Download as PDF, PPTX
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 4: Northern Ireland - Causes and Impacts
![Causes of Northern Ireland Conflict [Notes]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/causesofnorthernirelandconflict-120728230318-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Chapter 4: Northern Ireland - Causes and Impacts
- 1. Chapter 4 Conflict inMulti-ethnic Societies CASE STUDY OF NORTHERN IRELAND Adapted from Adeline Fam, adefam
- 2. Chapter Breakdown Introduction on NorthernIreland and Conflict 4.1 Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland 4.2 Consequences of Conflict in Northern Ireland
- 3. In the case-studyof N. Ireland, you will be looking at another example of conflicts between two groups of people Introduction
- 4. They were in conflictfor over 30 years due to the differences in religious beliefs.
- 5. The war inNorthern Ireland is another example of a civil war that lasted for over 30 years. A civil war is a war between groups of people within a country.
- 6. > 3 600died > 40 000 injured
- 7.
- 10.
- 11. Before 12th Century 1country – Ireland 12th Century Ireland conquered by England - English Protestant settlers push out Irish Catholics English Protestant Irish Catholics
- 12. Northern part of Ireland- mainly Protestant Movement of British Protestants into N. Ireland, 1654-1801 English Protestant Irish Catholics
- 13. Protestants implemented penal laws againstCatholics Cannot buy land Cannot vote Cannot join the army No access to higher education
- 14. 1800 Ireland became partof UK Local Irish Catholics sought limited self- government did not want to be part of UK
- 15. 1900s British governmentlost control of Southern Ireland 1921 Ireland divided in 2 South – Irish Free state – largely Catholic North – largely Protestant – Catholics still treated unfairly 1949 Irish Free State Republic of Ireland
- 16. Key Traits of NorthernIreland
- 17. Capital at Belfast Protestants58.8% Catholics 41.2% Part of the UK
- 18. Britain Foreign Affairs& Defence Matters Northern Ireland Commerce, Health & Education Majority of ministers are Protestants
- 19.
- 20. V.S. Protestants Scottish and English Catholics Descendantsof local Irish inhabitants
- 21. Lack of commonidentity Xunderstanding X cooperation Religious differences create tension between them. V.S.Protestants Scottish and English Catholics Descendants of local Irish inhabitants
- 22. Causes of Conflictin Northern Ireland
- 23. 1. Divided Loyalties 2.Unequal allocation of housing 3. Unequal employment opportunities 4. Lack of voting rights 5. Lack of opportunities for social interaction
- 24.
- 25.
- 26. Most Protestants • seethemselves as British • wish to see the country remain as part of UK.
- 27. Most Protestants • donot want a union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic country. • fear that a Catholic government may not be tolerant of their Protestant beliefs
- 28. The Catholics see themselvesas Irish want to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland.
- 29. The Catholics resent thehistory of English conquest where Catholics were either killed or treated harshly.
- 30. This loyalty to differentcountries makes the Protestants and Catholics intolerant of each other.
- 31.
- 32. Unfair Allocation of PublicHousing by The City Councils (largely Protestants)
- 33. The Catholics find theallocation of public housing by the government to be unfair.
- 34. Very often, thelarge Catholics families in need of housing have to wait a long time to get the house. In some towns, more houses would be given to the Protestants than the Catholics.
- 35.
- 36. More difficult for Catholicsin N. Ireland to find jobs, especially in the government sector.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39. Before 1969, voting rightswas an issue between the Protestants and the Catholic. At that time, only those who owned houses and businesses were entitled to vote in the local government elections. Each household is entitled 2 votes while companies were entitled to more votes depending on their size. Since many companies were owned by the richer Protestants, they ended up with more votes.
- 40.
- 41. Everyone is entitledto one vote as long as he/ she is a British citizen above 18 years old. He/ she has to be born in N. Ireland or has lived in the UK for 7 years. Since 1969
- 42. Lack of Opportunities for SocialInteractions
- 43. In the education systemof N. Ireland, the Protestants and Catholics do not study together in the same schools.
- 44. In the education systemof N. Ireland, Protestants attend the fully-funded public schools while the Catholics attend the private schools. The private schools for the Catholics are partly funded by the government.
- 45. Since the 17thcentury, the Protestants and Catholics have been living in separate residential areas.
- 46. 63% 66% 62% 62% 63% 63% 64% 64% 65% 65% 66% 66% 67% 1991 2001 Percentage ofPopulation living in areas that are either mainly Protestants or Catholics 3%
- 47. Social Segregation Lack ofSocial Interaction Lack of Understanding between the Two Groups
- 48.
- 49. N. Ireland CivilRights Association (NICRA) Set up by a group of well-educated, middle-class Catholics in N. Ireland who wanted to end discrimination against Catholics. Adopts non-violent methods to protest against discrimination against Catholics. Set up in 1967 to bring about changes within N. Ireland.
- 50.
- 51. 1968 marked the beginning ofa period known as‘The Troubles’in N. Ireland. It was during these peaceful marches that fighting first broke out between the Protestants, Catholics and police. In 1969, the British government sent troops to keep order, welcome by Catholics initially.
- 52. In 1971, theN. Ireland government introduced the Internment Laws.
- 53. This gave the Britisharmy the power to arrest, interrogate and detain anyone without trial.
- 54. The Catholics lost faithin the British Army when the army began searching their homes and arresting those suspected of terrorist activities.
- 55.
- 56. 15 000 people participatedin an illegal, peaceful civil rights march in the Catholic- dominated area of Londonderry. The march was organized by NICRA and was a protest against Internment Laws & the ban on the right to march. The British soldiers shot at protestors. 13 civilians dead and many wounded
- 57. The deaths onBloody Sunday led to a great outburst of Catholic anger. More Violence
- 58. After 1972, thecountry saw more violence between Protestants, Catholics and British Army. Catholic homes & businesses were targeted by Protestants & British army.
- 59. The Catholics turned toIrish Republican Army (IRA) for help. The IRA attacked British soldiers and bombed Protestants’ properties.
- 60. Between 1969 and1993 More than 3500 people were killed in the conflict in the country. The IRA was responsible for 2/3 of the deaths.
- 61.
- 62. Beside human casualties,there are also 1. Social Consequences Social Segregation 2. Economic Consequences Declining Economy 3. Political Consequences Political Reform
- 63.
- 64. The Protestants andCatholics have been segregated socially, in the way they live, work and play. Lack of understanding between the two groups
- 65. In the education systemof N. Ireland, Protestants attend the fully-funded public schools while the Catholics attend the private schools.
- 66. Since the 17thcentury, the Protestants and Catholics have been living in separate residential areas.
- 67. 63% 66% 62% 62% 63% 63% 64% 64% 65% 65% 66% 66% 67% 1991 2001 Percentage ofPopulation living in areas that are either mainly Protestants or Catholics 3%
- 68. Social Segregation Lack ofSocial Interaction Lack of Understanding between the Two Groups
- 69.
- 70. The economy ofN. Ireland has been affected by the conflict. It has also discouraged domestic and foreign investments in the country. The foreign owned factories closed down when violence increased the operating costs in N. Ireland. The constant threat of bombings and high cost of security drove away large manufacturers in great numbers.
- 71.
- 72. 1. The civil rightsmarches put pressure on the N. Ireland government to pass anti- discrimination measures in N. Ireland. 2. Following further civil rights demonstrations and pressure from Britain, the government announced sweeping reforms of local government in N. Ireland.
- 73.
- 74. 1972: Following BloodySunday in January, the N. Ireland government was suspended in March. 1973: An agreement was reached to introduce power sharing (spreading of power to govern the country) between the Protestants and Catholics. 1974: The agreement on power sharing was removed through a Protestant workers’strike.
- 75. 1988: Another agreementwas reached to re-introduce power sharing but has not been fully implemented as the different political parties refused to share power.
- 76.
- 77. 1970s to 1990s TheBritish government had made attempts to bring peace back to N. Ireland. However, the Protestants and Catholics failed to come to an agreement.
- 78. In the late1990s The British government, the government of the Irish Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland community leaders actively discussed the Northern Ireland peace process.
- 79. The Good FridayPeace Agreement was reached in 1998.
- 80.
- 81. Since the 1998Good Friday Agreement, many problems still remain. Violence has flared up again and again.
- 82. However, steps towardsarms decommissioning and increased sensitivity are positive developments. It seems clear that the majority of people are ready to take on the challenge in return for peace. However,