The document discusses the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968. It notes that Martin Luther King Jr. started the movement to fight against racial discrimination faced by Black people, who were denied rights like voting. It then discusses the 1968 Mexico City Olympics where Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two African American athletes, raised their fists in a black power salute during the medal ceremony to protest racial inequality in the US. Both athletes wore symbols of Black pride and the oppression of Black people to draw international attention to the issue of racial discrimination. However, the IOC punished them for making a political demonstration.

1. PRESENTED BY SADHNA SHARMA
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
POLITICAL SCIENCE

2. THE PERIOD OF CIVIL RIGHT MOVEMENT
(1954-1968)
Civil Rights Movement was started by Martin
Luther king Jr. against the social discrimination.
Black people were poor and given no rights,
not even right to vote. That’s why he started
this movement to raise voice against
discrimination.

4. AFRICAN-AMERICAN-
Black people whose forefathers were brought
into US by colonial rulers as slave b/w 17& 19
century are called African-American.

6. A STORY FROM MEXICO
OLYMPICS-(1968)-
Held in Mexico City
•The gold medal was won by Tommy
Smith in 200m race.
•The bronze medal was won by
Carlos 400m race in 1968.
•Tommie Smith & John Carlos were
African- Americans.
•The two athletes raised the civil
right issues in the Mexico Olympics.
•Tommy smith and John Carlos
received their medal wearing black
socks and no shoes to represent
black poverty.

7. •They wore black gloves and clenched fists during the
ceremony to symbolize Black Power.
•Smith wore black scarf around his neck represent Black
Pride.
Carlos wore a string of beads in the memory of
black people who had been killed in the USA.

8. Their aim was-
•To draw international attention to racial discrimination in USA.
•The Silver medalist, white Australian athlete, Peter Norman wore Human
Rights badge on his shirt during the medal ceremony of 200 m race to show
his support to the African-American.
•The International Olympic Association held Smith and Carlos guilty of
violating the Olympic spirit by making political statement and action was
taken against the athlete for raising the civil right issue at Mexico Olympics.
From Tommie Smith & John Carlos medals were taken back and Peter
Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.

9. Two similarities between John
Carlos & Tommie Smith
a.) Both were African-American.
b.) Both were athletes.
BLACK POWER
Black Power was a militant & anti-
racist movement which was started
in 1966 to end racism in the United
States with the help of even
violence. It was started in 1966 and
lasted in 1975.
SIMILIRITIES B/W SMITH AND
CARLOS

10. ORIGIN OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES-
Social differences are mostly based on accident of
birth, at the same time, some of the differences are
based on our choices, religion or on economic status.

13. •RELIGION: - It is common for people belonging to
the same religion feel that they don’t belong to the
same community because their caste or sect is
different.

14. ECONOMICS STATUS :- Rich and poor
persons from the same family often do not have
close relations with each other for they feel they are
very different.

15. SOCIAL DIVISIONS OF ONE KIND OR ANOTHER EXIST IN MOST
COUNTRIES.
•Most of the countries of the world are heterogeneous or multi-
cultural.
• India is a vast country with many religious communities living side by
side.
•Belgium, a small country is also a multi-cultural country.
•Even those countries like Germany & Sweden, that were once
homogenous, are undergoing rapid change with the influx of people
from other parts of the world.
• Migrants bring with them their own culture, and tend to form a
different social community.

16. Heterogeneous society

18. Overlapping Difference:-
• Under this a social difference overlaps another
difference.
• Under this people start feeling that they belong to
different communities sides.
• These create possibilities of deep social divisions.
• Example: - Difference between black & white in
USA is an overlapping difference because black tend
to be poor, homeless and discriminated. In India
Dalits tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated.

22. Homogeneous Society-
Homogeneous society is that society whose people
are of same kind and where there is no value of
ethnic difference. Example: - Germany & Sweden.

23. Migration And Its Impacts-
Shifting of people from one region to another within
country or to another country, usually for work or other
economic opportunities is known as migration.
Impact-The process of migration is converting homogenous
countries to heterogeneous countries because migrants
bring with them their own culture and tend to form a
different social community.

26. In Yugoslavia, the political competition
along religious and ethnic lines led to the
disintegration of Yugoslavia into six
independent countries.

28. First of all, the outcome depends on how
people perceive their identities. If people see
their identities in singular and exclusive terms it
becomes very difficult to accommodate. But if they
see their identities in as a part of a larger society, it
helps them to stay together.

30. Second, it depends on how political
parties raise the demands of any community. It
is easier to accommodate demands that are within
the constitutional framework and are not at the cost
of another community. The demand for ‘only
Sinhala’ was at the cost of interest and identity of
the Tamil community in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

31. Third, it depends on how the
government reacts to
demands of different groups.
If the rulers are willing to
share power and
accommodate the reasonable
demands of minority
community, social divisions
become less threatening for
the country.

32. For example the Belgian government amended the
Constitution 4 times to accommodate the Dutch and
the French speaking people. They gave equal
representation to both the Dutch and the French
speaking people in the centre as well as in the
capital city.

33. Social Differences Exist In All
The Countries-
Social differences exists in almost
all the countries. Actually, social
differences are based on many
bases like race, culture, religion,
language etc. Belgium also has this
difference on the basis of
language. In the same way, Sri
Lanka also has these differences
on the basis or religion or culture.

34. Social Divisions And Politics Are Related With Each
Other-
N0, all social differences do not lead to divisions.
Social divisions of some or the other kind of exist in
every society of the world and are reflected in
politics. In democracy, political parties talk of these
divisions, make different promises to different
communities, look after due representation of
various communities and make politics to redress
the grievances of disadvantaged communities.

35. A Person Have Different Roles Or Multiple
Identities-
A person can have different roles or multiple
identities because people of different religion,
even the people of same family can have
different economic status.

36. Democracy Could Be Strengthened With Social
Difference-
• Democracy allows various disadvantaged social
groups to express their views and grievances and get
the government to attend to these.
•With this expression of different types of social
division in politics, intensity of conflict can be
reduced and people will stop cutting each other. It
can lead to strengthening of democracy.