This is the second part of my fourth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand about user research. I am presenting the three levels of understanding user needs and the methods that correspond with investigating these needs. The idea is to show how different methods enable a designer to dig for different insights and how to conduct exemplary studies for each type of the method.
In the Educational research, two approaches are used. Quantitative & qualitative. Qualitative Research is much different than the quantitative. The details of the qualitative research are discussed in this presentation.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
In the Educational research, two approaches are used. Quantitative & qualitative. Qualitative Research is much different than the quantitative. The details of the qualitative research are discussed in this presentation.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Introduction
Study design in qualitative research
Method of data collection
Handling qualitative data
Analyzing qualitative data
Presenting the results of qualitative research
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Map of design research, czyli o badaniach które badaniami nie są, ale jednak ...Agnieszka Szóstek
Od lat, kiedy pojawiam się gdzieś z wynikami design research, słyszę pytanie: kiedy wreszcie zrobisz prawdziwe badania? Główna różnica między badaniami marketingowymi a badaniami projektowymi leży w tym, że badania marketingowe opisują taki, jak jest, natomiast badania projektowe mają na celu zrozumieć, czego ludzie potrzebują i o czym marzą w odniesieniu do przyszłości. Kolejna z różnic dotyczy tego, że badania marketingowe służą do tego, żeby jak najbardziej precyzyjne opisać świat w celu unaocznienia, na przykład, decydentom, jak ten świat ewoluuje i się zmienia, natomiast design research jest narzędziem inspirującym projektantów do tworzenia rozwiązań odpowiadających nie na powierzchowne problemy użytkowników ale na ich, często nieuświadomione, potrzeby. W swojej prezentacji opowiem skąd się wziął design research, jak go warto rozumieć, gdzie się styka z badaniami marketingowymi i do czego może służyć.
Osoby, które chciałyby posłuchać więcej zapraszam na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOj09iKidlw&index=9&list=PLNHIrIczdcaoFe_KiXApsC4gvXPNTTQik
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that then translates to rich data analysis and allows the building of a convincing and credible answer to questions that have been posed.
Introduction
Study design in qualitative research
Method of data collection
Handling qualitative data
Analyzing qualitative data
Presenting the results of qualitative research
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Map of design research, czyli o badaniach które badaniami nie są, ale jednak ...Agnieszka Szóstek
Od lat, kiedy pojawiam się gdzieś z wynikami design research, słyszę pytanie: kiedy wreszcie zrobisz prawdziwe badania? Główna różnica między badaniami marketingowymi a badaniami projektowymi leży w tym, że badania marketingowe opisują taki, jak jest, natomiast badania projektowe mają na celu zrozumieć, czego ludzie potrzebują i o czym marzą w odniesieniu do przyszłości. Kolejna z różnic dotyczy tego, że badania marketingowe służą do tego, żeby jak najbardziej precyzyjne opisać świat w celu unaocznienia, na przykład, decydentom, jak ten świat ewoluuje i się zmienia, natomiast design research jest narzędziem inspirującym projektantów do tworzenia rozwiązań odpowiadających nie na powierzchowne problemy użytkowników ale na ich, często nieuświadomione, potrzeby. W swojej prezentacji opowiem skąd się wziął design research, jak go warto rozumieć, gdzie się styka z badaniami marketingowymi i do czego może służyć.
Osoby, które chciałyby posłuchać więcej zapraszam na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOj09iKidlw&index=9&list=PLNHIrIczdcaoFe_KiXApsC4gvXPNTTQik
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that then translates to rich data analysis and allows the building of a convincing and credible answer to questions that have been posed.
When approaching the design of a solution that aims to engage users on the emotional level, even a shiniest functionality will not be enough. People are not expecting the technological fireworks anymore, they would like their products and services to flow and to help them feel better about themselves. It is not an easy task from the design perspective. As a designer you need to stop thinking about the design elements (at least for a moment). You even need to stop thinking about the activity you want to engage your users in (also for a moment:). Try to imagine what memory you would like your users to have after they used your design. Again, it is not easy: experiences are subjective, momentary and contextual. The same service at a different moment might deliver a different emotional engagement. Yet, if you do not attempt to think of the experience, you will leave it at random. With my presentation I wanted to show that there are ways to start thinking about and designing for human experiences.
UX Scotland 2014: User Research and Testing with ChildrenBorder Crossing UX
Slides from UX Scotland 2014 Tutorial: User Research and Testing with Children by Esther Stringer and Claudio Franco.
This session gave participants the toolkit and skills required when conducting user research and testing with children and young people (under the age of 18).
We begin with an overview of the guiding principles, best practices and standards for conducting research and testing with minors. Then go through practical examples and exercises of how to research and test throughout the stages of game design, as an example, with practical takeaways of tools and techniques that should be considered when designing research and testing projects with children.
Whatsapp Diaries: User Research in a mobile, connected, bite-sized worldNeelam Shetye
The deck I used for my talk at UXIndia 2014, Bangalore.
The backstory:
Over the last few years that I have been doing user research, I have seen the practice of user research - more specifically, the methods, tools & techniques that we use - stay pretty much unchanged.
But then look at the way we consume, create and communicate now. It has undergone tremendous shifts. We have become more mobile and more connected than ever before. Our attention spans and consumption patterns are completely bite-sized. Given that user research is about knowing people, its but obvious that as people evolve, the practice should evolve too.
Through this talk, I wanted to explore how user research can evolve in order to best leverage these big 'shifts' and blend with people's everyday lives.
A lot of context is lost without the accompanying 'talk' per se. But I hope the slides give a decent idea. I would love to hear from you about how you have done user research differently, what has worked and what hasn't. Do drop me a line on pg.neelam@gmail.com
A Guide to User Research (for People Who Don't Like Talking to Other People)Stephanie Wills
Here are some methods and tips for user research noobs, care of someone who made the jump from academic to digital strategy. Much thanks to @mattypilz.
This is an introduction of the "Cultural Probes" method by Gaver, Dunne and Pacenti. I have used it to encourage students to get inspiration from users.
There is a need to be able to effectively communicate with all parties prior to and during the mediation process. P.E.A.C.E. is a recognised communication model used to elicit information.
Specialist investigator Mick Symons examines the principles of the model and also looks at the concepts of “cognitive interviewing” and “conversation management".
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
This presentation showcases different kinds of research, research to be done when started with a project, several hints and points to be mentioned before conducting research.
Note: Presentation contents are based on my understanding and experience. It is made for design students for their understanding.
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2. what people level of
knowledge
research methods
Fraukje Sleesvijk Visser
3. what people level of
knowledge
tell
think explicit
interviews
research methods
Fraukje Sleesvijk Visser
4. what people level of
knowledge
tell
think
do
act
explicit
observational
interviews
observations
research methods
Fraukje Sleesvijk Visser
5. what people level of
knowledge
tell
think
do
act
know
feel
dream
explicit
observational
subconscious
latent
deep
interviews
observations
generative
techniques
research methods
Fraukje Sleesvijk Visser
7. - when people report on their current feelings the feelings
themselves are accessible to introspection allowing for
accurate reports
- affective experiences are fleeting and become not available
once the feeling is gone
- once the feeling disappears the affective experiences need
to be reconstructed
8. - when people report on their current feelings the feelings
themselves are accessible to introspection allowing for
accurate reports
- affective experiences are fleeting and become not available
once the feeling is gone
- once the feeling disappears the affective experiences need
to be reconstructed
- reports of past feelings are based on semantic knowledge
- when asked how they“usually”feel during a particular
activity, people draw on their general beliefs about that
activity
- the actual experience does not figure prominently in these
reports because the experience itself is no longer accessible
- the same knowledge is a basis for predicting future feelings,
for which episodic information is not available to begin with
12. introspective methods
Analysis of present behaviour and gathering of preferences by
combining observations and interviews in context:
- cognitive walkthorugh: heuristic identification of problems
connected to the current ways of behaviour and interaction
- think aloud: heuristic identification of problems arising from
the current state of interaction through verbal articulation of
user observations while interacting with the solution
- co-discovery: a method where two users collaborate in order
to resolve the problems found in the process of interaction
with the current solution
- Contextual Inquiry: gathering of detailed information about
behaviour and motivations of users while the user is actually
performing a given task
13. retrospective methods
Support for retrospective assessment of user preferences towards
a given solution:
- interviews: a discussion with the user aiming to collect rich
material about his / her interactions and attitudes
- focus groups: group discussion about a given problem or
solution
- retrospective analysis of behaviour: and interview supported by
a qualitative recoding of user behaviour (e.g., video or audio
recordings)
14. when to apply?
- exploration phase
- to get a better understanding
- to find inspiration for further research
- requirements validation
- to check whether study assumptions are correct
- evaluation
- to discuss and verify design decisions
16. - fully structured: the entire study takes place according to the
earlier prepared scenario
- good for comparison across individuals
- more extensive answers comparing to written surveys
- inability ask unplanned questions
17. - fully structured: the entire study takes place according to the
earlier prepared scenario
- good for comparison across individuals
- more extensive answers comparing to written surveys
- inability ask unplanned questions
- semi-structured: there are certain guidelines to the elements of
the study but the order is unimportant
- pre-specified questions
- questions as a starting point for discussion
- digression from the script is acceptable
18. - fully structured: the entire study takes place according to the
earlier prepared scenario
- good for comparison across individuals
- more extensive answers comparing to written surveys
- inability ask unplanned questions
- semi-structured: there are certain guidelines to the elements of
the study but the order is unimportant
- pre-specified questions
- questions as a starting point for discussion
- digression from the script is acceptable
- unstructured: going with the flow, only the initial question and
a possible list of topics is defined
- good for open ended exploration
- difficult to conduct and analyse
19. study questions
- close-ended
- simple questions get simple answers
- “On a scale of 1-10, 10 being best, how did you like the prototype?”
- “Did you like the prototype?”
- easy to analyse, but may not be that informative
- open-ended
- invite elaboration and discussion
- build conversation and stories
- “What did you think about the prototype?”
- avoid
- long questions, jargon, leading questions, unconscious biases, negative
questions
20. - ask why?
- even when you think you know the answer, ask people why they do or
say things
- encourage stories
- whether or not the stories people tell are true, they reveal how they
think about the world
- look for inconsistencies
- sometimes what people say and what they do are different. These
inconsistencies often hide interesting insights
- observe nonverbal cues
- be aware of body language and emotions.
- do not be afraid of silence
- if you allow for silence, a person can reflect on what they’ve just said
and may reveal something deeper
21. preparing the study
- brainstorm questions
- identify and order themes
- pilot the study
- write an interview guide
- prepare for capturing the interview
- prepare logistic backup
22. conducting the study
- you are the host
- be friendly, respectful and non-judgmental
- do not bias through body language
- be flexible (unless fully structured) but keep things on track
- ask for clarifications if something is unclear
- listen (don’t talk too much) and read between the lines
- be consistent
- outline
- briefly introduce testing goals
- complete paperwork (informed consent)
- simple questions first, hard questions later
23. capturing the study
- have someone to help taking notes or do the audio or video
recording
- capture insights, non-verbal responses, etc.
- balance between detail and conciseness
- summarize immediately after the interview
- do transcriptions
- respect privacy and anonymity
24. debriefing
- ask for any final comments
- provide more detail about research goals
- offer a brief summary of findings
- turn off recording devices
- say“thanks”!
- reflect and summarize notes immediately
25. what people level of
knowledge
tell
think
do
act
explicit
observational
interviews
observations
research methods
26. - roots in ethnographic research
- observing people in action
- recording what is being observed
- helping the researcher learn perspectives held by participants
- often used in conjunction with other methods (e.g. interviews,
focus groups, content analysis)
27. - observations: observing and recording of user behaviour
without a direct contact between the user and the researcher
- shadowing: direct observation of user behaviour by the
researcher without intervening with his / her actions
- interaction logging: logging previously defined behaviours and
system states that pertain to the specified user behaviour
- diaries: systematic reporting by the user his / her interactions in
a form of a diary or a blog
- experience sampling: a systematic way of having participants
provide samples of their ongoing behavior when participants'
reports are dependent on either a signal, pre-established
intervals or the occurrence of some event
- day reconstruction method: capturing daily experiences of the
users at the end of each day where participants are asked to
listed all activities of the day that somehow related to the
product or a situation that is under investigation
28. data collection
- field notes
- video
- audio
- transcripts
- behaviour matrix
- situational drawings
29. pros and cons
- flexible and open-ended
- directly measures behavior
- gives the researcher
insider view
- allows for morphing of the
study
- hard to be an insider
- invasive and intrusive
- difficult to record
- subjective
- Hawthorne effect
- time consuming
- not generalizable
- does not measure
cognitive or affective
aspects
30. phases of observational research
- phase 1: develop positive relationships with
participants, gatekeeper, etc.
- phase 2: improve design, refocus, redefine questions
after initial observations (may be ongoing)
- phase 3: select additional participants as necessary
- phase 4: follow up and probe deeper
31. ethical considerations
- how much do you disclose?
- make your intentions clear
- get an informed consent
- develop a code of practice
- maintain confidentiality
33. being an effective observer
- know what you are researching
- check in with your lens, biases, experiences and expectations --
have a blank mind
- go where people are engaged in their daily lives and find the
right informants
- understand the culture
- rehearse how you will explain the purpose of your study
- decide how you will do the observation and collect the notes
- document what you observe without expectations
- summarize and expand on field notes as soon as possible
- be open to the research problem reformulation
34. what people level of
knowledge
tell
think
do
act
know
feel
dream
explicit
observational
subconscious
latent
deep
interviews
observations
generative
techniques
research methods
37. - tools for better understanding of people’s latent
needs and dreams
- small craft objects used in empathic engagements
with individuals around issues centered on self-
identity and personal significance
- their form should reflect the research question and
its context
- asking questions by applying a delicate, provoking
and creative means
- and offering intriguing ways to consider the asked
questions and to look for surprising answers
46. - simple, flexible, adaptable interactive installations
- combining collecting data about the use of the technology in a
real-world setting, testing the technology and inspiring users
(and designers) to think of new kinds of technology
- installed in user environment with the goal to observe them
over a period of time
- helping to identify design partners determining which kinds of
technologies would be interesting to pursue
- open-ended, inspiring new activities and encouraging
experimentation
50. - collaboration with a singular person based on a very deep
engagement in the topic that is personally significant
- designing objects, which reflect individual experiences and
their meaning for the user
- objects that support reflection and auto-reflection
- such objects often become a part of an intimate relationship
between the designer and the user
52. helping to keep a straight posture | Magda Rydygier
project supervised by Aga Szóstek
53.
54. preparing the study
- brainstorm the context to the given problem (e.g. through
contextmapping exercises)
- brainstorm on user expectations and the ideal experience
- prepare a list of questions regarding the current experience
- decide on the format of the cultural probe (digital elements,
physical element and intangible elements)
- select the criteria for choosing participants and prepare awards
- develop the probes and the instruction
- organize a session with participants to explain to them the
elements of the probe and the study procedure
- provide informed consent forms
- personally give the probes to the participants
55. running the study
- the study typically lasts no longer that one week (but this is
very individual to the research problem)
- usually the study happens without an active involvement of
the researcher
- if the study involves an online diary – check the entries every
day and comment on them
- give participants a phone number and an email address where
they can contact you in the case of any problems
- at the end of the study invite all participates either to a joint
session (a Focus Group or a creative workshop) or for individual
interviews
- record the sessions for later reference
56. summary
- the research method should reflect the information you are
trying to obtain
- don’t be afraid to combine the methods and experiment with
them
- think of creating visual materials for your studies – they engage
the users bringing you more insight
- user research is a moment when you approach users with open
mind – try not to bias them and put your ideas into their
mouth
- the quality of the data you collect will likely be directly
reflected in the ideas you will create later on
57.
58. references
Gaver, William W., et al. "Cultural probes and the value of
uncertainty." interactions 11.5 (2004): 53-56.
Gaver, Bill, Tony Dunne, and Elena Pacenti. "Design: cultural
probes." interactions 6.1 (1999): 21-29.
Mattelmäki, Tuuli. Design probes. Aalto University, 2006.
Hutchinson, Hilary, et al. "Technology probes: inspiring design for
and with families." Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on
Human factors in computing systems. ACM, 2003.
Buijs, Jan. The Delft innovation method: A design thinker's guide
to innovation. Eleven International Publishing, 2012.