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The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
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in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
This document represents the Final Year Project report for the “Cooling load Calculations of Hostel Building”, located in Narowal Campus of University of engineering & Technology Lahore. A well designed and adequate HVAC system is essential to maintaining the comfortable, productive and health living environment. The system is being designed to meet the minimum ASHRAE and building code standards. Narowal campus was inaugurated in 2012 and the campus building is under construction consisting of total area of 200 acres. The hostel building will host more than 450 students and is being built with total area of about 112,222 sq. feet. The building is to be built on concrete slab with masonry walls. The building comprises of three floors, named as Ground Floor, First Floor and Second Floor.
The baseline load calculations were manipulated for:
ü Outdoor/Indoor design conditions
ü Building Components
ü Ductwork conditions
ü Ventilation/Infiltration conditions
ü Worst Case Scenario (Combining All the safety Factors)
System, property, work and heat interactions, zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law to closed systems and flow processes. Thermodynamic properties of fluids. Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, temperature scale, Clausis inequality, entropy increase, availability.
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basic idea of some theories in thermodynamics, newton's law of cooling, critical thickness of insulation, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
helpful for building services subject for architecture courses
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Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
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In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
1. Climatology
R O H I T K U M A R
A S S I S T A N T P R O F E S S O R
M B S S P A 2 0 1 6
HEAT EXCHANGE IN
BUILDINGS
2.
3. HEAT EXCHANGE IN BUILDINGS
• Just like the human body, the building can also be considered
as a defined unit.
• Its heat exchange processes with the out‐door environment
can be examined.
• The thermal balance, i.e. the existing thermal condition is
maintained if:
Qi + Qs ± Qc ± Qv ± Qm ‐ Qe = 0
If the sum of this equation is less than zero (negative), the
building will be cooling and
if it is more than zero, the temperature in the building will
increase.
4.
5. Conduction
Conduction heat flow rate through a wall of a given area can be
described by the equation:
Qc = A x U x ∆T
Where, Qc = conduction heat flow rate, in W,
A = surface area, in m²,
U = transmittance value in W/m² degC,
∆T = temperature difference in degC
7. Convection
Convection heat flow rate between the interior of a building and the open air
depends on the rate of ventilation, i.e. air exchange. The rate of ventilation
can be given in m³/s.
The rate of ventilation heat flow is described by the equation:
Qv = 1300 x V x ∆T
Where, Qv = ventilation heat flow rate, in W,
1300 = volumetric specific heat of air, in J/m³ degC,
V = ventilation rate in m³/s,
∆T = temperature difference in degC
15. PERIODIC HEAT FLOW
All the equations and calculation methods seen so far are valid if and only if,
both out‐door and indoor temperatures are constant.
As perfectly static conditions do not occur in nature, the basis of the above
methods is the assumption of steady state conditions.
In nature the variation of climatic conditions produces a non‐steady state.
Diurnal variations produce an approximately repetitive 24‐hour cycle of
increasing and decreasing temperatures.
The effect of this on a building is that in the hot period heat flows from the
environment into the building, where some of it is stored, and at night
during the cool period, the heat flow is reversed: from the building to the
environment.
As the cycle is repetitive, it can be described as periodic heat flow.
SIMPLE BUT NOT TECHNICALLY CORRECT:
The cycle in which heat flows from the environment to the building during the
day, when outdoor temp. is higher and from building to environment during
the night when the indoor temp. is higher.
16. TIME‐LAG & DECREMENT FACTOR
The two quantities characterizing this periodic change are the time‐lag (or phase
shift θ) and the decrement factor (or amplitude attenuation µ).
The decrement factor is the ratio of the maximum outer and inner surface
temperature amplitudes taken from the daily mean.
20. Controls
The environment immediately outside and between buildings can be
influenced by the design of a settlement and by the grouping of buildings to a
minor extent.
Structural (passive) means of control can provide a further leveling out of the
climatic variations, and often even comfort conditions can be achieved by such
means. (passive solar heating/cooling techniques, etc.)
Precisely controlled indoor climate can only be achieved by mechanical
(active) controls (the straight line in the figure), but this may not be our aim,
and even if it is, with adequate structural controls, the task of mechanical
controls is radically reduced and it becomes more economical. (ACs
22. Structural Controls
Heat absorbing glass
On opaque surfaces the incident radiation is partly absorbed and partly
reflected,
a + r = 1
with transparent bodies, it may be absorbed, reflected or transmitted.
a + r + t = 1
An ordinary window glass transmits a large proportion of all radiation
between 300 and 3000 nm, i.e. both visible light and short‐wave infra‐
red, but very little around and outside the 300 to 3000 nm range. Its
transmittance is selective.
This selective transmittance can be modified by varying the composition of
the glass to reduce substantially the infra‐red transmission, whilst only
slightly affecting the light transmission. Such a product is referred to as
heat absorbing glass.
23.
24. Whilst the heat absorbing glasses achieve a selective transmittance by selectivity
in absorption, the heat reflecting glass achieves a similar selective
transmittance by selectivity in reflection.
The glass is coated by a thin film of metal (usually nickel or gold), applied by
vacuum evaporation.
Such glasses absorb very little heat, therefore the improvement in reducing the
total solar gain is far greater, but unfortunately they are still rather expensive.
Recently, several types of photo chromatic or light‐sensitive glasses have been
developed, containing submicroscopic halide crystals, which turn dark when
exposed to strong light and regain their transparency when the light source is
removed.
Their transmittance may thus vary between 74% and 1%. When the technique is
more developed and more economical, these glasses may have a future in solar
control.