The document discusses various technologies being considered for 5G networks, including beam division multiple access (BDMA), cognitive radio, software defined radio, supporting IPv6 and flat IP networks, multihoming, pervasive networks, group cooperative relay techniques, mobile cloud computing, high altitude stratospheric platforms, and reducing power consumption. 5G is expected to be rolled out around 2020 and provide significantly higher data speeds and capacities compared to 4G, while supporting a variety of wireless access technologies and seamless handovers between them.
Mobile Internet Networks fifth generation is expected to be a platform World Wide Wireless Web (wwww) perfect to connect anywhere on earth.A wireless world really, where we can access through the Internet without encountering barriers, restrictions in terms of space and time. In essence, the 5G network has developed on the basis of the 4G but at a higher level.
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast revolution in mobile technology. This revolution is due to very high increase in mobile customers. This revolution is from-
1G - the first generation
2G- the second generation
3G - the third generation
4G - the fourth generation and
5G - the fifth second generation
Mobile Internet Networks fifth generation is expected to be a platform World Wide Wireless Web (wwww) perfect to connect anywhere on earth.A wireless world really, where we can access through the Internet without encountering barriers, restrictions in terms of space and time. In essence, the 5G network has developed on the basis of the 4G but at a higher level.
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast revolution in mobile technology. This revolution is due to very high increase in mobile customers. This revolution is from-
1G - the first generation
2G- the second generation
3G - the third generation
4G - the fourth generation and
5G - the fifth second generation
Hello ;
I'm Ali Yadborooghi and I'm trying to express 5 generation wireless technology in this presentation.
I have used the term Technology, Because Technology means of knowledge techniques and this means we used to achieve the technology product or special services, you first need to go to a higher level and to achieve an understanding of the philosophy of knowledge.
after presenting practical concepts and overview on 5G technology, i mention military applications. Because I believe that, when a technology in the operating environment and military have the ability to run properly, it's applicable in other environments.
I hope to be useful.
Best regards;
New carrier technique for 5G mobile communicationmohamed naeem
in that slide , i have presented the evolution of mobile technology as an introduction , presenting the mobile generations and it's relation to the radio spectrum, also i have focused on the concept of new carrier types and how it will work in the 5th generation.
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
A technology that will change the face of the future.
A technology that will bring the level of change in the mobile market that will rival the international market.
Next phase of mobile telecommunication beyond upcoming 4G standards.
*** this is the introduction. wait for subsequent topics under 5G banner.***
Hello ;
I'm Ali Yadborooghi and I'm trying to express 5 generation wireless technology in this presentation.
I have used the term Technology, Because Technology means of knowledge techniques and this means we used to achieve the technology product or special services, you first need to go to a higher level and to achieve an understanding of the philosophy of knowledge.
after presenting practical concepts and overview on 5G technology, i mention military applications. Because I believe that, when a technology in the operating environment and military have the ability to run properly, it's applicable in other environments.
I hope to be useful.
Best regards;
New carrier technique for 5G mobile communicationmohamed naeem
in that slide , i have presented the evolution of mobile technology as an introduction , presenting the mobile generations and it's relation to the radio spectrum, also i have focused on the concept of new carrier types and how it will work in the 5th generation.
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
A technology that will change the face of the future.
A technology that will bring the level of change in the mobile market that will rival the international market.
Next phase of mobile telecommunication beyond upcoming 4G standards.
*** this is the introduction. wait for subsequent topics under 5G banner.***
El camino hacia la 5G - Isidro Nieto from Ericsson at VI Jornadas Cátedras Te...Ericsson España
Participation of Isidro Nieto, Regional Head of Mobile Broadband for Ericsson in the Mediterranean, during the event VI Jornadas Cátedras Telefónica UPM, Madrid.
Technology is taking a step towards the 5G Mobile Network technology and you can check the complete information what we are going to get with 5G technology.
To learn more about the opportunities that 5G will create, Ericsson commissioned a detailed survey of more than 650
decision-makers from eight key industries. Here, we have gathered five glimpses into their 5G future.
An overview about the new feature proposed for LTE Release 12 and beyond: Proximity Services (ProSe) / D2D.
It covers the D2D features: Discovery, Communication, Security and also shows some use-cases.
This is a report on 5 G mobile technology for B.Tech students for their seminar this is a new topic so it is very useful for B.Tech computer science students
With the Ericsson 5G Core System we have built an architecture that is highly flexible, modular, and scalable. It supports a much higher degree of programmability and is ready to exist in a cloud-based environment. We help you to quickly react to new challenges and capture any business opportunity that arise.
Nice presentation by Nokia talking about 5G network and radio enhancements such as 5G Quality of Service, Netowrk Slicing, Latency Reduction and architecture issue. Thanks Benoist for this and your work in 3GPP RAN2.
With the components already introduced to the market, we are making the platform truly end-to-end by launching;
- The market’s first complete 5G radio system
- The first version of an E2E Core network capable of 5G use cases based on network slices
- A 5G core network which can now be connected to 5G NR radio
This enables already today some 5G use cases, for telecom operators to capture growth opportunities for 5G & Internet of Things services for Consumers & Enterprises.
Latest technologies used to transfer data using internetSaqlain Memon
this are the latest technologies used to transfer data in internet using this you can transfer data very easily be smart on the internet be protective in india for more information log in to saqlainmemon776@gmail.com find interesting things on this
In this presentation, we embark on a journey through the evolution of cellular networks, tracing their roots from 1G to the current pinnacle of technology, 5G. We delve into the intricacies of 5G, exploring its foundational principles, technical workings, and the myriad advantages it brings, from lightning-fast data speeds to enabling groundbreaking applications in augmented reality, the Internet of Things, and beyond. However, no exploration of 5G is complete without addressing concerns and misconceptions. We confront conspiracy theories surrounding 5G, including alleged health risks and unfounded associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end, participants will gain a holistic understanding of 5G's transformative potential, appreciating its benefits while dispelling myths that may cloud its advancement.
This is the second part of my 5G project which consists of the architecture structure of 5G. What all it consists of, what all technologies it uses, what all layers it contain etc.
We are looking at the future of technology that has the structure of Nanocore, beneficial for future applications.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Convergence of Wired and Wireless networks.
From the technology and business perspective, the differentiation between Mobile Networks and Fixed phone network is slowly diminishing. Voice, Mobile Data / Internet characteristics in Mobile systems are similar to these in Fixed Networks. Differences are the access type, bandwidth limitations and device characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the convergence of Fixed and Mobile networking so to provide Universal mode of Telecommunication for all.
1. Limitations of current Mobile Telecom system. In a detail analysis, it can be seen that with higher data rates, the differentiations of Fixed Network and Mobile Network narrow down to ‘the type of end link’ and the ‘terminal device’. This is because, networking of enormously large number of small coverage’ area cell sites that are required for High Data rate Service delivery with Wireless connectivity becomes impractical. In practice, the topology of the high data service mobile network becomes same as that of fixed network made up of Optical Cable back bone and WiFi / WiMax based wireless end link. Higher Mobility of the Mobile terminal also have impact on the data rates that can be realized without compromising quality of service.
2. Product utility in Mobile situation: Higher data rates of 2 Mbps and above, is required only for quick down loading of high volume contents such as a lengthy digital movie etc. The utility of such services will be rare in a mobile situation and therefore, cannot become a major revenue earning product. Such high volume data files can be easily carried in plug and play storage devices.
It can be seen that an assured data rate of 384 to 512 Kbps, is more than adequate for good quality user intensive 'real time' video plus voice products such as, TV news, digital movie display, Multi-media transactions over internet etc. With 384 to 512 Kbps data rate, the data service can be delivered to the mobile device in a vehicle moving at its normal speed without compromising quality of service.
3. The business viability of high data service: Higher data rates of 2Mbps and above inMobile network any time, anywhere is near to impractical in terms of business viability. It could be realized only in limited hot spots and the Mobile device in more or less stationery situation identical to Wired phone.
4. Limitation in current Wired Line devices. Though very high data rate products could be made available in a fixed network system, the fixed network provides only limited mobility within a short coverage area. High data rate need of the user can be realized if the user can plug in his device to a fixed network socket or get serviced through a PON connectivity as the end link at the premises.
Please see link http://wp.me/p1ZsI2-26
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands. In addition to providing simply faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will need to meet new use cases such as the Internet of Things (internet connected devices) as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural disaster. Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under the current ITU-T 4G standards. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the spectrum for 5G, including the 28 Gigahertz, 37 GHz and 39 GHz bands, on July 14, 2016. 5G research and development also aims at improved support of machine to machine communication, also known as the Internet of things, aiming at lower cost, lower battery consumption and lower latency than 4G equipment. To put it simply, the use cases for 4G networks has expanded well beyond the initial scope of the standard. 5G is what you get when you reset the standard/design to cope with the increase in scope.4G networks don’t just support mobile devices anymore. IOT (Internet of Things) devices are everywhere and the number of them is only going to increase. We’re seeing 4G modems in smart watches, in CCTVs and even in doorbells.
Scope of 5G technologies in 21st centuryanjansubbarao
Fifth-generation wireless (5G) is the latest iteration of cellular technology, engineered to greatly increase the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks. With 5G, data transmitted over wireless broadband connections can travel at multigigabit speeds, with potential peak speeds as high as 20 gigabits per second (Gbps) by some estimates. These speeds exceed wireline network speeds and offer latency of 1 millisecond (ms) or lower for uses that require real-time feedback. 5G will also enable a sharp increase in the amount of data transmitted over wireless systems due to more available bandwidth and advanced antenna technology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. OVERVIEW.
• Currently, Mobile operators are busy with deployment of 4G
technology namely, LTE-advanced or WIMAX 802.16m. This
4G technology will be concluded within two years. 5G
technology is not standardizing yet, probably 5G standard
will define in two to three years, and its deployment will start
around 2020. In future, people will expect same quality of
internet connectivity as the device is capable. This
technology will include all types of advanced
features, which make 5G technology more powerful. The
main features we want to add in 5G mobile network is that
user can simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless
technologies and can switch between them. Forthcoming
mobile technology has to support IPv6 and flat IP. This paper
explains different technology which we want to include
making future mobile technology more powerful and more
in demand.
3. WHAT?
• It's at the moment just over last few years since the smart phone
changed the world of the mobile Internet and mobile
connectivity is changing the way we live and work. Now a day
Smart-phone selling is more compared to mobile phone
selling, it indicates that technology is changing. With the advent
of tablets, the online media consumption patterns of users are
going to change very fast. Now a day's more and more people
start purchasing their products with tablet and mobile phone.
That means more and more people use phones to read
consumer reviews, compare prices and view photos of product.
People expect to have the same speeds on their tablet PC and
in a smart phone as they get at the desktop at home. Traffic on
wireless networks has been doubling annually and around
2020, data consumption will be thirty times more. Current 4G
technology will not be capable of carry this rapid increase of
data consumption.
4. CONTINUED…
• In reality, 5G does not exist yet but the future network
next to 4G we say as 5G. So far, we heard about only
LTE advanced, which give peak download speed of
1Gbps and upload speed of 512Mbps, but you cannot
drain its full capacity with your mobile devise. It is
expected that 4G standard will be concluded within
two years. 5G network will not be only more speed but
also capable of carry more data. This generation is
expected to be rolled out around 2020. We know that
frequency is a finite resource. In 5G, network might
solve the problem of frequency licensing and
spectrum management issues. The 5G terminals might
have software-defined radios also it has different
modulation schemes and error-control schemes. It
provides hundreds of channel without streaming.
5. COMPARISON OF 3G, 4G AND 5G
TECHNOLOGY.Technology/Features 3G 4G 5G
Data Bandwidth 2Mbps 2Mbps to 1Gbps 1Gbps & Higher
Standards WCDMA & CDMA-2000 Single, unified, standard Single, unified, standard
Technology Broad band-width CDMA, IP
technology
Unified IP and seamless combination
of broadband, LAN/WAN/ PAN and
WLAN
Unified IP and seamless combination
of broadband, LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN
and wwww
Service Integrated high quality audio, video
and data
Dynamic information access, wear-
able devices
Dynamic information access, wear-
able devices with AI capabilities
Multiple Access CDMA CDMA CDMA & BDMA
Core Network PACKET NETWORK INTERNET INTERNET
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal & Vertical Horizontal & Vertical
6. COGNITIVE RADIO OR SOFTWARE DEFINED
RADIO.
• Because of a steady increase the communication speed and number of user requirements of a
radio spectrum also increase. This lead to initiate to make more efficient use of the spectrum
which gives cost-effective results. Cognitive radio technology will be more efficient radio
communications systems to be developed. This new radio technologies share the same
spectrum efficiently by finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the
requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. Cognitive radio will have
knowledge of free channel and occupy channel, type of data to be transmitted, modulation
scheme, position of receiving equipment and also aware of the environment. With the
knowledge of above parameters radio should capture the best available spectrum to meet user
requirements and quality of services. Cognitive radio should be software defined radio so it can
be fully reconfigurable based on above parameters and user demand.
• when the level of occupancy increase then cognitive radio systems has to move continuously
from one channel to another this will reduces the efficiency of system and in the worst case,
system will be inoperable. As a use of cognitive radio increase in a single frequency then signal
will appear on new frequency continuously so that effective algorithm must be develop so that
CR system will move only when it is necessary.
7. COGNITIVE RADIO SPECTRUM
SENSING TECHNIQUES.
Continuous Spectrum Sensing
In this system spectrum occupancy will monitor continuously, and cognitive radio
system will use the spectrum on a non-interference basis for the user.
Monitor for Empty Alternative Spectrum
When primary user return to the spectrum then cognitive radio system must
have an alternative spectrum available so it can switch secondary user on it.
Monitor type of transmission
The cognitive radio must have knowledge of transmission used by users so that
interference can be ignored.
8. BEAM DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS.
Mobile communication system has to provide good quality service to a
large number of users at lower cost. Big challenge for wireless technology is
to increase system capacity and quality within a limited frequency
spectrum. For solving this problem multiple access techniques are required.
Now days in the wireless system FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDM multiple
access techniques are used. In present multiple access technique's
frequency and time are divided among multiple users. Therefore, capacity
of a mobile communication system depends on time and frequency.
Korean research and development has suggested BDMA as a radio
interface for 5G, which is not depended on frequency/time resources.
In BDMA technique base station allocates separate beam to each mobile
station for that it divides the antenna beam according to the location of
mobile stations. This multiple access technique significantly increases the
capacity of the system. Initially, base station and mobile station don't know
each other positions so mobile station finds its position and moving speed
transmit it omnidirectionally thereof to the base station. Based on moving
speed and position of mobile station, the base station calculates a
direction and width of a downlink beam.
9. CONTINUED…
• When mobile station and base station are in LOS state and know the position of each other then
both can communicate with each other by the separate beam. In BDMA technique, multiple
beams of distinct patterns are formed using the phase array antenna. When mobile stations are
located at a different angle with base station then base station transmits the different beam at
the different angle to transmit data simultaneously. If mobile stations are at the same angle with
base station, after that they share same beam.
• The base station can change the width of beams, number of beam and direction according to
a communication environment. The beam is three dimensionally divided so it can
accommodate more users. The radiation efficiency of antenna can be maximized with
matching of radiation pattern of mobile station and base station antennas. Mobile stations are
at the same angle with base station share same beam which lower MCS level or peak to
average power ratio problems.
10. SUPPORT IPV6.
• In the 5G system, each cell phone will have permanent "Home" IP
address and "care of address" which represents its actual location.
When a computer on the Internet wants to communicate with cell
phone after that first, it sends a packet to the home address and
subsequently server on home address send a packet to the actual
location through the tunnel. Server also sends a packet to the
computer to inform the correct address so that future packets will
send on that address. Because of multiple layer of subnetting and
many addresses IPv6 is needed for mobility.
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bit, which is four times more than 32 bit IPv4
address. This 128 bit address will be divided into four parts. The first
32-bit part may be defined as the home address of a device,
second part may use for care of address, Third part for tunnelling to
establish a connection between wire-line and wireless network and
last part of IPv6 address may be used for VPN sharing. The goal of
5G network is to replace current core mobile network with a single
worldwide network standard based on IPv6 for control, packet
data, video and voice. This will give uniform voice, video and data
services to the mobile host based on IPv6.
11. SUPPORT FLAT IP.
• Flat IP network is the key feature to make 5G acceptable for all kinds of technologies. In next generation of
network, it is beneficial to transmit all voice, video and data using packet switching instead of circuit
switching. Each mobile devises have to allocate IP based on connected network and its location.
• In flat IP architecture devises are identified using the symbolic name instead of conventional IP format. The
term 'flat' is used to emphasize that data is no longer routed by traversing a hierarchy from originating user
through multiple layers of aggregation to a central core and then re-routed back out in a multilayer dis-
aggregation hierarchy to the targeted user. Instead, the flat core routers of the originating user routes' data
directly to the local flat core router of the target user. This requires direct connections, or failing that requires
shortest path connections between flat core routers. In this technology only one access specific node type is
available, and it will be integrated in BTS is IP capable. This technology reduces the number of component
lower the operation cost and investment. Because of fewer central components to disrupt the system give low
failure rate and lower latency
• With above advantages of IP, the negative side is security challenges. The internet is open not only for
developers but also for criminals and hackers. The Internet brings us not only voice and video but also
virus, Trojan horses and phishing attack, which is challenges for future mobile networks.
12. MULTIHOMING
• It is a technique used to increase the reliability of the Internet connection
for an IP network. Next generation of network will support vertical
handover, and user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless
access technologies and move between them. The internet through
multiple network interface or IP addressable to a single device is called
multihoming. For multihoming network configuration assign multiple IP
address to different wireless technology available on a same device. If
one of the link fails, then its IP address will be unreachable but other IP
address will still work so we can access the internet.
• Above figure shows the BGP network for two service provider. This way
techniques use to increase network reliability. Multihoming is increased in
popularity because of IPv6 address availability, support more network
protocol for multihoming than traditional IPv4 address. IPv6 address has
availability of provider independent address space. This technique gives
work like IPv4, support traffic balance across multiple providers and
maintains existing TCP and UDP sessions through cut-over's.
13. PERVASIVE NETWORKS.
• It provides ubiquitous computing. The growing demand for mobile broadband technology also increases air
interference technology and provides local area connectivity to the wide area. Tomorrow network will be
"network of networks" will provide uninterrupted service when roaming across many radio access schemes.
The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and move between them.
These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future
access technology. If the user is getting multiple streams for from different sources and one of these sources
fail, then other technology provides the connection. In 5G user can provide multiple concurrent data transfer
and also user can move globally. Beyond 4G, network gives media independent handover, vertical handover
and IEEE 802.21 support.
• IEEE standard 802.21 supports handover between same type of networks as well as distinct type of networks.
This standard allows handover to and from 802.3, 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks with
different handover mechanism. This type of handover is called vertical handover. Mobile IP provides vertical
handover mechanisms for different types of networks, but can be slow in the process. To support vertical
handover mobile station must have dual mode cards so it can work on WLAN and UMTS band and
modulation scheme. In cellular networks, handover decision is made on relative signal strength, block call and
call drop rates, etc.. In vertical handover decision is taken based on relative signal strength, user
preference, application types, network conditions, cost, etc...
14. GROUP COOPERATIVE RELAY
TECHNIQUES.
• With the development of the MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
system gives higher throughput and reliability in a wireless network. This
technology is clearly advantageous for base station side but not on the
user side due to size and power consumption. The alternate way for this is
Group Cooperative diversity techniques. In cooperative communication,
source transmits data to the destination at that time neighbour user
(Relay user) can also hear a transmission. The relay user also processed
and forwards this message to the destination and received signals are
combined. Both Signals are transmitted with the different path gives
diversity. Mostly, Cooperative diversity can be performed two ways.
Amplify-and-Forward
In this relay station receive the signal amplify it and then forward
it without decoding. This system is useful when relay node has less power.
Major drawback of this system is it also amplifies noise at relay node.
Decode-and-Forward
In this relay station receives the signal decode it then forward it to
the destination. We can add error correcting code at relay node. This is only
possible if relay station has enough power.
15. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING
SUPPORT.
• Cloud computing is new and unique technique to access
data like documents, application, video files, music file,
etc. from any place without carrying any data-storage
devices. By having all the information on cloud user can
access all data from anywhere in the world any time. Best
example of cloud computing is Gmail. In this service, all
mails are stored on Gmail server, and also all processes
are done on cloud. Users give the command then process
occurs on Gmail's server, and result is displayed on a
screen.
• Next figure shows the cloud computing .Mobile world is
depended upon two factors one network availability (2G,
3G, 4G WIFI, etc.,) and second is handset availability
(Feature phones, Smart Phones). Now days there is more
user carry “feature” mobile phones instead of smart
phones, and they want all features in their phone what we
see in the smart phone.
16. CONTINUED…
• Because of low processing capability, low data storage and less power mobile cloud computing
is best option. It will allow to feature mobile phone users having same data access like smart
phone difference is that feature phone data will not physically be stored on the phone. This
advantage of cloud computing allows the mobile operator to target a larger market instead of
only smart phone users.
• Another reason for mobile cloud computing is due to mobile applications. . Mobile applications
provide a number of benefits to the user, but we always find the problem is some applications
work on the specific platform known as a mobile operating system. For example, one mobile
application can run on BADA phone but can’t run on blackberry. This problem can be solved
with the help of cloud computing. In this, the application runs on the specific device called
cloud, and user can access the data and application. Requirement is user must have the
internet not to have more computing capacity.
17. HIGH ALTITUDE STRATOSPHERIC PLATFORM STATION
SYSTEMS.
• As a demand of data grows continuously to transfer high data require large
band width. To use high-bandwidth solution is to use lower wavelength
waves, which require line of sight propagation, which is challenged to
compare with lower frequency propagation. Wireless communication services
are provided by terrestrial and satellite systems. The terrestrial systems are used
to provide services in complex propagation areas. Satellite links are used when
terrestrial links are not available. Now a day's research is going on aerial
platforms at high altitudes provide line of sight propagation.
• A high-altitude platform can be airplane or balloon designed to operate at
very high-altitude approx. 17-22km and is able to stay there for long time. HAP
is powered by battery, engine or solar cell. HAPs work as a base station can
compare with tall antenna delivers a wireless communication. It is good
techniques to serve broadband wireless service. HAPs give a coverage radius
of 30Km so we can establish single HAP instead of several terrestrial base
stations in suburban and rural areas. HPA does not require expensive launching
like satellite which gives cost-effective way. HAP can easily deploy in hours so it
is used in emergency or in disaster. HAPs offer the line of sight links gives high
capacity of broadband applications.
• Because of the wind, HPAs will vary in position vertically and laterally. This
movement changes the look angle from the ground terminal. If this variation is
greater than beam width of an antenna, then it requires the gain to operate
the link.
18. LESS POWER CONSUMPTION.
• With increasing bit rates led to increased energy
consumption in base satiations. Main challenge for future
mobile networks is to reduce power consumption. In
cellular networks base station consume more than 60% of
the power so it is preferable to reduce power
consumption in base station elements. Currently,
networks are designed with the consideration of peak
load not with medium and low load consideration. In real
scenario if the load on a network increased, then
coverage will decrease and load decrease, then
coverage increase. To reduce the power consumption
network topology will be designed in such a way that as
load on decrease base station starts to cover more
regions, and we can shutdown some of the base
stations.
19. 5G SUPER CORE ARCHITECTURE.
• The Newer Generations from 2G to 5G were always identified by increasing bit rates. As the 4G
network provides adequate RF coverage and capacity for high-volume data applications and lower
latency for voice applications. Beyond 4G, there will no need for newer technology and wireless
standards. This newer technology will integrate network technologies rather than expansion of older
technology. New network applications will be developed to integrate various engineering practices as
health care, mechanical, chemical, banking, etc.
• Existing telecom networks are in hierarchical ways, where traffic is aggregated at BSC/RNC and then
routed to gateways. Flat IP architecture will reduce the burden on aggregation point, and traffic will
directly move from base station to the media gateways. When transmission from TDM, ATM platforms
to flat network a common ALL IP network will be emerged. Super core is based on IP platform. All
network operators can be connected to one super core with massive capacity. Each engineering
practice has their own standards. To integrate these standards requires the systematic and time-
consuming process. One common architecture is required, which creates a common platform for all
engineering practices to regularize the inter connectivity issue as well as knowledge sharing.
20.
21. CONCLUSION
• The 5G mobile technology will be implemented at the end of the current decade. In
this presentation, we explain different mobile technology we want to include in a
future mobile network. This mobile technology will offer high data rate, efficient and
reliable communication at an affordable rate. Basically this presentation shows the
technology can be added in the 5G so by this add on, the future technology can
become more efficient and helpful for society.
22. REFERENCES.
• [1] A. Mahmood, "Cooperative Diversity in Wireless
Networks", Journal of Computer Science and
Engineering, pp. 184-187, Review 3 (1) (2010).
• [2] T. C. Tozer and D. Grace, "High-altitude plateforms
for wireless Communications", Electronics and
communication Engineering Journal, June 2001
• [3] Shakil Akhtar," Evolution of
Technologies, Standards, and Deployment of 2G-5G
Networks", White papers, Clyton state university, August
1,2008
• [4] Imthiyaz Ali, "Beam division multiple access (BDMA)
for 5g",Next Generation ,April 3,2011
• [5] Tejas Dave, “Emergence Of Mobile Cloud
Computing”, Tracking Developments In Indian
Telecom Industry, May, 2011, pp. 1-10.
• [6] Flat IP Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_IP
• [7] Peter Sayer,"Flat IP Mobile Network Face New
security challenges",IDG News Service, October
10,2007
• [8] Cognitive Radio Available: http://www.radio-
electronics.com/info/rf-technology-
design/cognitive-radio-cr/technology-tutorial.php
• [9] Bradley Mitchell,"Multihoming",About.com
Guide
• [10] Multihoming Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multihoming