The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
Chapter 4: Northern Ireland - Causes and ImpactsGoh Bang Rui
These slides explain Chapter 4 of Social Studies syllabus which is Norther Ireland and aim to explain the causes and impacts.
These slides have been adapted from Adeline Fam and these slides can be located at
http://www.slideshare.net/adefam/ch4-northern-ireland.
Chapter 4 - Causes of Northern Ireland ConflictGoh Bang Rui
These slides aims to explain the causes of Northern Ireland Conflict between the Protestants and Catholics found in Chapter 4 in the Social Studies textbook for Secondary 3.
Sepoy Rebellion and British Imperialism in India Wayne Williams
Social Political Economic and military effects of British imperialism in India and how it affected both India and Great Britain in the 19th and 20th Centuries
Chapter 4: Northern Ireland - Causes and ImpactsGoh Bang Rui
These slides explain Chapter 4 of Social Studies syllabus which is Norther Ireland and aim to explain the causes and impacts.
These slides have been adapted from Adeline Fam and these slides can be located at
http://www.slideshare.net/adefam/ch4-northern-ireland.
Chapter 4 - Causes of Northern Ireland ConflictGoh Bang Rui
These slides aims to explain the causes of Northern Ireland Conflict between the Protestants and Catholics found in Chapter 4 in the Social Studies textbook for Secondary 3.
Sepoy Rebellion and British Imperialism in India Wayne Williams
Social Political Economic and military effects of British imperialism in India and how it affected both India and Great Britain in the 19th and 20th Centuries
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
9 f2015 The English Coffee Houses, and otyher drinksRobert Ehrlich
The coffee house becomes a major London social institution. It becomes a center for information exchange and business. Coffee is promoted for its medicinal benefits and condemned for the exclusion of women from coffeehouses. Other drinks introduced are chocolate and tea for the middle and upper classes and rum for the seaman
7 f2015 Mercantiism, the Commonwealth Navy, and WarRobert Ehrlich
The advance of mercantilism in England through the Commonwealth leads to the first Anglo-Dutch war, a naval war with France and a naval war with Spain. England develops a professional navy
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. Factors in Nationalism
• British organization and law
• Western ideas
– Other national movements
• Revival plus modernization of traditional ideas
– Hindu revival
– Islamic revival
– Socio-religious reform
4. More Factors
• Education
– English and vernacular press
• Communication
– Railroads
– Postal system
• Social classes beyond land owners
– Commercial
– Intelligensia
6. Bars and Aid to Indian Nationalism
Bars
• Hindu-Muslim divide
• Caste divide
• Language divide
Aid
• Shared reaction to British ungovernment
7. Pre-Raj Political Associations
• 1838 Zamindari Association of landholders
• 1843 Bengal British India Association
Europeans and Indians concerned with welfare of all
within a British led state
• 1851 British India Association
– Legislative reform
– Tax reform
8. 1861 Councils Act
• Government run by a council of six
– home, revenue, military, law, finance, and (after 1874)
public works
• Viceroy had veto power
9. 1876 Royal Titles Bill
English arguments against
– Unnecessary
– Waste of money in view of famine
English arguments for
– Would impress people of India
– Unify the Empire
– Would accord with European politics
10. Lord Lytton
• 1877 Durbar
• 1878 Vernacular Press Act
• 1878 India Arms Act
– Exempt Europeand and Anglo-Indians from licensing
• Second Anglo-Afghan War
– Afghanistan was merely 'an earthern pipkin between two
metal pots'
11. 1877 Assemblage
Indian arguments against
– Cost to local princes to attend at Delhi
– Need to address famine
– India was not the India of the Mughal Empire and a
pageant was no longer necessary
15. Growth of Publications 1891
Books published
• English 660
• Polyglot 955
• Vernacular 2,157
• Classical (Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian) 424
• Most popular books in Religion, languages, poetry
16. Growth of Publications to 1891
Newspapers
• 490 editions
• Largest paper in Bengal ~20,000 sold
• Bombay ~6,000
• Madras ~5,000
17. 1878 Vernacular Press Act
• (Modeled on the Irish press ac,) this act provided the
government with extensive rights to censor reports
and editorials in the vernacular press.
• Keep regular track of vernacular newspapers.
• If reports judged as seditious, the newspaper was
warned.
• Same report in English language acceptable because
readers would be educated
• Vernacular readers: An “ignorant, excitable, helpless
class.”
18. 1882 Education Commission
• Recommendations
– Literary and vocational training in secondary education.
– Showed inadequate facilities available for the female
education in the country.
– Special attention should be paid towards development of
education among Muslims.
– Local control of elementary schools
19. Literacy (%)
Male Female Total Literate in English
1881 9.5 0.39 4.8
1891 10.4 0.48 5.7 0.14
1901 9.8 0.6 5.3
21. Higher Education
• University of Calcutta
– 1700 graduates between 1858 and 1881
– More than 75% move elsewhere in India
• Many study in England and are admitted to the bar
23. Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917)
• Parsi, educated in
Bombay
• Professor and cotton
trader
• Established British branch
• Council member
“I am a Hinud, a Muslim, a Parsi but
above all an Indian First
24. 1866 East India Association
• Established in London: Indians and retired British
officials
• Initial objective: Inform British government and
public opinion
25. Naoroji “Drain Theory
• Drain of wealth to Britain
– Salaries and pensions
– Purchase of supplies in Britain
– Interest on loans
– Profits made by foreign investors
– Payments for shipping, insurance and other services
• Prevented capital formation in India
26. Finsbury Central Election
• 1892 Naoroji runs as a Liberal
• Salisbury, the prime minister, doubted that 'a British
constituency would elect a black man’.
• Wins 2961 votes to 2956; first Indian M.P.
• Loses in 1895
27. Surendranath Banerjea (1848–1925),
• Passed Civil Service Exam but
dismissed two years later for
‘negligence”
• Editor of The Bengalee
• 1883 Convened first Indian
National Conference in Bengal
28. Lord Ripon, Viceroy (1880-1884)
• Repeal or modify Vernacular Press Act and
Arms Act
• Local Government Resolution
29. Local Government Resolutions
• Setting up of local boards throughout the country
• Introduction of the system of elections for the
members of boards
• Empower the boards to manage local sources of
revenue
• Opposed by Indian Civil Service and India Council in
London
30. 1885 Indian National Congress
• Bombay
• Founders
– Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume
– Other officials, William Wedderburn, Justice John Jardine
– Dadabhai Naoroji
– Umesh Chandra Banerjee, Calcutta, barrister
• Composition: 72 members, 58 Hindus, 2 Muslims.
31. Indian National Congress
• Occupations: Lawyers, bankers, land owners,
journalists, doctors, teachers, reformers
• Bombay 38; Madras 21; Bengal 4
32. Making it Acceptable
• Hume and English leaders use Congress as a safety
valve
• Congress leaders use Hume as a lightning rod
33. General Areas of Requests
• Restrictions on Indians' entrance into the higher
ranks of the Civil Service
• Tax policies,
• Representative government
• Military expenses; officers
• Economic criticisms of British policies
35. Muslim Law (Sharia)
• Under Mughals: Criminal law applied in cities;
Otherwise most Muslims followed local customs
• Under Company: British sought out Muslim scholars
to define law as based on Koran and Hadith
• Raj: Continued to give separate identity to Muslims
36. Hindu Empowerment
• After fall of Mughals, Hindu temples and pilgrimage
sites were funded by merchants
• In some areas Hindu revival led to “cow protection”
societies
• Conflict with Muslims’ religious obligation to offer
sacrifice on religious days.
• Eid al-Adha, animal sacrifice to commemorate
Abraham’s sacrifice
37. Ayodha
• 1528: A mosque is built on the site of the birth of
Lord Rama by a Mughal general.
• 1853: First recorded incidents of religious violence
• 1859: British colonial administration erects a fence to
separate the places of worship,
– Inner court to be used by Muslims
– Outer court by Hindus
• 1885 Hindu claims dismissed by Sub Judge Pandit
Hari Kishan
38.
39. Muslim Education
• Traditional court language had been Persian
– Many scribes were Muslim
• Effort to introduce English less accepted by Muslims
than by Hindus
– Opposed by some orthodox clerics
• Hindu clerks under the Raj replaced the Muslim
scribes.
40. Muslim Enterprise
• Muslim weavers displaced by English manufacturers
• Early 20th century, Hindu-owned cotton mills began
start of rising economy
41. India Councils Act 1892
• Six official and five nominated non-official members
– Nominated by Bengal chamber of commerce and
provincial legislative councils
– Other non-official members
– 5 of 24 members in 1892 are Indian
– Allowed to ask questions on finances
• Provincial Councils
Editor's Notes
Although the putative divide between Muslims and Hindus became the more dominant colonial charge, caste division had been used throughout colonial history to explain India’s “lack” of politics, and when that did not work, to trivialize its politics as localistic, particularistic, and inherently divisive. Indeed, the antipathy of caste to nationhood was also a common assumption among Indians, that motivated many aspects of social reform from the early nineteenth century on and produced many a disagreement about the relationship between caste politics and nationalist politics as the twentieth century wore on. For many nationalists, caste had either to be discarded altogether or acknowledged as a cultural inheritance that could be seen as another glorious, if frequently degraded, aspect of Indian civilization that had to be returned to its original religious and cultural form
Lytton refused to use any Indian decorations or images, although the lotus was included in a pavilion frieze containing the English rose, Scottish thistle and Irish shamrock. He did not include the Indian princes in the state entry procession through Delhi, in which they would participate in 1903 and 1911. Large banners with coats of arms were designed by Robert Taylor, Bengal civil servant and amateur heraldist, who invented eighty coats-of-arms for the maharajas (Taylor). As Lytton entered the arena, six trumpeters in medieval costume played a fanfare from Wagner’s Tannhäuser. The trope of medieval India expressed supposed Indian backwardness and British paternalism, but the Middle Ages also symbolized utopia to Victorian medievalists like Lytton, who fantasized a benign, harmonious and idyllic medieval feudal hierarchy.
Note: The eventual cost of the 1911 durbar would be £560,000, plus a further £207,000 covering the management and manoeuvres for 80,000 troops (multiply those figures by 100 to get a rough idea of what those cost would be today). The King had suggested that he should be crowned Emperor on Indian soil, an idea vetoed by the Archbishop of Canterbury (noting that a ceremony of Christian consecration would be offensive to Muslim and Hindu sensibilities), and instead a new crown was made, the existing crowns not being allowed to leave British soil, at a cost to the people of India of £60,000.
Sons went to Oxford and Cambridge
In 1904 Dadabhai demanded "SWARAJ" Self Government for India. Dadabhai said "Indians were British citizens with a birthright to be free" and that they had "every right to claim an honorable fulfillment of our British pledged rights". -"It is futile to tell me that we must ait till all the people are ready. The British people did not -wait for their parliament". "Self-government is the only and chief remedy. In self-government is our hope, strength and greatness". "I am a Hindu, a Muslim, a Parsi, but above all an Indian First".
Sir Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownagree, parsi elected in 1895
Still exists as scholarly organizaiton
is ‘crime’ was that he had signed an official document which listed a closed case as adjourned. The belief persisted that he was the victim of racism, having incurred the wrath of the local European officials by claiming equality of social status for himself and his wife, Chandidevi, a view indirectly supported by two lieutenant-governors of Bengal. Appeals rejected
1894 there were 118 Hindu members of Congress and only 20 were Muslims.
