The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document discusses 5G mobile technology. It begins with an abstract that outlines how mobile technology has advanced from 1G to 5G, bringing improved performance. The document then provides an introduction on the evolution of wireless communication from the 1970s. It proceeds to discuss each generation of mobile technology in more detail (1G to 4G) and their key features. It also compares the generations and discusses the network architecture and need for 5G technology, concluding that 5G will provide high bandwidth and is expected to be released around 2020.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key characteristics of each generation: 1G used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks with improved voice quality and new data capabilities. 2G networks had higher capacity and security compared to 1G. 3G networks further improved data speeds and allowed new applications like video calls. 4G aims to provide wireless internet access at broadband speeds, while 5G envisions seamless global coverage with no limitations on connectivity.
Mobile communication systems have evolved from 1G to 4G over several generations, with each generation bringing major improvements. 1G systems provided basic mobile voice calling. 2G introduced digital networks and services like texting. 3G focused on higher speed data and the beginning of mobile broadband. 4G aims to provide high-speed broadband to support a wide range of services for high mobility applications. The document provides an overview of this evolution from 1G analog networks to the emerging 4G standards.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document discusses 5G mobile technology. It begins with an abstract that outlines how mobile technology has advanced from 1G to 5G, bringing improved performance. The document then provides an introduction on the evolution of wireless communication from the 1970s. It proceeds to discuss each generation of mobile technology in more detail (1G to 4G) and their key features. It also compares the generations and discusses the network architecture and need for 5G technology, concluding that 5G will provide high bandwidth and is expected to be released around 2020.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key characteristics of each generation: 1G used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital cellular networks with improved voice quality and new data capabilities. 2G networks had higher capacity and security compared to 1G. 3G networks further improved data speeds and allowed new applications like video calls. 4G aims to provide wireless internet access at broadband speeds, while 5G envisions seamless global coverage with no limitations on connectivity.
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile phone systems and the development of personal communication networks (PCN) which aim to integrate wired and wireless networks. It discusses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation mobile phone systems. The PCN is envisioned as a system that will provide ubiquitous communication, a single universal phone number, customized services, and high-functionality handsets. The PCN aims to support existing 2nd generation services and provide new services not previously implemented by integrating existing wired and wireless networks.
Mobility management issues in 3 g & 4g network1Editor Jacotech
This document summarizes mobility management issues in 3G and 4G networks. It discusses the evolution from 0G to 4G networks and highlights key differences between generations. The main mobility issues covered for 4G networks include connectivity triggering, handover, location management, routing group formation, seamless mobility, and context management. The article concludes that future research will need to address these challenges to integrate new services and provide connectivity anywhere, anytime in 4G networks.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
The following paper tells us about the literature reviewed of 5g technology, its requirements , its Artictecture , QoS , Advantages , Disadvantages and what are the challenges that we are going to face in implementing the technology and focusing on its future scope and implementation.
Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme wit...ijtsrd
The last few decades, there has been a incredible growth in the wireless communication technology. The growing demand of multimedia services and the growth of Internet related contents lead to increasing interest to high speed communications. The Wireless communication technology, affordable wireless service has become a reality. In wireless communication, radio propagation refers to the behavior of radio waves when they are propagated from transmitter to receiver. In the course of propagation, radio waves are mainly affected by three different modes of physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering. In this paper, we analysis of MIMO-OFDM system employing different Modulation scheme is analysed using AWGN channel. The Simulation results show that this is a novel technique for next generation wireless systems using MATLAB toll R2013a. Arvind Yadav | Er. Praveen Kumar Patidar"Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme with AWGN Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11662.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11662/review-and-analysis-of-wimax-technology-using-different-modulation-scheme-with-awgn-channel/arvind-yadav
Mobile technology has evolved rapidly since 2000 from basic pagers to smartphones capable of web browsing, GPS, messaging and gaming. Experts argue that mobile computing will be central to future technology due to growing use of wireless networks and tablets. Common mobile operating systems include Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Symbian and Windows Mobile, with Android and iOS being the most popular currently.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its objectives. 5G aims to provide higher data rates and connectivity for a wider range of devices, including sensors and IoT devices. It envisions a 1000-fold increase in network capacity and peak data rates of over 50Gbps. 5G will utilize both an enhanced LTE network and a new radio access technology to achieve its goals, maintaining backward compatibility. Key 5G technologies discussed include the use of millimeter wave spectrum, massive MIMO, and multi-RAN architectures.
Cellular network evolved gradually .Generations of computer network like 1st generation (1g) ,second generation (2g) evolved .Then came 3g ,4g, each time with increased speed and security
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and capabilities of 2G (9.6 Kbps speed), 2.5G/GPRS (up to 115 Kbps), 3G (2 Mbps, increased bandwidth to 2GHz, supports video/GPS), LTE (200 active clients per 5MHz cell, up to 2Gbps speed), and 4G (formally approved in 2009 as IMT-Advanced, 2Gbps speed, improved coverage and capacity). Each generation brought increased speeds and bandwidth as well as new multimedia capabilities.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile phone technology from 0G to 3G. It begins by defining a mobile phone and describing the core functionality of 0G/1G mobile phones, which used analog signals and could only make calls. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS messaging. 2.5G networks added basic packet-switched data and higher speeds. 3G networks supported the first mobile internet and video calling, providing minimum download speeds of 0.2 Mbps. The document traces how each generation built upon the previous to add new capabilities and faster speeds.
Textile application in bio-potential recording used for medicinal purposes: a...ijceronline
Bio-potential signals in the form of eeg and ecg are the two critical health indicators that are directly suited for long-term monitoring using bio-sensors. The conventional wet adhesive ag/agcl electrodes are the most commonly and commercially used in clinical applications today for these purposes. They provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating while operated with gels, adhesives and even causes certain skin problems when come in direct contact with the outer dry layer of skin. Invention of textile electrode is the outcome of the search for suitable option for this classical technique. Various textile structured electrodes developed in the course have shown a bright sign of improvement in work practices. Successful development and commercialization of an interactive textile based bio-potential device can leave a profound influence on health monitoring system in the society. This paper extends platform for the critical theoretical review of overall developments took place in textile structured electrodes used for long term monitoring of cardiac issues.
Automation of Wheelchair Using Iris Movementijceronline
We Generate The Digital Data. Then This Digital Data Is Sent To The Psoc Microcontroller For The Further Processing. We Have Also Provided The Provision For Obstacle Detection By Using Ir Sensor. It Will Help Us To Stop The Chair At Predefined Distance After Sensing The Obstacle. We Have To Recognize The Iris Movement And Move The Chair According To The Location Of Iris In Left, Right, Forward And To Stop The Chair.
A NOVEL BOOTH WALLACE MULTIPLIER FOR DSP APPLICATIONSijceronline
Multipliers have great importance in both digital signal processors and microprocessors. So designing a high speed multiplier is the need of the hour. There are several methods available to speed up a multiplier. This paper incorporates pipelining technique to a multiplier for improving its performance. The multiplier under consideration is Booth Wallace multiplier. A comparison between pipelined and non-pipelined booth Wallace multiplier in terms of delay and area utilization were also done in this work. Verilog HDL has been used for the coding. Xilinx ISE 14.2 design suite is used for synthesizing the code.
An Comprehensive Study of Big Data Environment and its Challenges.ijceronline
Big Data is a data analysis methodology enabled by recent advances in technologies and Architecture. Big data is a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data, which is so large that it's difficult to process with traditional database and software techniques. This paper provides insight to Big data and discusses its nature, definition that include such features as Volume, Velocity, and Variety .This paper also provides insight to source of big data generation, tools available for processing large volume of variety of data, applications of big data and challenges involved in handling big data
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile phone systems and the development of personal communication networks (PCN) which aim to integrate wired and wireless networks. It discusses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation mobile phone systems. The PCN is envisioned as a system that will provide ubiquitous communication, a single universal phone number, customized services, and high-functionality handsets. The PCN aims to support existing 2nd generation services and provide new services not previously implemented by integrating existing wired and wireless networks.
Mobility management issues in 3 g & 4g network1Editor Jacotech
This document summarizes mobility management issues in 3G and 4G networks. It discusses the evolution from 0G to 4G networks and highlights key differences between generations. The main mobility issues covered for 4G networks include connectivity triggering, handover, location management, routing group formation, seamless mobility, and context management. The article concludes that future research will need to address these challenges to integrate new services and provide connectivity anywhere, anytime in 4G networks.
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5 g CellularPoornima E.G.
This document summarizes research on using millimeter wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks as a solution to address increasing bandwidth demands. It discusses how directional antennas and wider channel bandwidth at mm-wave frequencies could enable multi-gigabit mobile data speeds. The document also reviews myths around rain attenuation at mm-wave bands and shows that for small cell sizes of 200m, rain impact is minimal. It presents motivation, methodology and initial measurement results showing 28GHz and 38GHz can be used for cellular with directional antennas.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
The following paper tells us about the literature reviewed of 5g technology, its requirements , its Artictecture , QoS , Advantages , Disadvantages and what are the challenges that we are going to face in implementing the technology and focusing on its future scope and implementation.
Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme wit...ijtsrd
The last few decades, there has been a incredible growth in the wireless communication technology. The growing demand of multimedia services and the growth of Internet related contents lead to increasing interest to high speed communications. The Wireless communication technology, affordable wireless service has become a reality. In wireless communication, radio propagation refers to the behavior of radio waves when they are propagated from transmitter to receiver. In the course of propagation, radio waves are mainly affected by three different modes of physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering. In this paper, we analysis of MIMO-OFDM system employing different Modulation scheme is analysed using AWGN channel. The Simulation results show that this is a novel technique for next generation wireless systems using MATLAB toll R2013a. Arvind Yadav | Er. Praveen Kumar Patidar"Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme with AWGN Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11662.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11662/review-and-analysis-of-wimax-technology-using-different-modulation-scheme-with-awgn-channel/arvind-yadav
Mobile technology has evolved rapidly since 2000 from basic pagers to smartphones capable of web browsing, GPS, messaging and gaming. Experts argue that mobile computing will be central to future technology due to growing use of wireless networks and tablets. Common mobile operating systems include Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Symbian and Windows Mobile, with Android and iOS being the most popular currently.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its objectives. 5G aims to provide higher data rates and connectivity for a wider range of devices, including sensors and IoT devices. It envisions a 1000-fold increase in network capacity and peak data rates of over 50Gbps. 5G will utilize both an enhanced LTE network and a new radio access technology to achieve its goals, maintaining backward compatibility. Key 5G technologies discussed include the use of millimeter wave spectrum, massive MIMO, and multi-RAN architectures.
Cellular network evolved gradually .Generations of computer network like 1st generation (1g) ,second generation (2g) evolved .Then came 3g ,4g, each time with increased speed and security
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and capabilities of 2G (9.6 Kbps speed), 2.5G/GPRS (up to 115 Kbps), 3G (2 Mbps, increased bandwidth to 2GHz, supports video/GPS), LTE (200 active clients per 5MHz cell, up to 2Gbps speed), and 4G (formally approved in 2009 as IMT-Advanced, 2Gbps speed, improved coverage and capacity). Each generation brought increased speeds and bandwidth as well as new multimedia capabilities.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile phone technology from 0G to 3G. It begins by defining a mobile phone and describing the core functionality of 0G/1G mobile phones, which used analog signals and could only make calls. 2G introduced digital networks and SMS messaging. 2.5G networks added basic packet-switched data and higher speeds. 3G networks supported the first mobile internet and video calling, providing minimum download speeds of 0.2 Mbps. The document traces how each generation built upon the previous to add new capabilities and faster speeds.
Textile application in bio-potential recording used for medicinal purposes: a...ijceronline
Bio-potential signals in the form of eeg and ecg are the two critical health indicators that are directly suited for long-term monitoring using bio-sensors. The conventional wet adhesive ag/agcl electrodes are the most commonly and commercially used in clinical applications today for these purposes. They provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating while operated with gels, adhesives and even causes certain skin problems when come in direct contact with the outer dry layer of skin. Invention of textile electrode is the outcome of the search for suitable option for this classical technique. Various textile structured electrodes developed in the course have shown a bright sign of improvement in work practices. Successful development and commercialization of an interactive textile based bio-potential device can leave a profound influence on health monitoring system in the society. This paper extends platform for the critical theoretical review of overall developments took place in textile structured electrodes used for long term monitoring of cardiac issues.
Automation of Wheelchair Using Iris Movementijceronline
We Generate The Digital Data. Then This Digital Data Is Sent To The Psoc Microcontroller For The Further Processing. We Have Also Provided The Provision For Obstacle Detection By Using Ir Sensor. It Will Help Us To Stop The Chair At Predefined Distance After Sensing The Obstacle. We Have To Recognize The Iris Movement And Move The Chair According To The Location Of Iris In Left, Right, Forward And To Stop The Chair.
A NOVEL BOOTH WALLACE MULTIPLIER FOR DSP APPLICATIONSijceronline
Multipliers have great importance in both digital signal processors and microprocessors. So designing a high speed multiplier is the need of the hour. There are several methods available to speed up a multiplier. This paper incorporates pipelining technique to a multiplier for improving its performance. The multiplier under consideration is Booth Wallace multiplier. A comparison between pipelined and non-pipelined booth Wallace multiplier in terms of delay and area utilization were also done in this work. Verilog HDL has been used for the coding. Xilinx ISE 14.2 design suite is used for synthesizing the code.
An Comprehensive Study of Big Data Environment and its Challenges.ijceronline
Big Data is a data analysis methodology enabled by recent advances in technologies and Architecture. Big data is a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data, which is so large that it's difficult to process with traditional database and software techniques. This paper provides insight to Big data and discusses its nature, definition that include such features as Volume, Velocity, and Variety .This paper also provides insight to source of big data generation, tools available for processing large volume of variety of data, applications of big data and challenges involved in handling big data
Experimental Investigation of Multi Aerofoil Configurations Using Propeller T...ijceronline
This paper briefs about the performance test on multi aero foil configuration on propeller test rig. The airfoils used are a conventional airfoil , a airfoil with stepped configuration and a Clark y airfoil .They were tested for various speed and blade angles using propeller test rig. The result are compared and studied with the conventional airfoil configurations. In future Such Aerofoils can be used for wind Mills for producing the high Voltage Power.
Robotic Soldier with EM Gun using Bluetooth Moduleijceronline
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This document discusses key technologies for 4G mobile communication systems, including OFDMA, software defined radio, MIMO, and handover techniques. It emphasizes that 4G will provide seamless integration of various wireless networks and access to information anywhere through fully IP-based systems. Maintaining quality of service during mobility, especially seamless handovers, is a major challenge for 4G given increasing multimedia traffic with different QoS requirements.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
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compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
3g Wireless Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
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A Review Of Development In Wireless CommunicationEmily Smith
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This document provides a comparative study of 4G and 5G wireless technologies. Some key points:
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A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless communication system
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 06 || Issue, 03||March – 2016 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 8
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth
generation wireless communication system
1
S.Chiranjeevi Reddy, 2
K Ramprasad, 3
ReddiBasha G
1
Asst. prof Rayalaseema University
2
Lecturer RGUKT-RK Valley AP IIIT
2
Lecturer RGUKT-RK Valley AP IIIT
I. Introduction
Wireless mobile communication networks have been experienced four generations of change. In this research
work,we present the detail survey of the different generations of the mobile communication networks. First
Generation (1G) mobile phone networks were the earliest cellular systems to develop, and they relied on a
network of distributed transceivers to communicate with the mobile phones. Second Generation (2G) mobile
telephone networks were the logical next stage in the development of wireless systems after 1G, and they
introduced for the first time a mobile phone system that used purely digital technology. Third Generation (3G)
mobile telephone networks are the latest stage in the development of wireless communications technology.
Significant features of3G systems are that they support much higher data transmission rates and offer increased
capacity, which makesthem suitable for high-speed data applications as well as for the traditional voice calls.
Fourth Generation (4G) is known as beyond 3G, stands as an acronym for Fourth-Generation Communications
System. It is used to describe the next step in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a
comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an anytime,
anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. Mobile devices together with the
intelligence that will be embedded in human environments - home, office, public places - will create a new
platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, storage and communication. Core requirements for this
kind of ubiquitous ambient intelligence are that the devices are autonomous and robust. They can be deployed
easily and require little maintenance. Mobile device will be the gateways to personally access ambient
intelligence and needed information. Mobile also implies limited size and restrictions on the power
consumption. Seamless connectivity with other devices and fixed networks is a crucial enabler for ambient
intelligence system - this leads to requirements for increased data-rates of the wireless links. Intelligence,
sensing, context awareness and increased data-rates require more memory and computing power, which together
with the size limitations leads to severe challenges in thermal management. All the above requirements can be
addressed satisfactorily with the application of OFDM, CDMA-2000, WCDMA/UMTS, TD-SCDMA, Wi-Fi
(i.e. Wireless LAN) networks with fixed internet to support wireless mobile internet as the same quality of
service as fixed internet, which is an evolution not only to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G, but
also to enhance the quality of services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource, 5G
based on cognitive radio, 6G (to integrate satellites for getting global coverage) andnanotechnology
[1]. 4G mobile systems will mainly be characterized by a horizontal communication model, where such
different access technologies as cellular, cordless, wireless LAN type systems, short-range wireless
connectivity, and wired systems will be combined on a common platform to complement each other in the best
Abstract
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th
generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and
service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have
made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations
was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at
anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-on-
demand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the
specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile
communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
Keywords: TDMA, FDMA, TDD, FDD, MIMO, MU MIMO, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A
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possible way for different service requirements and radio environments [2]. The 5th wireless mobile multimedia
internet networks can be completed wireless communication without limitation, which bring us perfect real
world wireless – World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW). 5G is based on 4G technologies, which is to be
revolution to 5G. During this processing, there are two kind of problems need to be solved. The first is wider
coverage and the second is freedom of movement from one technology to another. The 6th generation (6G)
wireless mobile communication networks shall integrate satellites to get global coverage. The global coverage
systems have been developed by four courtiers. The global position system (GPS) is developed by USA. The
COMPASS system is developed by China. The Galileo system is developed by EU, and the GLONASS system
is developed by Russia [3]. These independent systems are difficulty for space roaming. The task of 7th
generation (7G) wireless mobile communication networks are going to unite the four systems to get space
roaming.
II. Brief Discussion about 1G,2G and 3G
2.1 first generation (1G)
The first generation wireless mobile communication system is not digital technology, but analog cellular
telephonesystem which was used for voice service only during the early 1980s [4]. This Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) was a frequency modulated analog mobile radio system using Frequency Division
Multiple Access(FDMA) with 30kHz channels occupying the 824MHz −894MHz frequency band and a first
commercial cellularsystem deployed until the early 1990’s [5].
2.2 second generation(2G)
2G - Second Generation mobile telephone networks were the logical next stage in the development of wireless
systems after 1G, and they introduced for the first time a mobile phone system that used purely digital
technology. The demands placed on the networks, particularly in the densely populated areas within cities,
meant that increasingly sophisticated methods had to be employed to handle the large number of calls, and so
avoid the risks of interference and dropped calls at handoffs. Although many of the principle involved in a
1Gsystem also apply to 2G - they both use the same cell structure - there are also differences in the way that the
signals are handled, and the 1G network are not capable of providing the more advanced features of the 2G
systems, such as caller identity and text messaging.
2.5G: In term "2.5G" usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio Services
(GPRS), or other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks. A 2.5G system may make use of 2G
system infrastructure, but it implements a packet-switched network domain in addition to a circuit-switched
domain. It can support data rate up to 144kbps.GPRS, EDGE, & CDMA 2000 were the focal 2.5G technologies.
This does not necessarily give 2.5G an advantage over 2G in terms of network speed, because bundling of
timeslots is also used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD).
2.3 Third generation (3G)
3G - Third Generation mobile telephone networks are the latest stage in the development of wireless
communications technology. Significant features of 3G systems are that they support much higher data
transmission rates and offer increased capacity, which makes them suitable for high-speed data applications as
well as for the traditional voice calls. In fact, 3G systems are designed to process data, and since voice signals
are converted to digital data, these results in speech being dealt with in much the same way as any other form of
data. ThirdGeneration systems use packet-switching technology, which is more efficient and faster than the
traditional circuit-switched systems, but they do require a somewhat different infrastructure to the 2G systems.
The benefits of higher data rates and greater bandwidth mean that 3G mobile phones can offer subscribers a
wide range of data services, such as mobile Internet access and multimedia applications. Compared to earlier
mobile phones a 3G handsetprovides many new features, and the possibilities for new services are almost
limitless, including many popularapplications such as TV streaming, multimedia, videoconferencing, Web
browsing, e-mail, paging, fax, andnavigational maps. 3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA.3G
(Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS
(global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology is fast data transfer
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rates. 3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio
technologies operate under CDMA,TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC
(multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMTTC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio
interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the
agreement of industry. This agreement took pace in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G system is
compatible to work with the 2G technologies. The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth with
minimum investment. There are many 3G technologies as W-CDMA, GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT, Wi Max
and CDMA 2000.Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution or EDGE is termed to as a backward digital
technology, because it can operate with older devices. 3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and
previous networks: Enhanced audio and video streaming;
• Several Times higher data speed.
• Video-conferencing support.
• Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds.
• IPTV (TV through the Internet) support.
2.4 difference between 2.5G and 3G
Item 2.5G 3G
Speed Up to 384 Kbps Up to 2Mbps
Databases HLR, VLR,
EIR, AuC
Enhanced HLR, VLR,
EIR, AuC
Core Network Circuit and
packet
switching
Wide-area concept
Circuit and packet
switching
Technologies HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
WCDM,
CDMA2000,
TD-SCDMA
Applications SMS, Internet Internet, multimedia
2.5 COMPARISION BETWEEN 4 G AND 5G
Items 4G 5G
Speed Up to 1 Gbps Up to 1 Gbps on
mobile
Services Global
Roaming
Global
Roaming
Smoothly
Core Network Broadband,
Entirely IP-based
packet switching
Enhanced Broadband
Entirely IP-based
packet switching
Technologies OFDM,
MC-CDMA,
LAS-CDMA,
Network-LMPS
LAS-CDMA,
OFDM,
MC-CDMA, UWB,
IPv6 Network-LMDS
III. Fourth generation revalution
- Higher bit rates than 3G and full mobility.
- Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G
- Air Interface optimized for IP traffic.
Examples: OFDM, MIMO.
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3.1 Technical Issues
1. High data rates- OFDM, MC-CDMA, Synchronization
& estimation, Distortion (linear, non-linear).
2. Coding- Iterative decodable codes (Turbo, LDPC)
3. Smart antenna systems
4. MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) devices
5. Reconfigurable terminals (SW and HW)
6. Cognitive Radio
3.2 Reconfigurable Technology
Reconfigurable refers to the software re-definition and/or adaptation of every element within each layer of the
communication chain.
Fig .3 Software Driven Radio
3.3 OFDM
3G systems such as high speed packet access (HSPA) provide up to round 15-20 Mbps downlink and about 5-10
Mbps uplink. 4G systems are being designed to support 5 to 10 times these rates (i.e. downlink above 100 Mbps
anduplink above 50 Mbps). OFDMA is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. At first OFDM
was usedinto fixed access WIMAX 802.16D to provide high speed internet access either as a replacement for
other accesstechnologies like ADSL or cable, or to provide service in regions where the other access
technologies where notdeployed.
The widespread interests of OFDM become clear from a glance at OFDM characteristics. In 802.11a, OFDM
provides raw data rates up to 54 Mbits / s in a 20-MHz channel. In addition to supporting high data capacity and
resisting degradation from various types of radio effects, OFDM makes highly efficient use of the
availablespectrum. The latter characteristic will become crucial in coming years as wireless networks are built
out.
OFDM Simple Architecture Overcomes - Noise, Signal to Noise Ratio Challenges, Multipath Fading, Adjacent
Channel, Interference, Non-Adjacent Channel Interference OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain,
improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other enhancement technologies such as
smart antennas and MIMO. OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology
(OFDMA). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set
of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing
the capacity), but also enables cross layer optimization of radio link usage.
The idea of the complementation of IPv6, OFDM, MCCDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB and Network-LMDS can be
arranged in different zone size. IPv6 can be designed for running in the all area because it is basic protocol for
address issue. LAS-CDMA can be designed for the global area as zone 1, world cell. OFDM and MC-CDMA
can be designed for running in the wide area (Zone 3), called Macro cell. Network-LMDS is in Zone 2, Micro
cell, and UWB is in Zone 1, Pico cell. MC-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access,
which is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay LAS-CDMA Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple
Access is developed by Link Air Communication, a patented 4G wireless technology. ―LASCDMA enables
high-speed data and increases voice capacity and the latest innovative solution.In 4G technologies, UWB *7
radio can help solve the multi-path fading issues by using very short electricalpulses to across all frequencies at
once.
The Network-LMDS, Local Multipoint distribution system, is the broadband wireless technology used to carry
voice, data, Internet and video services in 25GHz and higher spectrum.
3.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
- MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output technology is uses multiple antennas to make use of reflected signals
to provide gains in channel robustness and throughput.
Multiple-input multiple-output, or MIMO, is a radio communications technology or RF technology that is being
mentioned and used in many new technologies these days.
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Wi-Fi, LTE; Long Term Evolution, and many other radio, wireless and RF technologies are using the new
MIMO wireless technology to provide increased link capacity and spectral efficiency combined with improved
link reliability using what were previously seen as interference paths.
Even now many there are many MIMO wireless routers on the market, and as this RF technology is becoming
more widespread, more MIMO routers and other items of wireless MIMO equipment will be seen.
As the technology is complex many engineers are asking what is MIMO and how does it work.
A channel may be affected by fading and this will impact the signal to noise ratio. In turn this will impact the
error rate, assuming digital data is being transmitted. The principle of diversity is to provide the receiver with
multiple versions of the same signal. If these can be made to be affected in different ways by the signal path, the
probability that they will all be affected at the same time is considerably reduced. Accordingly, diversity helps
to stabilise a link and improves performance, reducing error rate.
Several different diversity modes are available and provide a number of advantages:
Time diversity: Using time diversity, a message may be transmitted at different times, e.g. using
different timeslots and channel coding.
Frequency diversity: This form of diversity uses different frequencies. It may be in the form of using
different channels, or technologies such as spread spectrum / OFDM.
Space diversity : Space diversity used in the broadest sense of the definition is used as the basis for
MIMO. It uses antennas located in different positions to take advantage of the different radio paths that
exist in a typical terrestrial environment.
MIMO is effectively a radio antenna technology as it uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to
enable a variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing separate paths for each antenna to enable multiple
signal paths to be used.
One of the core ideas behind MIMO wireless systems space-time signal processing in which time (the
natural dimension of digital communication data) is complemented with the spatial dimension inherent in the
use of multiple spatially distributed antennas, i.e. the use of multiple antennas located at different points.
Accordingly MIMO wireless systems can be viewed as a logical extension to the smart antennas that have
been used for many years to improve wireless.
It is found between a transmitter and a receiver, the signal can take many paths. Additionally by moving the
antennas even a small distance the paths used will change. The variety of paths available occurs as a result of
the number of objects that appear to the side or even in the direct path between the transmitter and receiver.
Previously these multiple paths only served to introduce interference. By using MIMO, these additional
paths can be used to advantage. They can be used to provide additional robustness to the radio link by
improving the signal to noise ratio, or by increasing the link data capacity.
The two main formats for MIMO are given below:
Spatial diversity: Spatial diversity used in this narrower sense often refers to transmit and receive
diversity. These two methodologies are used to provide improvements in the signal to noise ratio and
they are characterised by improving the reliability of the system with respect to the various forms of
fading.
Spatial multiplexing : This form of MIMO is used to provide additional data capacity by utilising the
different paths to carry additional traffic, i.e. increasing the data throughput capability.
As a result of the use multiple antennas, MIMO wireless technology is able to considerably increase the
capacity of a given channel while still obeying Shannon's law. By increasing the number of receive and
transmit antennas it is possible to linearly increase the throughput of the channel with every pair of antennas
added to the system. This makes MIMO wireless technology one of the most important wireless techniques
to be employed in recent years. As spectral bandwidth is becoming an ever more valuable commodity for
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radio communications systems, techniques are needed to use the available bandwidth more effectively.
MIMO wireless technology is one of these techniques.
4. 5G Based on Cognitive Radio
4.1 5G Concept
The twenty-first century is surely the ―century of speed‖, and achieves a high evolution in all the possible
domains,especially in communication: a very large variety of services, software, equipments, possibilities etc.
But thishuge and colored offer also brings a complicated lifestyle and waste of time for the human beings, and
needs to beintegrated and achievable in a simple manner. Therefore, a new technology started to be delineated,
that will provide
all the possible applications, by using only one universal device, and interconnecting the already existing
communication infrastructures—that is the fifth generation of the mobile communications standards—5G.
Both the cognitive radio (CR) and the fifth generation of cellular wireless standards (5G) are considered to be
thefuture technologies: on one hand, CR offers the possibility to significantly increase the spectrum efficiency,
by smart secondary users (CR users) using the free licensed users spectrum holes; on the other hand, the 5G
implies thewhole wireless world interconnection (WISDOM— Wireless Innovative System for Dynamic
Operating Megacommunications concept), together with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) service
applications.
Cognitive Radios (CRs) integrate radio technology and networking technology to provide efficient use of
radiospectrum, a natural resource, and advanced user services.
The idea of a cognitive radio extends the concepts of a hardware radio and a software defined radio (SDR) from
asimple, single function device to a radio that senses and reacts to its operating environment.
A Cognitive Radio incorporates multiple sources of information, determines its current operating settings,
andcollaborates with other cognitive radios in a wireless network. The promise of cognitive radios is improved
useof spectrum resources, reduced engineering and planning time, and adaptation to current operating
conditions. Somefeatures of cognitive radios include:
Sensing the current radio frequency spectrum environment: This includes measuring which frequencies are
being used,when they are used, estimating the location of transmittersand receivers, and determining signal
modulation. Resultsfrom sensing the environment would be used to determineradio settings.
Policy and configuration databases: Policies specifying how the radio can be operated and physical limitations
ofradio operation can be included in the radio or accessed over the network. Policies might specify which
frequenciescan be used in which locations. Configuration databases would describe the operating characteristics
of the physicalradio. These databases would normally be used to constrain the operation of the radio to stay
within regulatory orphysical limits.
Self-configuration: Radios may be assembled from several modules. For example, a radio frequency front-end,
adigital signal processor, and a control processor. Each module should be self-describing and the radio
shouldautomatically configure itself for operation from the available modules. Some might call this ―plug-and-
play.‖
Mission-oriented configuration: Software defined radios can meet a wide set of operational requirements.
Configuring a SDR to meet a given set of mission requirements is called mission oriented configuration. Typical
mission requirements might include operation within buildings, substantial capacity, operation over
longdistances, and operation while moving at high speed. Mission-oriented configuration involves selecting a
set ofradio software modules from a library of modules and connecting them into an operational radio.
Adaptive algorithms: During radio operation, the cognitive radio is sensing its environment, adhering to policy
andconfiguration constraints, and negotiating with peers to best utilize the radio spectrum and meet user
demands.
Distributed collaboration: Cognitive radios will exchange current information on their local environment,
userdemand, and radio performance between themselves on regular bases. Radios will use their local
information andpeer information to determine their operating settings.
Security: Radios will join and leave wireless networks.
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V. Benefit of Nanotechnology
Mobility also implies limited size and restriction on the power consumption. Seamless connectivity with
otherdevices and fixed networks is a crucial enabler for ambient intelligence systems- this leads to requirements
forincreased data rates of the wireless links. Intelligence, sensing, context awareness, and increased data rates
requiremore memory and computing power, which together with the size limitations leads to severe challenges
in thermalmanagement. [10], [11]All these requirements combined lead to a situation which can not be resolved
with current technologies. Nanotechnology could provide solutions for sensing, actuation, radio, embedding
intelligence into theenvironment, power efficient computing, memory, energy sources, human-machine
interaction, materials, mechanics, manufacturing, and environmental issues [6].
VI. Hierarchical System
The vision of the ―third generation‖ cellular system incorporates micro &pico cells for pedestrians use,
withmacro cells for roaming mobiles. In order to increase the growing capacity demands of cellular
mobilecommunication systems cell splitting will be applied and/or small pico cell will be established .Since
bothmeasures can increase spectral efficiency. Hierarchical cellular networks have been suggested previously to
overcome the inherent disadvantage of an increased no of handoffs, which both cell splitting and small pico
cells,bring about. A critical question with respect to hierarchical cellular networks is how to divide the available
radioresources (i.e. frequency, channels) among the macro and micro cells layers in a optimal way. Another
importantaspect is the optimal choice of a threshold velocity above which users are assigned to the macro cell
layer. Mostresearch in this area so far has dealt with those issues is a static way, assuming fixed traffic and
mobility parameters.
First time in the year 2000, two adaptive algorithms are described, which control the threshold velocity as well
asthe division of the resources among these layers, dynamically. The performance of those algorithms is
evaluated by means of computer simulations [7].
6.1 Macro Cell
A conventional base station with 20W power and range is about 20 km to 30 km.
6.2 Micro Cell
A conventional base station with 5W power and range is about 1km to 5 km.
6.3 Pico Cell
The Pico cells are small versions of base stations, ranging in size from a laptop computer to a suitcase.
Besidesplugging coverage holes, Pico cells are frequently used to add voice and data capacity, something that
repeater anddistributed antenna can not do.Adding capacity in dense area, splitting cells are expensive, time
consuming and occasionally impossible in denseurban environment where room for a full size base station often
is expensive or unviable. Compact size Pico cellsmakes them a good fit for the places needing enhanced
capacity, they can get.Picocells are designed to serve very small area such as part of a building, a street corner,
malls, railway station etc.
These are used to extend coverage to indoor area where outdoor signals do not reach well or to add network
capacity in areas with very dense uses.
VII. Conclusion
In this paper the survey of 1G to 4G, 5G and CR technologies have been presented & discussed. The important
technologies required for achieving desired specifications were also discussed and finally roadmap for probable
5G, 6G and 7G networks have been proposed. 5G obtains the tool technology to interconnect and integrate all
the wireless network types and thus gains the needed network infrastructure (CR network).
6G will integrate all wireless mobile networks with satellites to get global coverage. 7G wireless mobile
networks are going to unite the four GPS systems available in space to get space roaming in addition to 6G
systems.
However our complete attention is to enhance the quality of services, to increase the bandwidth and to reduce
the
cost of the resource [8] along with reduction of RF pollution and power consumption.
The modified networks for 2G and 2.5G systems have been proposed to get the desired results. The addition of
smart antenna in the system alone can increase spectral efficiency and quality of services manifold.
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S.Chiranjeevi Reddy received the M.Tech degreeFrom MITS,affliated to JNTU
Anantapuramin 2011and currently working as Asst prof in Rayalaseema University at Kurnool
in India
K Ramprasad received the M.Tech degree From RGUKT AP IIIT NUZVIDU ,in 2014 and
currently working as LECTURER in RGUKT RK VALLEY at kadapa
G REDDI BASHA received the M.Tech degree From MITS Affiliated to JNTU
ANANTAPUR ,in 2011and currently working as LECTURER in RGUKT RK VALLEY at
kadapa