The document summarizes the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure. It describes that in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick suggested the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure. Their model included that DNA is made of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains with bases pairing between the chains via hydrogen bonds. A pairs with T and G pairs with C. The model also explained DNA's regular structure and matched Chargaff's rules on base composition. This groundbreaking discovery explained DNA's role in heredity and won Watson, Crick, and colleagues the Nobel Prize.
There are slides about DNA replication and types of DNA.
Here we study about different enzymes of replication and its process.Places of enzyme action also shown in the slides.Different proteins are also discussed.
Replication Introduction , DNA replicating Models , Meselson and Stahl Experiments , Circuler Model of DNA replication , Replication in Prokaryotes , Replication In Eukaryotes , Comparison Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Replicaton and PCR (Polymerease Chain Reaction)
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
There are slides about DNA replication and types of DNA.
Here we study about different enzymes of replication and its process.Places of enzyme action also shown in the slides.Different proteins are also discussed.
Replication Introduction , DNA replicating Models , Meselson and Stahl Experiments , Circuler Model of DNA replication , Replication in Prokaryotes , Replication In Eukaryotes , Comparison Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Replicaton and PCR (Polymerease Chain Reaction)
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. CONTENT
1. HISTORY
2. STRUCTURE OF DNA
3. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF WATSON&CRICK MODEL
4. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DOUBLE HELIX DNA
3. HISTORY
● DNA WAS FIRST ISOLATED BY THE SWISS PHYSICIAN FRIEDRICH
MIESCHER
IN 1869 AS NUCLEIN BECAUSE IT RESIDE IN NUCLEUS.
● IN 1951, J.D. WATSON (AN AMERICAN BIOLOGIST) AND F.H.C.
CRICK
( A BRITISH PHYSICIST) START WORKING TOGETHER AT THE
CAVENDISH LAB
WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
● ,1953, WATSON AND CRICK SUGGESTED WHAT IS NOW ACCEPTED
AS THE
FIRST CORRECT DOUBLE-HELIX MODEL OF DNA STRUCTURE.
5. CONTINUE.....
● THE IMAGE IS TAKEN BY ROSALIND FRANKLIN AND M. WILKINS
● ON 28 FEBRUARY 1953 CRICK INTERRUPTED PATRONS' LUNCHTIME AT THE EAGLE PUB IN
CAMBRIDGE
TO ANNOUNCE THAT HE AND WATSON HAD "DISCOVERED THE SECRET OF LIFE".
● FOR THIS EPOCH-MAKING DISCOVERY, WATSON, CRICK AND WILKINS GOT NOBEL PRIZE IN
1962.
6.
7. STRUCTURE OF D.N.A
DNA IS THE LONG POLYMER OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES. IT ACTS
GENETIC
GENETIC MATERIAL IN HUMANS AND SOME OTHER ORGANISMS ALSO.
EACH NUCLEOTIDE CONSISTS OF THREE SUB-UNITS.
1. A PENTOSE SUGAR CALLED DEOXYRIBOSE.
2. 4 NITROGENOUS BASES ADENINE & GUANINE ARE PURINE BASES
AND
THYMINE & CYTOSINE ARE PYRIMIDINE BASES.
3. A PHOSPHATE GROUP[ PO4 ] POSITIONED ON SUGAR.
8.
9. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF WATSON-CRICK
MODEL
● THE B-DNA IS MADE BY TWO POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAINS, WHERE THE BACK HONE IS
CONSTITUTED BY
SUGAR- PHOSPHATE. AND THE BASES PROJECT INSIDE.
● THE TWO CHAINS HAVE ANTI-PARALLEL POLARITY.IT MEANS,IF ONE CHAIN HAS THE
POLARITY 5' TO 3' , THE OTHER HAS 3' TO 5'.
● THE TWO STRANDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS (H-BONDS) FORMING
BASE-PAIRS.
• ADENINE [A] ALWAYS PAIR WITH THYMINE [T] BY TWO HYDROGEN BONDS AND GUANINE
[G] ALWAYS PAIR WITH CYTOSINE [C] BY THREE HYDROGEN BONDS.AS A RESULT PURINE
ALWAYS COMES OPPOSITE TO A PYRIMIDINE. THIS GENERATE APPROX. A UNIFORM
DISTANCE B/W THE TWO STRANDS OF THE HELIX.
10.
11. CONT......
+ THE BASE COMPOSITIONS OF DNA OBEY CHARGAFF'S RULES.
+ ACCORDING TO THEM THE FOUR NUCLEOTIDES ARE NOT PRESENT IN
EQUAL
AMOUNTS IN A DNA MOLECULE. BUT AMOUNT OF PURINES( A+G) AND
THAT OF
PYRIMIDINES(T+C) IS ALWAYS EQUAL. IN OTHERS WORD A=T AND G=C.
THIS IS
CALLED CHARGAFF'S RULE.
12. CONTINUE........
• THE DIAMETER OF DNA IS 20NM OR 20 A. ADJACENT BASES ARE SEPARATED
0.34 NM OR BY 3.4 A ALONG THE AXIS.
• THE LENGTH OF A COMPLETE TURN OF HELIX IS 3.4 NM OR 34 A I.E. THERE ARE
10BP PER TURN. (B- DNA-WATSON RICK DNA)
• THE DNA HELIX HAS A SHALLOW GROOVE CALLED MINOR GROOVE. A DEEP
GROOVE CALLED MAJOR GROOVE