This seminar report provides an overview of 5G technology. It discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G, describing the key features of each generation. The report then focuses on 5G technology, explaining what it is, the research work being done, the proposed 5G architecture and protocol stack, key features and applications. It concludes by discussing the future potential of 5G networks.
This document presents a seminar on 5G wireless technology. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 5G mobile networks, with each generation offering higher speeds and better connectivity. 5G is expected to offer speeds up to 1 Gbps, make wireless networks globally accessible, and power applications like wearable devices with artificial intelligence. The proposed 5G architecture uses open wireless and transport protocols to provide a unified standard across networks and intelligent quality of service management. 5G aims to be more user-centric compared to previous operator-centric mobile generations.
5G technology will be the next major phase of mobile telecommunications, providing speeds 10 times faster than current 4G networks. It will use technologies like ultra wide band networks and smart antennas to achieve speeds up to 1 Gbps. 5G will have a unified software standard to connect various wireless technologies and be more globally accessible at lower cost than previous versions. It is expected to revolutionize wireless systems and be commercially available around 2020.
5G Technology stands forĀ 5th Generation Mobile technology which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast revolution in mobile technology. This revolution is due to very high increase in mobile customers. This revolution is from-
1G - the first generation
2G- the second generation
3G - the third generation
4G - the fourth generation and
5G - the fifth second generation
The document discusses 5G technology and its advantages over previous generations of mobile networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and its incredibly high transmission speeds. The document then summarizes the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, including key aspects of each generation such as speed increases from 2.4kbps in 1G to 1Gbps expected for 5G. The remainder of the document covers 5G architecture, hardware and software, features, applications, challenges, and concludes that 5G will provide dramatic reductions in cost and energy use per delivered bit of data.
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless technology. It discusses how 5G represents the next major phase in mobile telecommunications, offering speeds up to 1 Gbps which is 10 times faster than 4G. The presentation covers the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, the key architecture and hardware/software components of 5G including open wireless architecture and open transport protocol. It also outlines some of the main features, advantages, and applications of 5G technology.
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
Ā
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
This document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on each generation including the technologies used, speed capabilities, and features. 1G allowed for analog voice calls with speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS with speeds up to 64 kbps. 3G enabled broadband internet access on mobile devices with speeds from 144-384 kbps. 4G saw the rise of LTE networks offering speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1 Gbps along with low latency and support for new applications. The document compares the key aspects of each generation and concludes that 5G will revolutionize wireless connectivity.
This document presents a seminar on 5G wireless technology. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 5G mobile networks, with each generation offering higher speeds and better connectivity. 5G is expected to offer speeds up to 1 Gbps, make wireless networks globally accessible, and power applications like wearable devices with artificial intelligence. The proposed 5G architecture uses open wireless and transport protocols to provide a unified standard across networks and intelligent quality of service management. 5G aims to be more user-centric compared to previous operator-centric mobile generations.
5G technology will be the next major phase of mobile telecommunications, providing speeds 10 times faster than current 4G networks. It will use technologies like ultra wide band networks and smart antennas to achieve speeds up to 1 Gbps. 5G will have a unified software standard to connect various wireless technologies and be more globally accessible at lower cost than previous versions. It is expected to revolutionize wireless systems and be commercially available around 2020.
5G Technology stands forĀ 5th Generation Mobile technology which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast revolution in mobile technology. This revolution is due to very high increase in mobile customers. This revolution is from-
1G - the first generation
2G- the second generation
3G - the third generation
4G - the fourth generation and
5G - the fifth second generation
The document discusses 5G technology and its advantages over previous generations of mobile networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and its incredibly high transmission speeds. The document then summarizes the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, including key aspects of each generation such as speed increases from 2.4kbps in 1G to 1Gbps expected for 5G. The remainder of the document covers 5G architecture, hardware and software, features, applications, challenges, and concludes that 5G will provide dramatic reductions in cost and energy use per delivered bit of data.
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless technology. It discusses how 5G represents the next major phase in mobile telecommunications, offering speeds up to 1 Gbps which is 10 times faster than 4G. The presentation covers the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, the key architecture and hardware/software components of 5G including open wireless architecture and open transport protocol. It also outlines some of the main features, advantages, and applications of 5G technology.
5G Technology - History of Wireless TechnologyArslanShabbir8
Ā
I created this presentation with different places. I Hope you like my work. Please rate my work if you like this. I will be very thankful to you for this. Arslan Shabbir,.
This document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on each generation including the technologies used, speed capabilities, and features. 1G allowed for analog voice calls with speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS with speeds up to 64 kbps. 3G enabled broadband internet access on mobile devices with speeds from 144-384 kbps. 4G saw the rise of LTE networks offering speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1 Gbps along with low latency and support for new applications. The document compares the key aspects of each generation and concludes that 5G will revolutionize wireless connectivity.
Millimeter wave technology uses high-frequency signals between 25GHz and 300GHz to enable 5G networks to provide faster wireless connectivity. It allows for higher bandwidth and data transfer rates up to 100 times faster than current 4G networks. While millimeter wave technology provides significant advantages like high speeds and large bandwidth, it also faces disadvantages such as poor penetration and interference from rain or oxygen. 5G networks using millimeter wave technology have the potential to deliver multi-Gbps wireless connectivity and fulfill the demands of "4A" wireless services - available at any time, anywhere, with an affordable cost and at any rate.
6G mobile technology will provide wireless connectivity without limitations at incredible transmission speeds in the terabit range. It will allow for zero-distance connectivity between people and utilize technologies like WCDMA multiplexing, UWB radio, and LTE. 6G networks will offer advantages like ultra-secure and fast data streaming for gaming and mobile TV. However, fully realizing 6G will require developments like smart antennas and high-capacity fiber optic networks.
The document discusses the economic impact and benefits of 5G technology. It estimates that 5G will boost the U.S. GDP by $500 billion and create 3 million new jobs. Additionally, 5G solutions applied to vehicle traffic and electrical grids could produce $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities. The major challenges of 5G include developing the necessary hardware and software to enable speeds over 1 Gbps and connecting billions of devices globally with low latency.
This presentation will enlighten upcoming 5g technology.
covers about history and upcoming future of 5G technology. Describes its uses and impacts on society.
5G technology will offer unprecedented wireless capabilities including transmission speeds over 1 Gbps, high connectivity, and more features on handheld devices. It represents the next major phase in cellular technology beyond 4G. 5G is expected to be 10 times faster than 4G and will allow for applications like wireless virtual reality. It uses a new open wireless architecture and will provide globally accessible dynamic information to users at lower costs than previous generations of cellular standards.
5G wireless is the next generation of mobile network technology that will offer significantly faster speeds and lower latency. It aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps, around 10 times faster than 4G networks, and connect nearly all devices. The document traces the evolution of wireless technology from 1G in the 1980s with speeds up to 2.4kbps to 4G in 2010 with speeds up to 100Mbps. 5G is expected to be introduced in the 2020s and will offer global connectivity, dynamic information access, and applications powered by artificial intelligence at lower costs than previous generations.
This document provides an overview of wireless technologies including 4G and 5G. It discusses the key features of 4G such as providing speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for high-speed data access and quality streaming video. 5G is described as the next generation of wireless that will offer speeds up to 4000 Mbps, supporting interactive multimedia and acting as a single wireless standard to connect various technologies. The document compares 4G and 5G, and outlines how 5G will benefit applications with high speeds, high capacity, and support for multi-media services.
This document discusses 5G wireless technology, providing an overview of its evolution from 1G to 5G networks. 5G is expected to offer transmission speeds up to 1 Gbps, making it 10 times more capable than 4G. The key concepts of 5G include building a unified global standard for seamless connectivity across devices. The 5G architecture is designed as an open platform across different layers, from the physical layer up to the application layer. 5G will enable many new applications through its high-speed, low-latency connectivity.
5G will be the next generation of mobile networks that provides significantly faster speeds, greater bandwidth, and lower latency compared to previous generations. It will allow for innovations like connected vehicles that communicate with each other for safety and traffic control. 5G networks will also enable technologies like virtual and augmented reality to have natural conversations by providing bandwidth capabilities that 4G currently cannot. Countries and mobile carriers around the world are working on 5G and investing billions to deploy new infrastructure using higher frequency spectrum between 24-100GHz that will allow 5G networks to handle the increased traffic of a more connected world.
This is a report on 5 G mobile technology for B.Tech students for their seminar this is a new topic so it is very useful for B.Tech computer science students
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
This a small PPT on Introduction to 5G technology. In this PPT 5g introduced in very briefly. This is related to to 2017 5g according to 3GPP standards.
5G mobile technology will be the next major phase in mobile telecommunications. It aims to provide faster data transfer speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect many more devices simultaneously. 5G will utilize new technologies like nanotechnology, cloud computing, and an all-IP network architecture to create a "5G Nanocore" that allows for ubiquitous computing and sensing capabilities. Some potential applications include mobile devices that can share workloads, detect natural disasters early, self-clean, and integrate artificial intelligence for health monitoring and suggestions.
5G technology will provide wireless communication with almost no limitations and incredible transmission speeds of up to 1 Gbps. It evolved from 1G to 2G to 3G to 4G, with each generation offering faster speeds and improved features. 5G will support applications like wearable devices, media streaming, and virtual reality. It promises advantages like high quality connectivity globally at low cost.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology, including its evolution from earlier generations of cellular technology, key aspects of its architecture and hardware/software, features, advantages, and applications. It discusses the progression from 1G to 2G to 3G to 4G networks and the increased speeds and capabilities offered by each generation. The document then describes 5G network architecture, hardware, software, features such as high speeds and low latency, and advantages like support for IoT. Finally, it outlines several applications of 5G like high-speed mobile networks, smart homes and cities, logistics/shipping, industrial IoT, autonomous driving, and more.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including speed increases over time from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. 5G is described as providing complete wireless communication with almost no limitations through very high transmission speeds. Example applications of 5G that are discussed include smart homes, healthcare, autonomous vehicles and more through its ability to support high bandwidth, low latency connections.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.
Millimeter wave technology uses high-frequency signals between 25GHz and 300GHz to enable 5G networks to provide faster wireless connectivity. It allows for higher bandwidth and data transfer rates up to 100 times faster than current 4G networks. While millimeter wave technology provides significant advantages like high speeds and large bandwidth, it also faces disadvantages such as poor penetration and interference from rain or oxygen. 5G networks using millimeter wave technology have the potential to deliver multi-Gbps wireless connectivity and fulfill the demands of "4A" wireless services - available at any time, anywhere, with an affordable cost and at any rate.
6G mobile technology will provide wireless connectivity without limitations at incredible transmission speeds in the terabit range. It will allow for zero-distance connectivity between people and utilize technologies like WCDMA multiplexing, UWB radio, and LTE. 6G networks will offer advantages like ultra-secure and fast data streaming for gaming and mobile TV. However, fully realizing 6G will require developments like smart antennas and high-capacity fiber optic networks.
The document discusses the economic impact and benefits of 5G technology. It estimates that 5G will boost the U.S. GDP by $500 billion and create 3 million new jobs. Additionally, 5G solutions applied to vehicle traffic and electrical grids could produce $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities. The major challenges of 5G include developing the necessary hardware and software to enable speeds over 1 Gbps and connecting billions of devices globally with low latency.
This presentation will enlighten upcoming 5g technology.
covers about history and upcoming future of 5G technology. Describes its uses and impacts on society.
5G technology will offer unprecedented wireless capabilities including transmission speeds over 1 Gbps, high connectivity, and more features on handheld devices. It represents the next major phase in cellular technology beyond 4G. 5G is expected to be 10 times faster than 4G and will allow for applications like wireless virtual reality. It uses a new open wireless architecture and will provide globally accessible dynamic information to users at lower costs than previous generations of cellular standards.
5G wireless is the next generation of mobile network technology that will offer significantly faster speeds and lower latency. It aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps, around 10 times faster than 4G networks, and connect nearly all devices. The document traces the evolution of wireless technology from 1G in the 1980s with speeds up to 2.4kbps to 4G in 2010 with speeds up to 100Mbps. 5G is expected to be introduced in the 2020s and will offer global connectivity, dynamic information access, and applications powered by artificial intelligence at lower costs than previous generations.
This document provides an overview of wireless technologies including 4G and 5G. It discusses the key features of 4G such as providing speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps for high-speed data access and quality streaming video. 5G is described as the next generation of wireless that will offer speeds up to 4000 Mbps, supporting interactive multimedia and acting as a single wireless standard to connect various technologies. The document compares 4G and 5G, and outlines how 5G will benefit applications with high speeds, high capacity, and support for multi-media services.
This document discusses 5G wireless technology, providing an overview of its evolution from 1G to 5G networks. 5G is expected to offer transmission speeds up to 1 Gbps, making it 10 times more capable than 4G. The key concepts of 5G include building a unified global standard for seamless connectivity across devices. The 5G architecture is designed as an open platform across different layers, from the physical layer up to the application layer. 5G will enable many new applications through its high-speed, low-latency connectivity.
5G will be the next generation of mobile networks that provides significantly faster speeds, greater bandwidth, and lower latency compared to previous generations. It will allow for innovations like connected vehicles that communicate with each other for safety and traffic control. 5G networks will also enable technologies like virtual and augmented reality to have natural conversations by providing bandwidth capabilities that 4G currently cannot. Countries and mobile carriers around the world are working on 5G and investing billions to deploy new infrastructure using higher frequency spectrum between 24-100GHz that will allow 5G networks to handle the increased traffic of a more connected world.
This is a report on 5 G mobile technology for B.Tech students for their seminar this is a new topic so it is very useful for B.Tech computer science students
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
This a small PPT on Introduction to 5G technology. In this PPT 5g introduced in very briefly. This is related to to 2017 5g according to 3GPP standards.
5G mobile technology will be the next major phase in mobile telecommunications. It aims to provide faster data transfer speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect many more devices simultaneously. 5G will utilize new technologies like nanotechnology, cloud computing, and an all-IP network architecture to create a "5G Nanocore" that allows for ubiquitous computing and sensing capabilities. Some potential applications include mobile devices that can share workloads, detect natural disasters early, self-clean, and integrate artificial intelligence for health monitoring and suggestions.
5G technology will provide wireless communication with almost no limitations and incredible transmission speeds of up to 1 Gbps. It evolved from 1G to 2G to 3G to 4G, with each generation offering faster speeds and improved features. 5G will support applications like wearable devices, media streaming, and virtual reality. It promises advantages like high quality connectivity globally at low cost.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology, including its evolution from earlier generations of cellular technology, key aspects of its architecture and hardware/software, features, advantages, and applications. It discusses the progression from 1G to 2G to 3G to 4G networks and the increased speeds and capabilities offered by each generation. The document then describes 5G network architecture, hardware, software, features such as high speeds and low latency, and advantages like support for IoT. Finally, it outlines several applications of 5G like high-speed mobile networks, smart homes and cities, logistics/shipping, industrial IoT, autonomous driving, and more.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including speed increases over time from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. 5G is described as providing complete wireless communication with almost no limitations through very high transmission speeds. Example applications of 5G that are discussed include smart homes, healthcare, autonomous vehicles and more through its ability to support high bandwidth, low latency connections.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, describing the major characteristics of each generation including their development timelines, data speeds, services offered, standards, and technologies used. It provides a comparison of the generations in terms of these features in a table. 5G is presented as the next major phase of mobile telecommunications offering speeds up to 1 Gbps to support new applications through a unified IP standard architecture.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Amit Kumar to the Division of Computer Engineering at Cochin University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report discusses 5G technology, providing an introduction and covering topics like the history and evolution of cellular networks, the vision for 5G, conventional caching techniques, the Superfetch technology used in Windows, key concepts and features of 5G networks. It includes acknowledgments, an abstract, table of contents, and references.
This is the report part 2 of presentation. It talks about the basic functional architecture, 5G architecture, 5G network layers and the hardware & software components of 5G.
This document is a thesis submitted by three students analyzing 5G network technologies. It includes a title page, declaration, approval, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, and six chapters. The thesis analyzes the evolution of mobile networks leading to 5G, key 5G technologies like massive MIMO and device-to-device communication, a proposed 5G network architecture called NANOCORE, and a comparison of 4G and 5G networks. The students conclude with a discussion of future work and achievements from completing the thesis.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Hegde on the topic of wireless systems and challenges in 5G. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G networks. 1G networks used analog signals and allowed only voice calls. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS. 3G enabled broadband internet access on phones. 4G provided faster speeds but 5G is expected to offer ultra-fast speeds over 100Mbps, low latency, better reliability and ability to connect many devices simultaneously. However, 5G networks will pose complex challenges in network densification, management of heterogeneous networks and meeting stringent quality of experience requirements.
5G And Future Communications Network ArchitectureJim Jimenez
Ā
This document provides a literature review and final report on 5G and future communications network architecture. It discusses the evolution of wireless communications from 1G to 4G technologies. It then examines the need for a 5G network to address increasing data demands. Key 5G technologies discussed include millimeter wave communication, massive MIMO, heterogeneous networks, and software-defined networking. The document also explores 5G vision, use cases such as broadband access in dense areas, and concludes with recommendations and critical reflection.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its history and evolution from previous generations (0G-4G). It discusses the key differences between 1G to 5G networks and their offered capabilities. 1G allowed analog voice calls, while 2G brought digital cellular networks and basic text/data. 3G enabled broadband connectivity and basic smartphone capabilities. 4G significantly increased speeds for mobile internet. 5G is expected to offer much faster speeds and lower latency to enable new applications like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and more. The document also covers 5G network architecture and some of the key concepts and features of 5G networks.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Hegde to Visvesvaraya Technological University that discusses wireless systems and challenges in 5G networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G networks, describing the key features and capabilities of each generation. The report highlights that 5G networks will require significantly more advanced self-organizing capabilities to handle the immense complexity and scale compared to 3G/4G networks. It proposes a framework for empowering self-organizing networks with big data analytics and machine learning to address the challenges of deploying and managing 5G networks.
Seminar report on Fifth Generation of Wireless TechnologiesAbhijith Sambasivan
Ā
This document is a seminar report submitted by Abhijith S for their bachelor's degree. The report discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to the emerging 5G standard. It provides definitions of 5G wireless systems and outlines some of its key properties, such as worldwide cellular connectivity, high data capabilities, flexibility, and use of new technologies like millimeter wavebands and IPv6 addressing. The report also gives brief overviews of the first four generations of wireless standards, from the original analog 1G to the current 4G LTE standard.
This document discusses the history and evolution of 5G technology, beginning with 0G networks in 1945 and the early analog mobile phone systems, then covering the development of 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks and the key technologies such as GSM, CDMA, OFDMA that enabled new wireless capabilities like text messaging, digital voice calls, and mobile broadband internet access with each generation. 5G is positioned as the next major phase in this evolution, promising speeds over 1Gbps and new applications for voice, data and high-quality multimedia services.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on the key characteristics of each generation including 1G which was the initial analog cellular network, 2G which brought digital networks and SMS, 3G which enabled broadband internet access on mobile phones, and 4G which aims to provide speeds up to 1Gbps. It then goes on to describe some of the core technologies expected to underpin 5G such as nanotechnology, cloud computing, and all-IP networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology presented in a technical seminar. It discusses the objectives of 5G including increased speed, reduced latency, and improved flexibility over wireless services. The document outlines the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 4G and describes some of the key technologies that enable 5G including new radio frequencies, massive MIMO, and network slicing. It discusses potential 5G applications and estimated economic impacts, and provides examples of early 5G devices that have been released.
This document discusses key technologies for 4G mobile communication systems, including OFDMA, software defined radio, MIMO, and handover techniques. It emphasizes that 4G will provide seamless integration of various wireless networks and access to information anywhere through fully IP-based systems. Maintaining quality of service during mobility, especially seamless handovers, is a major challenge for 4G given increasing multimedia traffic with different QoS requirements.
5G Mobile Communication Technology: An OverviewIRJET Journal
Ā
This document provides an overview of 5G mobile communication technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G and the key features of each generation. 5G aims to provide data bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher to support applications requiring high data rates, low latency and reliability. It will enable new applications through its ability to interconnect many devices, including autonomous vehicles and devices with artificial intelligence capabilities. The 5G network architecture is being designed to be cloud-native using network function virtualization and software-defined networking to allow deployment on shared cloud infrastructure.
5Gāāconnect anytime, anywhere, anyhowā promising everywhere network access at high speed to the end users, has been a topic of great interest mainly for the wireless telecom industry. 5G seems to be the solution for the growing user necessities of wireless broadband access and the boundaries of the existing wireless communication system. The wireless industry is busy with the standardization of the 4th generation (4G) cellular networks. 4G wireless system cannot exist in todayās market without standardization. The 4G concept shave already moved to the standardization phase, we must begin to work on the structure blocks of the 5G wireless networks. The major difference, from a user point of view, between current generations and expected 5G techniques must be something else than increased maximum throughput; other requirements include low battery consumption, more secure. We refer to this goal as enabling the 4Aās paradigm i.e. Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable. In particular, this paper focuses on the features such as broadband internet in mobile phones with a possibility to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile and with a speed of 10Gbps and more. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
- The document discusses 5G technology and its features, including its ability to greatly increase wireless network speeds and connectivity. It provides an overview of 5G's history and development, motivations, applications in areas like healthcare and autonomous vehicles, and its system architecture using different frequency bands. While 5G enables major improvements in areas like speed and latency, challenges remain regarding its new infrastructure requirements and the need to replace older devices.
"5G-Advanced Technology Evolution from a Network Perspective" white paper is officially released on Aug 5, 2021.
From the perspective of network, this document clarifies the evolution of 5G-Advanced-Technology in details.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager ā Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
Ā
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, weāll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
Weāll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether youāre tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Letās turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Ā
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind fĆ¼r viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heiĆes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und LizenzgebĆ¼hren zu kƤmpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer mƶglich. Das verstehen wir und wir mƶchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklƤren Ihnen, wie Sie hƤufige Konfigurationsprobleme lƶsen kƶnnen, die dazu fĆ¼hren kƶnnen, dass mehr Benutzer gezƤhlt werden als nƶtig, und wie Sie Ć¼berflĆ¼ssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen kƶnnen, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige AnsƤtze, die zu unnƶtigen Ausgaben fĆ¼hren kƶnnen, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins fĆ¼r geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche FƤlle und deren Lƶsungen. Und natĆ¼rlich erklƤren wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt nƤherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Ćberblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und Ć¼berflĆ¼ssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps fĆ¼r hƤufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-PostfƤcher, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Ā
Monitoring and observability arenāt traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current companyās observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumbleā¦.many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether youāre at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. Weāll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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2. GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KANNUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Seminar report entitled ā5G Technologyā is
a bonaļ¬de record of the Seminar presented by Saurabh U Nambiar
(B0ENCS1109), in partial fulļ¬llment of the requirement for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & En-
gineering under Kannur University.
Dr. K. Najeeb
Seminar coordinator Professor & Head
Department of CSE
3. Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. Najeeb (HOD,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GCE Kannur) for
the support and constant encouragement that he has provided.
I am very thankful to our Principal, Dr. Shyam Prakash for pro-
viding us with the facilities to complete the project.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the
teaching and non-teaching staffs who shared their unprecedented knowl-
edge and valuable suggestions.
Last but not least, I thank all my classmates and friends for their
constant inspiration and support.
4. Abstract
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users ac-
cess their phones. With 5G people will experience a level of call vol-
ume and data transmission never experienced before. 5G technology is
offering the services in different ļ¬elds like Documentation, supporting
electronic transactions (e- Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the cus-
tomer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology,
he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the
advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new
technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to
out innovate their competitors. The 5g design is based on user- centric
mobile environment with many wireless and mobile technologies on
the ground.In 5G, researches are related to the development of World
Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
(DAWN) and Real Wireless Communication. The most important tech-
nologies for 5G technologies are 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN),
Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless net-
works for digital communication.
8. Chapter 1
Introduction
The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication.
Today we no more use landlines. Everyone possesses a mobile phone
that functions 24X7. Our handsets not only keep us connected with
the world at large but also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget.
From 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunications
has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance
with every passing day.
The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless
mobile internet, which has the capability to offer services for accom-
modating the application potential requirements without suffering the
quality. The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless world, that
is free from obstacles of the earlier generations.
5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are of-
fered worldwide. A new revolution is about to begin. The global cell
1
9. Seminar Report 5G Technology
phone is around the corner. The global mobile phone will hit the local-
ities who can call and access from one country to anothers local phone
with this new technology. The way in which people are communicat-
ing will altogether upgrade. The utilization of this gadget will surely
move a step ahead with improved and accessible connectivity around
the world. Your ofļ¬ce will shrink into your handset with this cell phone
that is going to resemble PDA (personal digital assistant) of twenty ļ¬rst
century.
5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technolo-
gies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming
days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies
have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy.
The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high
connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes
within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wire-
less network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a
glowing future.
1.1 Deļ¬nition
5G Wireless System is a complete wireless communication with almost
no limitation; somehow people called it REAL wireless world. But till
present day 5G wireless system concept is only theory and not real, so
it is not applicable for use.
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless sys-
Department of CSE 2 GCE, Kannur
10. Seminar Report 5G Technology
tems) is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote
the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond
4G. 5G is not ofļ¬cially used for any speciļ¬cation or ofļ¬cial document
yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization
bodies. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standard-
ization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile gen-
erations but under the 4G umbrella. The implementation of standards
under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of 2020.
1.2 Properties of 5G
ā¢ Worldwide cellular phone : Phone calls in any country can be
done easily like a local phone call.
ā¢ Extraordinary data capabilities : Data capabilities of the 5G
system is much more higher than other generation so you can
store more number of data with less problem in storing them.
ā¢ High connectivity : Connectivity speed of 5G is unimaginable.
ā¢ More power and features in hand held phones : Youāll have all
features of PDA and laptops in your mobile phone, which makes
it more powerful.
ā¢ Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio
& video.
Department of CSE 3 GCE, Kannur
11. Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Wireless Technology
Wireless communications is the transfer of information between two
or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be
short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as
thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio commu-
nications. It encompasses various types of ļ¬xed, mobile, and portable
two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology in-
clude GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless com-
puter mice, keyboards and Headset(telephone/computer),headphones,
radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless
telephones.
4
12. Seminar Report 5G Technology
2.1.1 Types of Wireless Communication Networks
Cellular Networks
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called
cells, each served by at least one ļ¬xed-location transceiver known as a
cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number
of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to commu-
nicate with each other and with ļ¬xed transceivers and telephones any-
where in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers
are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
Wireless Local Area Network
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices us-
ing some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or
OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access
point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the net-
work. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, mar-
keted underthe Wi-Fi brand name. Wireless LANs have become popu-
lar in the home due to ease of installation, and incommercial complexes
offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. Large wire-
less network projects are being put up in many major cities: New York
City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in
all ļ¬ve boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.
Department of CSE 5 GCE, Kannur
13. Seminar Report 5G Technology
2.2 Evolution from 1G to 5G
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless com-
munications by transmitting the three- dot Morse code for the letter āSā
over a distance of three kilometers using electromagnetic waves. From
this beginning, wireless communications has developed into a key el-
ement of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and tele-
vision broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone, wireless
communications has revolutionized the way societies function. The
evolution of wireless begins here.
Figure 2.1: Evolution of Wireless Network
Department of CSE 6 GCE, Kannur
14. Seminar Report 5G Technology
2.2.1 1st GENERATION
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An
analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time
varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other
time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard, devel-
oped in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were ad-
vanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT),
and total access communication system (TACS).
Figure 2.2: 1G mobile
ā¢ Developed in 1980ās and completed by 1990ās.
ā¢ Based on analog system
ā¢ Speed up to 2.4 kbps
Department of CSE 7 GCE, Kannur
15. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US
& it was the 1G mobile system.
ā¢ Allows user to make voice calls in one country only.
2.2.2 2nd GENERATION
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technol-
ogy. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commer-
cially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network
allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled
the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G
technology is more efļ¬cient. 2G technology holds sufļ¬cient security
for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally en-
crypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such
a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access
(TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for
the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a spe-
cial code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different
TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technol-
ogy is IS-95. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the
most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. GSM technology
was the ļ¬rst one to help establish international roaming. This enabled
the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many
different countries of the worlds is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G
Department of CSE 8 GCE, Kannur
16. Seminar Report 5G Technology
technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has
enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS)
to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to
send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This
technology is beneļ¬cial to both the network operators and the ultimate
users at the same time.
In comparison to 1Gās analog signals, 2Gās digital signals are very re-
liant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away
from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it.
While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than
that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the
analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal,
which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality
of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call
made from a 2G handset would fail completely.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an
extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice
and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity
since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efļ¬ciently. In
this system, each users packets compete for available bandwidth, and
users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
Department of CSE 9 GCE, Kannur
17. Seminar Report 5G Technology
Figure 2.3: 2G mobile
ā¢ Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s
ā¢ Based on digital system
ā¢ Speed up to 64 kbps
ā¢ Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
ā¢ Semi global facility
ā¢ 2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G having more
capabilities
2.2.3 3rd GENERATION
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMTā2000), better known
as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones
Department of CSE 10 GCE, Kannur
18. Seminar Report 5G Technology
and mobile telecommunications services fulļ¬lling speciļ¬cations by the
International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology
is also able to transmit packet switch data efļ¬ciently at better and in-
creased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced
services to mobile users. The spectral efļ¬ciency of 3G technology is
better than 2G technologies. Spectral efļ¬ciency is the measurement of
rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also
known as IMT-2000.
Figure 2.4: 3G mobile
ā¢ Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day
ā¢ In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer
networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile de-
vices area (cell phone and GPS)
ā¢ Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
ā¢ Superior voice quality
ā¢ Good clarity in video conference
Department of CSE 11 GCE, Kannur
19. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ Data are sent through technology called packet switching
ā¢ Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
ā¢ Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, infor-
mation surļ¬ng, on-line shopping/ banking, Multi Media Messag-
ing Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc.
ā¢ Global roaming
2.2.4 4th GENERATION
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is
a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The fourth generation
(4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address fu-
ture needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multime-
dia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly
just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up
to 1Gbps.
Some of the applications of 4G are:
1. Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the
subscriberās phone where it can be watched.
2. Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriberās
phone.
3. Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each
other.
Department of CSE 12 GCE, Kannur
20. Seminar Report 5G Technology
4. Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice
to the potentially isolated subscriber.
5. Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or
trafļ¬c conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber
to ļ¬nd nearby businesses or friends.
6. Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier
transmission.
7. Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Ac-
cess).
Figure 2.5: 4G mobile
ā¢ Developed in 2010
ā¢ Faster & more reliable
ā¢ Speed up to 100 Mbps
ā¢ Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere
Department of CSE 13 GCE, Kannur
21. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ High performance
ā¢ Easy global roaming
ā¢ Low cost
2.2.5 5th GENERATION
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G tech-
nology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high
bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value tech-
nology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features
which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in
near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell
phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone
offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules.
A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Lap-
top to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera,
MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialling speed, au-
dio player and much more you can never imagine.
Department of CSE 14 GCE, Kannur
22. Seminar Report 5G Technology
Figure 2.6: 5G mobile
ā¢ Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless sys-
tem
ā¢ 10 times more capacity than others
ā¢ Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
ā¢ More faster & reliable than 4G
ā¢ Lower cost than previous generations
Department of CSE 15 GCE, Kannur
23. Seminar Report 5G Technology
2.3 Comparison of all generations
2.3.1 Tabular Form
Figure 2.7: 1G vs 2G vs 3G vs 4G vs 5G
2.3.2 Brief Lookup of some Terms
ā¢ WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting
a comprehensive wireless-based Web application that includes
full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.
Department of CSE 16 GCE, Kannur
24. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many indepen-
dent signals to be transmitted simultaneously on one ļ¬ber with
each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and detec-
tion of these signals require devices that are wavelength selec-
tive, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of spe-
ciļ¬c wavelengths in photonic networks.
ā¢ WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband dig-
ital radio communications of multimedia and other capacity de-
manding applications.
ā¢ PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice
telephone network.
ā¢ Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in
which the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately var-
ied over a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the
signal than the one without varied frequency.
ā¢ TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for shar-
ing a medium by several users by dividing into different time
slots transmitting at the same frequency.
ā¢ UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third
generation mobile telephone standard in Europe.
ā¢ WAP: Wireless Application Protocol deļ¬nes the use of TCP/IP
and Web browsing for mobile systems.
ā¢ DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and ļ¬ex-
ible modulation are keys to optimize this wireless version of re-
Department of CSE 17 GCE, Kannur
25. Seminar Report 5G Technology
conļ¬gurable ad hoc networks.
2.3.3 Comparison with Keywords
Figure 2.8: Comparison with keywords
Department of CSE 18 GCE, Kannur
26. Chapter 3
5G Technology
3.1 What is 5G technology
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless sys-
tems) is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote
the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond
the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as be-
yond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe
any particular speciļ¬cation in any ofļ¬cial document published by any
telecommunication standardization body.
A new mobile generation has appeared approximately every 10th
year since the ļ¬rst 1G system, Nordic Mobile Telephone, was intro-
duced in 1981. The ļ¬rst 2G system started to roll out in 1992, the
ļ¬rst 3G system ļ¬rst appeared in 2001 and 4G systems fully compliant
with IMT Advanced were standardised in 2012. The development of
19
27. Seminar Report 5G Technology
the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about
10 years from the ofļ¬cial start of the R&D projects, and development
of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002. Predecessor technologies have
occurred on the market a few years before the new mobile generation,
for example the pre-3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and
the pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006, and ļ¬rst
release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009.
Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwards-compatible cel-
lular standards following requirements stated by ITU-R, such as IMT-
2000 for 3G and IMT-Advanced for 4G. In parallel with the develop-
ment of the ITU-R mobile generations, IEEE and other standardisa-
tion bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often
for higher data rates and higher frequencies but shorter transmission
ranges. The ļ¬rst gigabit IEEE standard was wigig or IEEE 802.11ac,
commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi
gigabit standard IEEE 802.11ad.
If 5G appears, and reļ¬ects these prognoses, the major difference
from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be
something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number
of simultaneously connected devices, higher system spectral efļ¬ciency
(data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage
probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the
coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices,
Department of CSE 20 GCE, Kannur
28. Seminar Report 5G Technology
lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalabil-
ity or higher reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in
several of the research papers and projects below.
3.2 Research Work
Key concepts suggested in scientiļ¬c papers discussing 5G and beyond
4G wireless communications are:
ā¢ Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO
providing green ļ¬exible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells.
A transmission point equipped with a very large number of an-
tennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive
MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmit-
ted on the same time-frequency resource, maximising beamform-
ing gain while minimising interference.
ā¢ Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with
the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped
coverage, and encompassing the option of a ļ¬exible usage of re-
sources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the
option of direct device-to-device transmission and advanced in-
terference cancellation techniques.
ā¢ Efļ¬cient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet
of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices,
Department of CSE 21 GCE, Kannur
29. Seminar Report 5G Technology
as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or
trafļ¬c safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
ā¢ Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is
to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular
repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group
cooperative relay, as well as by beam division multiple access
(BDMA).
ā¢ The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz)
for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU gen-
erations).
ā¢ Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor
networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can simultane-
ously be connected to several wireless access technologies and
seamlessly move between them. These access technologies can
be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any
other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further
developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
ā¢ Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to
make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, es-
pecially to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular
repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group
cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooper-
Department of CSE 22 GCE, Kannur
30. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D)
communications.
ā¢ Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allow-
ing different radio technologies to share the same spectrum efļ¬-
ciently by adaptively ļ¬nding unused spectrum and adapting the
transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies cur-
rently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource man-
agement is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software-
deļ¬ned radio.
ā¢ Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identi-
cal to Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), Wireless mesh network
(WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas, coop-
erative diversity and ļ¬exible modulation.
ā¢ Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM):
a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells
and cognitive radio small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.
ā¢ IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned ac-
cording to location and connected network.
ā¢ Wearable devices with AI capabilities such as smartwatches and
optical head-mounted displays for augmented reality.
ā¢ One uniļ¬ed global standard.
ā¢ Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone
issues.
Department of CSE 23 GCE, Kannur
31. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept
instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initi-
ated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards.
ā¢ Li-Fi, or light ļ¬delity, is a massive MIMO visible light commu-
nication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes
to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.
ā¢ World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-
based web applications that include full multimedia capability
beyond 4G speeds.
Department of CSE 24 GCE, Kannur
32. Seminar Report 5G Technology
3.3 Architecture of 5G
Figure 3.1: Mobile Terminal Design of 5G
Above ļ¬gure shows 5G mobile phone design. 5G is being developed to
accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming appli-
cations like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broad-
casting (DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services
that utilize bandwidth. The deļ¬nition of 5G is to provide adequate
RF coverage, more bits/Hz and to interconnect all wireless heteroge-
neous networks to provide seamless, consistent telecom experience to
the user.
Department of CSE 25 GCE, Kannur
33. Seminar Report 5G Technology
3.4 Protocol Stack of 5G
3.4.1 Comparison with OSI Model
Figure 3.2: Comparison with OSI Model
3.4.2 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)
Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA
ā¢ OSI layer 1, i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2, i.e. Data link layer
deļ¬ne the wireless technology.
ā¢ For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based
on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA).
3.4.3 Network Layer
ā¢ All mobile networks will use mobile IP.
Department of CSE 26 GCE, Kannur
34. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).
ā¢ A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks
at the same time.
ā¢ The ļ¬xed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
ā¢ Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
1. Lower network layer (for each interface)
2. Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)
Figure 3.3: Network Layer in 5G
3.4.4 Open Transport Protocol (OTP)
Transport layer + Session layer = OTP
ā¢ Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the trans-
port layer.
ā¢ In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due
to network congestion.
Department of CSE 27 GCE, Kannur
35. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio
interface.
ā¢ 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be
downloaded & installed which is based on Open Transport Pro-
tocol.
3.4.5 Application Layer
Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)
ā¢ Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over
variety of networks.
ā¢ Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of mea-
surement information in information database in the mobile ter-
minal.
ā¢ Select the best wireless connection for given services.
ā¢ QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be
stored in DB (Database) of 5G mobile.
3.5 Functional Architecture
Below ļ¬gure shows the system model that proposes design of network
architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for
wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system consists of
a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a
number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within
Department of CSE 28 GCE, Kannur
36. Seminar Report 5G Technology
each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as
the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there should be dif-
ferent radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the
mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to have access to four
different RATs, we need to have four different access - speciļ¬c inter-
faces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same
time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional applications
and servers somewhere on the Internet. Routing of packets should be
carried out in accordance with established policies of the user.
Figure 3.4: Functional Architecture of 5G
Application connections are realized between clients and servers in
Department of CSE 29 GCE, Kannur
37. Seminar Report 5G Technology
the Internet via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data commu-
nication ļ¬ows. Each socket of the web is a uniļ¬ed and unique combina-
tion of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications
port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and
type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of com-
munication from end-to-end between the client and server using the
Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket
uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server. This
means that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks
and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technologies,
the local IP address and destination IP address should be ļ¬xed and un-
changed. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover trans-
parency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile
user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the
proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses,
routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and
using the same path.
Department of CSE 30 GCE, Kannur
38. Seminar Report 5G Technology
Figure 3.5: Protocol layout
Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achiev-
ing connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appro-
priate IP interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by
its IP address and net mask and parameters associated with the rout-
ing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-system handover
the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean
changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters
of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket
and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and start-
ing e new one. This approach is not-ļ¬exible, and it is based on todays
Internet communication. In order to solve this deļ¬ciency we propose
a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network ac-
cess technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is
Department of CSE 31 GCE, Kannur
39. Seminar Report 5G Technology
crucial in the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied
transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the most
appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we in-
troduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks,
which works in complete coordination with the user terminal and pro-
vides a network abstraction functions and routing of packets based on
deļ¬ned policies. At the same time this control system is an essential
element through which it can determine the quality of service for each
transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed ar-
chitecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative
characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realis-
tic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications
of the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup
of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the
proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the
Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level
would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained
by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to
the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be estab-
lished between the user terminal and control system named here as
Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies. In this
way the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels con-
nected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will
only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet
communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP
packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would
be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual
Department of CSE 32 GCE, Kannur
40. Seminar Report 5G Technology
network layer protocol. This way we achieve the required abstraction
of the network to the client applications at the mobile terminal. The
process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based
on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of
IP connectivity across the radio access technology, and it is initiated
from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol. Establishing
tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic func-
tionality of the virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).
3.6 Features of 5G
ā¢ 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and
bi- directional large bandwidth shaping.
ā¢ The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more
attractive and effective.
ā¢ 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for
fast action.
ā¢ The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to
avoid error.
ā¢ 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit
which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
ā¢ 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
ā¢ The trafļ¬c statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
Department of CSE 33 GCE, Kannur
41. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user
can get better and fast solution.
ā¢ The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
ā¢ The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
ā¢ The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
ā¢ The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of busi-
ness prospect.
ā¢ The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touch-
ing the peak.
ā¢ The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available con-
nectivity just about the world.
3.6.1 Advantages
ā¢ 5G provides data bandwidth of 1 Gbps or higher.
ā¢ 5G is globally accessible.
ā¢ 5G provides dynamic information access beneļ¬cial to domestic
user.
ā¢ 5G is available at low cost.
3.6.2 Applications
ā¢ Wearable device with AI capabilities.
Department of CSE 34 GCE, Kannur
42. Seminar Report 5G Technology
ā¢ Pervasive (Global) networks.
ā¢ Media independent handover.
ā¢ Radio resource management.
ā¢ High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS) systems.
ā¢ VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled device.
ā¢ With 6th sense technology.
Department of CSE 35 GCE, Kannur
43. Chapter 4
Conclusion
Mobile Wireless Communication Technology is going to be a new rev-
olution in mobile market. With the coming out of cell phone alike to
personal data assistant (PDA) now our whole ofļ¬ce is in our ļ¬nger tips
or in our phone. The 5G technology is designed as an open platform on
different layers, from the physical layer up to the application. Presently,
the current work is in the modules that shall offer the best Operating
System and lowest cost for a speciļ¬ed service using one or more than
one wireless technology at the same time from the 5G mobile. 5G
technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies
and offer priceless handset to their customers. 4G and 5G techniques
provide efļ¬cient user services with lower battery consumption, lower
outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of
the coverage area, cheaper or no trafļ¬c fees due to low infrastructure
deployment costs, or higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous
users.
36
44. Chapter 5
Future Scope
The future enhancement of 5G Technology and its beyond(6G) will be
incredible as it combines with artiļ¬cial intelligent (AI)
ā¢ One can able to control his intelligent Robot using his mobile
phone.
ā¢ Human life will be surrounded by artiļ¬cial sensors which could
be communicating with your mobile phones.
ā¢ Mobiles can automatically type the message what your brain
thinks.
ā¢ Possibility of communicating between planets(i.e, a person on
Earth can communicate with astronaut on some other planet by
using his mobile) without any delay.
37
45. References
[1] IEEE-2013-5G Technology of Mobile Communication: A Survey
[2] IEEE-2013-5G Key Technologies: Identifying Innovation Oppor-
tunity
[3] September 2013 ā IEEE vehicular technology magazine-5G on
the Horizon
[4] IEEE-2009-The Future of Mobile Wireless Communication Net-
works
[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G
38