Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018 Geography of Human Diversity in the U.S. Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Exam 2 is scheduled for Wednesday, April 11. Use the following review as a guide to the types of questions that will be on the exam. Please bring a Scantron form #882 to class for the test. The Geography of Language  What is a language?  How many languages are currently in use in the world today?  What is a dialect?  How does a pidgin language develop?  What is the difference between a pidgin language and a creole language?  What is a lingua franca?  What are the two hypotheses that explain the diffusion of the Indo-European Language Family?  What is the difference between relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion?  What role does religion play in the diffusion of language?  What is an isogloss?  What are the major dialects used in North American English?  How many languages are expected to be viable by the year 2100?  Which three languages dominate technological innovation?  How did colonialism affect the diffusion of languages?  What is a linguistic refuge area? Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry (Exploring Contemporary Ethnic Geographies)  Define race. Why is race socially constructed? How is race normally assigned to individuals?  How does the construction of race differ from the U.S. to Canada? Mexico? South Africa?  Review your worksheet questions from the video Race: The Power of an Illusion.  What is the difference between prejudice, discrimination and racism?  How does race differ from ethnicity? What are the primary markers of ethnicity?  Why do people change their ethnic identity over time?  What is ethnogenesis? When does it occur? Why  Define pan-ethnicity. Why do disparate groups join together in a common identity?  What is the difference between ethnic re-identification and symbolic ethnicity?  How does a transnational identity differ from a reactive minority identity?  What is the difference between an ethnoburb and a heterolocal settlement?  What is ancestry based on? What is the most common ancestry in the U.S.? Migration  Define migration. How does emigration differ from immigration? Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018  Explain the process of streams and counterstreams in voluntary migration. What is an intervening obstacle?  What are the major types of Push Factors driving people away from their homes?  What were/are some of the major Pull Factors attracting people to the United States?  Compare and contrast the three main concepts (Anglo conformity, Melting Pot, and Multiculturalism) of the Americanization of immigrants.  Approximately how many migrants came to the U.S. from Europe from 1820-2015? Asia? Latin America?  Describe each of the following migration theories: 1) Neo-Classical 2) New Economics of Migration 3) Dual Market 4) World Systems  What is “chain migr ...

1. Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018
Geography of Human Diversity in the U.S.
Exam 2 ~ Study Guide
Exam 2 is scheduled for Wednesday, April 11. Use the
following review as a guide to the types of questions that
will be on the exam. Please bring a Scantron form #882 to class
for the test.
The Geography of Language
p?
creole language?
Indo-European Language Family?

2. fusion and
expansion diffusion?
2100?
Which three languages dominate technological innovation?
Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry (Exploring Contemporary Ethnic
Geographies)
ace socially constructed? How is race
normally assigned to individuals?
Canada? Mexico? South Africa?
Power of an Illusion.
is the difference between prejudice, discrimination and
racism?

3. markers of ethnicity?
y
-ethnicity. Why do disparate groups join together
in a common identity?
-identification and
symbolic ethnicity?
minority identity?
What is the difference between an ethnoburb and a
heterolocal settlement?
ancestry in the U.S.?
Migration
immigration?
Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018
voluntary migration. What is an intervening obstacle?

4. away from their homes?
ll Factors attracting
people to the United States?
conformity, Melting Pot, and Multiculturalism) of
the Americanization of immigrants.
Europe from 1820-2015? Asia? Latin America?
1) Neo-Classical
2) New Economics of Migration
3) Dual Market
4) World Systems
Institutional Theory explain this type of
migration?
in lecture?
Creating Contemporary Ethnic Geographies – A Review of
Immigration Law

5. during the 19
th
century?
the “Others”?
legislation in the 1880s?
immigration reform?
acts:
1. Immigration Acts of 1875, 1891, 1903, 1907, and 1917
2. Emergency Quota Act of 1921
3. National Origins Act of 1924 and 1929
4. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
5. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
6. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
7. Immigration Act of 1990
8. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility
Act of 1996

6. n for current
immigration law?
When did Congress pass legislation to deal
with refugees on a long term basis?
New Ethnic Landscapes
identified
in lecture? Explain the significance of each.
has it become manifest in this manner?
rebuilt after the 1906 earthquake?
What was the “Harlem Renaissance”? When did it begin and
how long did it last?
How is ethnic identity displayed in this
community?
it
became the East Village.
ethnic community of Loisaida? What is a
casita?

7. Geography of Human
Diversity in the U.S.
Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry
What is Race?
of human populations
visible, physical traits
culture over time
hierarchical stratification
Current Usage of the Term

8. classification purposes
appearance
Race in the United States
varied over time and by
race:
-American: one drop
of African blood
-American: a
percentage of ancestry
(more than 1/16 to be
recognized as a tribe by
the federal government)

9. 6 base categories:
Native
U.S. Census 2000
-categories
one race on their Census form
themselves in this way

10. by many as a race instead of a heritage
Race in Canada
elsewhere)
minority combination
Aboriginals and Visible Minorities
Nations (North American Indian), Métis (mixed

11. blood European and Indian) or Inuit as defined
under the Constitution Act of 1982
ty Act defines visible
minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal
peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-
white in colour".
Visible Minorities in Canada
ast Asian

12. Race in Mexico
such as language rather than predetermined
racial categories
f Mexicans speak Spanish
as their primary language
European ~ 10%
peoples”
“Real” Races in Mexico
les ~ 30%

13. Race in South Africa
set in
four categories:
– mixed race black/white, etc.
The Colored Race
pale skinned Khoisan natives as wives
and mistresses
assimilated into the white population

14. -racial sex was banned in 1950
Post-Apartheid South Africa
multi-racial election
black heritage and prefer to adopt the
names, language and customs of whites
Social Consequences of Race
Prejudice

15. without knowledge or examination of the
facts
experience or derived from the beliefs of
others who are considered knowledgeable
Discrimination
categories
consequences for both parties
Racism
differences in
human abilities, intelligence or potential

16. superior and inferior races evolves
becomes justified by the “racist”
The “Constructed Space” of Racism
opportunity

17. Race: The Power of an Illusion
“father” of the extinction thesis?
video?
letes in different sports
determined by culture rather than genetics?
American Eugenics Movement
ed in the 1880s by Francis Galton

18. the quality of the population
Rockefellers and Harrimans
courses by the 1920s
body for collaboration between scientists
Poster Displayed at the Philadelphia Sesqui-
Centennial Exhibition (1926)
Ethnicity
ternally imposed (self identification) by
individuals generally based on ancestry
and the “others”

19. homeland
erman vs. Bavarian or Alsatian
Ethnic Markers of Identity
preparation
traditions
ary markers
and written forms)

20. occupied territory
Uncertainties of Ethnicity
and family perceptions of uniformity
Ethnic Grounding Concepts
immigration

21. -identification: adoption of an ethnic
identity after a period of non-identification
ethnic identity
-ethnicity: a collection of ethnicities into one
larger grouping (i.e. African-American, Asian-
American, etc.)
Ethnic Identity Issues
new identity in their adopted homeland while
keeping strong ties with their homeland
active minority identity:
immigrants maintain connections with their old “home”
through media (phone, email, movies, television, etc.)
Ancestry

22. be assigned or imposed
by others
marriage
Temporal Aspects of Ancestry
change over time
Many countries have
more than one
ethnicity or nation
confused with
ethnicity

23. Ancestry in the U.S.
person’s ethnic origin, heritage, descent,
or roots, which may reflect their place of
birth, place of birth of parents or
ancestors, and ethnic identities that may
have evolved within the United States”
questions in 1980
Ancestries in the U.S.
How Many Ancestries?
0 had 92 ancestries with 100,000 or
more respondents
-all categories such as African,
African-American, Asian, European, Northern
European, Western European, Hispanic, Latin
American, and United States

24. Census Incomplete Responses
Geography of Human
Diversity in the U.S.
Migration
Migratory Movement
Migration is a permanent change in
residence to a different political state
Internal migration occurs when people relocate
within their own country
International migration occurs when people
relocate to another country
Types of migration:
Emigration – when people leave their home
country (outgoing)
Immigration – when people arrive at their
destination (incoming)

25. Types of Migration in the U.S.
Voluntary migration
Free choice of movement
Most immigrants fall in this category
Involuntary migration
Slavery – pre Civil War period
Annexation – American Indians, Alaska natives,
Hawaiians
Colonialism – Puerto Ricans and Pacific
Islanders
Streams and Counterstreams
Voluntary migration is selective
Flows vary in size based on:
Perceived degree of difference between source
and destination
Availability of information
Distance to be traveled

26. Intervening obstacles may alter migration
plans
Counterstream of returnees to home
Push Factors (reason for leaving)
Economic
Lack of land
Lack of jobs
No business
opportunities
Social
Religious
persecution
Political unrest
War
Environmental
Floods
Famines

27. Droughts
Overcrowding of
farms and cities
Primary reasons
for emigration are
economic factors
Pull Factors in the U.S.
Economic
Plentiful land
Lots of jobs
Business/trade opportunities
Social
Religious freedom
Political freedom
Environmental
Good climate
Plentiful rainfall

28. Adaptation of Minority Groups
Three concepts of Americanization:
Assimilation (Anglo-conformity)
English as dominant language
Anglo culture norms
Melting pot (hybridization)
Intermingling of cultures to produce a “new American”
culture
The “new” culture strongly resembles the Anglo
conformity model
Cultural pluralism (multiculturalism)
Minority cultures retain their culture AND participate
in the dominant Anglo society
Some groups are successful and some are not
Sometimes referred to as the “Lumpy Stew”
Adaptation by Assimilation
Race Relations Cycle Theory
Five stages of adaptation:

29. Separatism
Accommodation
Acculturation
Assimilation
Amalgamation
These are not necessarily exclusive or
sequential for all groups
Separatism
Begins as the geographic separation
of the minority group from the “others”
Necessary to maintain their way of life
after arriving in the U.S.
May be short term or may last for
generations
Amish, Mormons and Chinatowns are
good examples of long term
separation
Accommodation

30. The minority group adopts certain
traits of the majority group
This is a necessary step to participate
in society
Examples are:
Dress
Language (for employment and school)
Holidays
Acculturation
Greater adoption of material traits
Minority cultural elements may be
used at home
Cultural attitudes and values may be
adopted at this time
Dominant culture may accommodate
certain minority traits within society

31. Assimilation
Minority groups adopts the cultural
traits of the majority and identifies
with that group
Intermarriage occurs without
repercussions from the majority
The minority group ceases to exist at
this time
Amalgamation
The biological merging of distinct
racial stocks with the dominant group
Some amalgamation usually occurs
without approval of others
Formal amalgamation allows
interaction and habitation within close
quarters

32. Melting Pot
Assumes that all immigrants will over
time meld together into a new
American identity
Continually changing mix guarantees
a dynamic cultural evolution
Foundations are believed to be
anchored in American ideals of
political and economic freedom
Multiculturalism
Recognized cultural diversity as a
strength not a weakness
Becomes a goal not a step in a linear
process
Mitigates the hierarchical positions of
immigrants and minorities

33. Establishes a new social order
The “Lumpy Stew” concept
The Role of Migration
Destinations of Migrants
Sources Regions of Immigrants
Total Immigration (1820- 2015)
Europe – 40,173,329
Asia – 14,210,803
Canada – 4,824,052
Mexico – 8,491,557
Caribbean – 5,390,798
Central America – 2,129,558
South America – 3,039,146
Africa – 1,976,542

34. All countries – 81,551,120
Peak Periods
Waves of migrants
1st peak (1848 - 1857) – 3,092,697
2nd peak (1881 - 1890) – 5,246,613
3rd peak (1905 - 1914) – 10,121,940
Current (1990 - 2015) – 26,269,226
Average 1,010,355 per year
Undocumented immigration???
Estimates range from 11 – 12 million
75% from Mexico and Central America
Undocumented Immigration
(6.8 million out of 11.1 million total)
Population Centroid
Immigration Restrictions (1800s)

35. 1875: Banned prostitutes and convicts
1882: Banned lunatics, idiots, convicts
1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
1885: Alien Contract Labor Law: banned
importation of contract laborers
1888: Deportation Law: allowed
deportation of contract laborers
1891: Banned those afflicted with diseases,
immigrants deemed immoral (polygamists,
etc.) paupers; authorized deportation of
illegal immigrants
Immigration Restrictions (1900s)
1903: increased inadmissible classes;
banned epileptics and the insane; beggars,
anarchists, white slavers
1906: made English a requirement
1907: increased inadmissible classes
again; imbeciles, feeble minded,
tubercular, criminals with moral offences
1917: Literacy requirement; expanded
inadmissible classes; alcoholics,
stowaways, vagrants

36. Quotas and Origins Acts
1921: Emergency Quota Act – 3% limit by
national origin in 1910 (European
immigration limited to 355,000)
1924: National Origins Act – 2% limit by
origin (1890 Census) except Canada &
Latin America; 150,000 annual limit;
designed to maintain ethnic balance
1929: National Origins Act – changed
quotas to reflect U.S. population in 1920
Immigration Reform
1952: Immigration and Nationality Act – all
nationalities became eligible for citizenship;
established preference system
1965: INA Amendments - repealed national
origins acts; allowed Asian immigration

37. 1986: IRCA – amnesty (1982) and
employer sanctions for hiring illegal
immigrants
1990: flexible cap of 675,000; family-
based, employment & diversity; excludes
refugees; sets up TPS program
Deportable Aliens Apprehended
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
Authorized hiring 5,000 new Border Patrol agents
(currently 21,000 in 2012) and 300 INS agents
Money allocated for border fencing, aircraft, night
vision goggles, helicopters, etc.
Penalties increased for illegal border attempts and
for aliens apprehended in the U.S.
Aliens convicted of minor crimes can be deported

38. and banned from re-entry for years
Limited recourse for challenging deportation
rulings in court
IIRIRA Penalties
If caught at border: $250 fine
If caught trying to evade the Border Patrol at high
speeds: Up to 5 years in prison and deportation
If present in the U.S. for more than 180 days but
less than 1 year: Barred from readmission for 3
years
If present in the U.S. for more than one year:
Barred from readmission for 10 years
Minor offenses like shoplifting could trigger
deportation proceedings (previous law specified
deportation only for criminal offenses with 5 year
prison sentences)

39. Refugees & Asylees
End of World War II brought a surge of
refugees from war torn countries
Refugee policy has been inconsistent over
the years
Early policy allowed increased entrants
charged against future quotas
Congress passed acts for special cases
(Cuba, Vietnam, etc.)
Refugee Act of 1980 clarified policy on
refugees vs. asylees and removed entrants
from quotas
Micro Level Economic Migration
Theories
Neo-classical:
Based on rational decisions by individuals
Actions driven by differential wage rates between two
countries
May be affected by government policies on minimum
wages, income taxes and immigration

40. New Economics of Migration:
Based on decisions by the family or household units
Migration by a larger number of people may offer
opportunities not available to an individual
Employment may cross gender lines causing upheaval in
household traditions
Macro Level Economic
Migration Theories
Dual Markets:
Based on labor needs on modern industrial societies
Government might assist industries in securing low-skill
labor through special programs
Wage differences between developed and developing
countries may not be important
World Systems:
Complex theory based on spread of global capital from
center (rich countries) to periphery (poor countries)
International labor moved in the opposite direction from
the periphery to the core (rural to urban)
Linked to colonialism and post-colonial period

41. Urban Ethnic Landscapes
Incipient urban landscapes of ethnic
arrival
Consolidated urban landscapes of
ethnic enclaves
Defensive urban landscapes of ethnic
contention
Relic urban landscapes of residential
abandonment
Arrival Stage
The pioneers who arrive first!
Generally converge on a low rent part
of town where rents are cheap and
buildings are available
Rent or lease unoccupied commercial
buildings for retail or service

42. businesses
Existing architecture is unaltered
except for paint and signage
Consolidation Stage
Numbers grow as the news of the success of the
pioneers spreads
More businesses open as more people move into
the enclave
Institutions become established:
Newspapers
Temples or churches
Business and social clubs
Density increases as other groups are pushed out
of the area
Ethnic architecture emerge as new buildings are
constructed and existing buildings are purchased

43. Defensive Stage
Population stagnates and declines usually as a
result of young people moving out of the enclave
but sometimes because the number of new
arrivals has declined
The level of assimilation in the community has
reduced the need for services originally deemed
essential for survival
As businesses downsize or close new arrivals
from other ethnic groups rent the space and
change the type of products and services
offered
The contest for control of space grows over time
Relic Stage
The residential population has declined to
minimal levels with few or no new arrivals to

44. replace people who move on or die
The established businesses continue to
operate usually with foreign labor
Foreign investment slowly changes the cultural
footprint of the community
How long can a relic enclave last?
Depends on the financial support of the city
government and the level of outside investment
Lifecycle of Ethnic Landscapes
Stages are not always sequential
Length of time in each stage depends on
level of assimilation of the ethnic group
Some urban landscapes never evolve into
an enclave
Some enclaves remain uncontested for

45. generations
Most disappear over time