agglutinogens, is
the most common in the United States (45% of the population). Type A is the next in frequency, found in 39%
of the population. The incidences of types B and AB are 12% and 4%, respectively.
2
Table 1: The ABO System
Blood
Type
Antigens on
RBCs
Antibodies
in the Blood
Can GIVE Blood
to Groups:
Can RECEIVE
Blood from Groups:
A A Anti-B A, AB O, A
B B Anti-A B, AB O, B
AB A and B
Neither anti-A
nor anti-B
AB O, A, B, AB
O
Neither A nor
B
Both anti-A.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Similar to 6.human genetics (20)
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
Abo blood group system by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP.
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
1 BIOL 102 Lab 9 Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing.docx
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Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
GraphSummit Singapore | Graphing Success: Revolutionising Organisational Stru...
6.human genetics
- 2. HUMAN VARIATION Genetic differences: each person has their own exclusive genotype Environmental factors: can affect the genes expression. These effects are not inherited
- 3. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS Skin colour Weight Height Eye colour Hair colour
- 4. QUALITATIVE TRAITS Cowlick twirling right/left Ability to roll the tongue Freckles
- 5. The ABO system establishes four blood groups (A, B, AB and O) according to the presence or absence of certain proteins, called A and B, in the membrane of the red blood cells.
- 6. Depending on the proteins (A or B) in the red blood cells, there will or will not be anti-A or anti-B proteins, or antibodies, in the blood plasma. Anti-A antibodies are capable of uniting with A proteins; and anti-B antibodies can unite with B proteins.
- 9. DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASES
- 12. Is the anomalous gene dominant or recessive? Indicate the genotype of a man affected with the anomaly. Indicate the genotypes of the women affected. (use X = normal chromosome; x = chromosome with the anomalous gene)
- 13. INHERITANCE INFLUENCED BY SEX
- 15. Indicate the genotypes of the man and woman affected.
- 17. Edwards syndrome
- 18. Patau syndrome
- 19. SEX CHROMOSOMES DISORDERS Triple X syndrome
- 20. Turner syndrome
- 22. XYY Syndrome
- 23. CHANGES IN CHROMOSOMES STRUCTURE