The document discusses the advancements and architecture of 5G technology, highlighting its enhanced quality of service, network slicing, and reduced latency compared to LTE. It details the need for dynamic and adaptive QoS management to support a wide variety of applications with differing requirements, as well as the expected evolution of 5G network capabilities. The importance of a flexible architecture to efficiently support new business needs and the increasing complexity of network environments is also addressed.

1. 5G Highlights
• 5G Technology Workshop Potential Technology for 3GPP Rel-15
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan - 15 October 2016
• Benoist Sébire, Nokia

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• Quality of Service
• Network Slicing
• Latency and Radio
• Network Architecture
5G Highlights
Content Overview

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Quality of Service

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Optimization
of individual
application sessions
5G Quality of Service
1 – Data Never Sleeps 2.0,
http://www.domo.com/learn/infographic-data-never-sleeps-2
Facebook
Instagram
34,000 likes
3,600 photos
Twitter
277,000 tweets
YouTube
100 hours of uploaded video
Amazon
$83,000 online sales
2 – G. Linden, Amazon, Make Data Useful,
http://www.gduchamp.com/media/StanfordDataMining.2006-11-28.pdf
Amazon2 found every 100ms of latency cost them 1% in sales.
Internet Landscape

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5G Quality of Service
Internet Landscape
HTTP is a
convergence
layer. Multiple
applications in
simultaneous
use, each with
different modes
of engagement
and user
experience
needs.
Wide variety of applications
Diversity and versatility requires real time,
dynamic and adaptive QoS management.
The ratio of
end-to-end
encrypted
traffic has
risen sharply.
HTTP 2.0
introduction
will further
accelerate
this.
Operators lose insight into real-time
customer experience per application, and the
ability to manage it positively. Role taken over
by content owners, application developers and
device vendors – but users assume operators
are responsible!
Data collected on Nokia NetLeap, November 2014.
Encrypted traffic ratio increasing

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• LTE QoS architecture
- Static or semi-dynamic, rule based policy enforcement in the core and
- Bearer centric, radio efficiency driven QoS enforcement at the air interface
• Drawbacks
- Incapable of providing personalized experience
• no efficient means to adapt itself to the specifics of the user sessions
- Simultaneous applications of the same user are not differentiated properly
- Class based operation, with limited number of QoS classes
5G Quality of Service
Drawbacks of LTE QoS architecture

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5G Quality of Service
Drawbacks of LTE QoS architecture
1st
RTT 2nd
RTT 3rd
RTT 4th
RTT 5th
RTT 6th
RTT 7th
RTT
0,17
Mbps
0,34
Mbps
0,68
Mbps
2,74
Mbps
5,47
Mbps
1,37
Mbps
10,94
Mbps
Bandwidth need of the web page download in time
Bandwidth required to download the web page within
5 sec, assuming constant rate traffic: 2,88 Mbps
Example:
Download of an 1,8MByte web page;
RTT=200 ms; MSS=1420 Byte
The rate of a TCP connection
depends on the e2e RTT and
on the congestion window
value.
Only a part of the RTT is
spent in the mobile system
Predefined QoS parameters
are not appropriate.
Adaptive, context dependent
QoS architecture is needed
Example:
Download of a 1,8MByte web page;
Outer RTT=50ms; MSS=1420Byte,
Initial window = 10MSS
Bandwidth required to download the web page within 5 sec,
assuming constant rate traffic and no TCP Slow Start: 2,88 Mbps.

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• High Level Principles
• Detection and differentiation of very short-lived service flows in order to provide a
good application experience
• Real-time application awareness in both Core and RAN
• Enforcement actions derived in a coherent way for UL and DL by the enforcement
points according to the current context of the user plane traffic mix, simultaneous
competing flows, network status and resource availability and policies received from
Core CP
• Each end-to-end OTT protocol has a feedback mechanism (TCP, QUIC, TCP friendly rate control
for UDP, etc.) → UL and DL are always strongly coupled
• Policies sent by the Core to the RAN may either provide explicit QoS targets (transport level
QoS policies) for some flows or they may provide high level guidelines and policies to the RAN
about the QoS to apply (Intent level QoS policies) for other flows.
5G Quality of Service
High Level Principles

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5G Quality of Service
High Level Principles
RSF
Split
RAN
uGW
NG3 connection
RSF 1
RSF 2
MT
Application
classification
Scheduling
Marking
App.3
Application scheduling
App.2
App.1
SSF
Aggr.
Flow Control,
Radio link specific
info
SSF management
SGi
Application
classification
Buffering
Application scheduling
Marking
Scheduling

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5G Quality of Service
High Level Principles
Immediate Degradation
prediction
Root cause
analysis
Decision making
powered by self-learning
Full Awareness of
application sessions
Immediate action
before problems arise
Unique Nokia
solution available
TODAY
100%
successful sessions
in congested networks
+20-30%
capacity
4x QoE
compared to today
Seconds
10 years100 Mbps 10-100 x10,000 x ultra low>10 Gbps <1 ms
t
Trigger for
preventive action

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Network Slicing

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5G Network Slicing
Future Landscape
Augmented
shopping
Smart
clothes
Virtual 3D
presence
Factory
automation Real-time
remote control
Assisted driving
Logistics
Traffic steering &
management
Smart grids
Connected
home
Real time
cloud access
4k Video
VR gaming
Real-time
remote control
Remote
Diagnosis
Communication
Mobile living
3D printing
Automotive
Toll collection
HD Cams NW
REVOLUTIONIZED
Traffic Mgmt.
SUPEREFFICIENT
Waste mgmt.
Reliable emergency
communications
Tracking / inventory
systems
AUGMENTED
Augmented
dashboard
INTERCONNECTED
8k Video
beamer
TACTILEVIRTUAL
Smart
watch
Augmented
gaming
Self driving
Maintenance
optimization
Touch & steer
AUTONOMOUS
Travel &
commute
Health
Time shift
Utility & EnergySafety & Security
Work & game
while traveling
REDEDICATED
People & Things
Real time
work in cloud
Industry 4.0
Advanced
monitoring
Personal
robot

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• NGMN 5G P1 Work Stream End-to-End Architecture by NGMN Alliance
- It is anticipated that the current architecture is not flexible and scalable enough to
efficiently support a wider range of business need when each has its own specific set
of performance, scalability and availability requirements. Furthermore, introduction
of new network services should be made more efficient. Nevertheless, several use
cases are anticipated to be active concurrently in the same operator network, thus
requiring a high degree of flexibility and scalability of the 5G network
- For more efficient support and faster introduction of a wide range of business need
each having its own specific set of performance, scalability and availability
requirements
5G Network Slicing
Future Landscape

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• Realisation
- A network slice instance consists of zero or more ’sub network slices instances’, which
may be dedicated or shared by another Network Slice Instance; e.g. a RAN sub
network slice instance and a CN sub network slice instance
- A UE can connect to multiple network slices instances at the same time
- Different policies and ciphering keys can be defined per RAN slice
5G Network Slicing
High Level Principles

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5G Network Slicing
High Level Principles
UE Edge Aggregation Core
Internet/Servicedomain
Access
Enhanced Mobile Broad Band Slice
IoT Slice
Low Latency Slice
Radio front end RAN higher
layers (eMBB)
Gateway
Radio front end
RAN higher
layers (IoT)
Gateway
Radio front end RAN higher
layers (URLLC)
Gateway

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Latency

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5G Latency
Evolution and Target
0
5
10
15
20
25
HSPA LTE 5G
ms
End-to-end latency
Transport + core
BTS processing
UE processing
Scheduling
Buffering
Uplink transmission
Downlink transmission
Strong evolution in latency
• HSPA latency 20 ms
• LTE latency 10 ms
• 5G latency 1 ms (target)
Low 5G latency requires new radio
and also new architecture with
local content

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5G Latency
Evolution and Target
HSPA LTE 5G
Downlink transmission 2.0 1.0 0.125
Uplink transmission 2.0 1.0 0.125
Buffering 2.0 1.0 0.125
Scheduling 1.3
UE processing 8.0 4.0 0.250
BTS processing 3.0 2.0 0.250
Transport + core 2.0 1.0 0.1
Total 20.3 10.0 1.0
• HSPA scheduling assume HS-SCCH transmission
• LTE assumes pre-allocated scheduling
• LTE scheduling would add 15-20 ms extra delay
• UE processing requirement follows 3GPP requirements
• 5G processing time is assumed to be 2xTTI
• HSPA transport + core includes RNC + packet core
• Retransmissions ignored
• LTE ideal case measurements show 10.2 ms in the lab
Main solutions for 5G low latency
are short TTI, fast processing and
access to local content/breakout
80% of LTE latency is
caused by air interface

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5G Latency
WiFi Reference
Characterizing and Improving WiFi Latency in Large-Scale Operational Networks, 2016
WiFi Radio Latency is 1-2ms
5G radio must be equal or better than the current Wi-Fi

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5G Latency
Architecture for Low Latency
CDN site
Broadband
Internet
Fast Processing
Short TTI
Optimal path
10 years100 Mbps 10-100 x10,000 x ultra low>10 Gbps <1 ms
5G AP
Multi-homed
device
Local switching
Local
IP anchor
User plane
processing
function Central
IP anchor

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Network Architecture

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5G Architecture
Typical LTE-EPC Deployment
macro
macro
pre-aggregationsmall cells
small cellsmacro
x10.000
macro sites
x100.000
small cells
x1.000
pre-aggregation
sites
central
gateways
CN functions
x100
aggregation sites
x10
central
gateways
aggregation
site
Internet
Operator
Services
edge
cloud
edge
cloud
star
chain
tree
Internet
ring
= potential site for data center
/aggregation/local breakout point
RRHs
macro
Distance and latency to radio access increases
Local breakout
and functions

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5G Architecture
Deployment Goal
5G
Core network
LTE
5G
LTE 5G
LTE5G
5G anchored in LTE
(LTE-5G Dual Connectivity)
5G and LTE stand-alone
LTE anchored in 5G
(5G-LTE Multi-Connectivity)
5G 5G with multi-hop
self-backhaul
5G
RAN cloud
virtualized hardware
5G with D2D and
local switching5G
Local GW
RAN functions
LTE air interface
5G air interface
Fronthaul interface
RAN-CN interface
Self-backhaul interface
RAN interface
Device to device
Sensor/IoT device

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5G Architecture
Evolution of LTE Dual Connectivity
MCG
bearer
split
bearer
PDCP
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC MAC
RLC
MeNB SeNB
PDCP
RLC
PDCP
RLC
MAC NG-MAC
NG-RLC
Fronthaul
split
RAN Cloud
NR-PDCP
Fronthaul split:
Low Latency
IP IP
IP
Ether-
net
Any
Prot.
Evolved
RAN Cloud
Also other DC
options possible
LTE-RLC
LTE-MAC
NR-RLC
NG-MAC
PHY
WiFi
MAC
Monolithic architecture
eNB eNB
5G-
PHY
LTE-
PHY
LTE-
PHY
5G-
PHY
WiFI-
PHY
Multi-connectivity:
Generalized DC for 5G
Cloud-based 5G architecture
Generalized Dual Connectivity (Multi-Connectivity)
Same protocol for any RAT: NCS
Scalability in evolved RAN cloud
Coexists with both low-latency and high-latency FH
LTE radio cloud with
5G
Scalable and Future proof
Works for high-latency FH
Baseline – LTE Rel. 12
Dual Connectivity
IP IP
NR-RLC
NG-MAC
5G-L1’
5G-
PHY’’
LTE-RLC
LTE-MAC
LTE-L1’
Fronthaul split:
Higher Latency

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5G Architecture
Single layer for all RATs and Multi-Connectivity
PDCP - NR
IP Ethernet
New
services
LTE 5G
WA, cmW, mmW
WiFi LAA
Tight integration and control
Support for all services and use cases
Unified upper protocol
stack for all radio
interfaces
Parameterization,
configuration, and
implementation
optimized for specific
radio interfaces

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