The document discusses the historical background of Pakistan, focusing on the causes and failure of the 1857 War of Independence and its impact on Hindu-Muslim unity. It examines the economic, administrative, political, social, religious and military causes of the revolt. It then analyzes the causes of the revolt's failure, including lack of unity, public support, and efficient tactics. The document also discusses the Urdu-Hindi controversy and the roles of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Congress in the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in British India.
The document provides historical background on the creation of Pakistan, beginning with the War of Independence in 1857 against British rule in India. It discusses the economic, administrative, political, social, religious and military causes of the war, and reasons for its failure. It then covers the formation of the Indian National Congress, opposition to it from Muslim leaders, the partition of Bengal in 1905 and subsequent reunification in 1911, which increased Muslim resentment.
Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After.pptxCNest1
The document provides background information on the Revolt of 1857 in India. It discusses the political, social, economic and military causes that led to the revolt. Key causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, social reforms imposed by the British, economic exploitation of India, and discrimination faced by Indian soldiers in the army. The immediate cause was the introduction of greased cartridges for the new Enfield rifle. The revolt began in Meerut and spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow and other major centers. Key leaders included Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, the Rani of Jhansi and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Though the revolt ultimately failed, it weakened British rule
ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdfsaeedqadeer34
The document discusses the 1857 revolt against British rule in India and its causes and impacts. It notes that the revolt was sparked by the introduction of new firearms that Hindus and Muslims found religiously objectionable, as well as political, economic, social, and military discrimination by the British. While the revolt shook British control, it ultimately failed due to a lack of clear leadership and plans. The document also examines Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions to educational and political reforms for Muslims after the revolt.
India's Independence and partition- Sristi.pptxsuveerjain3
The document provides information about India's independence from British rule in 1947 and the subsequent partition of India. It discusses the independence movement led by Gandhi and other leaders that used both violent and non-violent tactics. It also describes the two-nation theory and religious tensions that led to the partition, which resulted in the creation of India and Pakistan and forced migration of millions of people. The partition process involved dividing the provinces of Bengal and Punjab along religious lines and splitting assets like the military between the new nations.
The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It provides background on:
1) Bengal was previously divided in 1905 for administrative reasons, then reunited in 1911.
2) In 1947, at the end of British rule and creation of India and Pakistan, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part joined India and the eastern part joined Pakistan.
3) Over 18 million people migrated as a result, with at least 1 million dying in communal violence during the migration process. The partition displaced many and separated communities that had lived as neighbors for generations.
Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism in the Sub-continent.pptxrayanbabur
The document outlines 15 factors that led to Muslim separatism and the desire for Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent: 1) The evolution of the Two-Nation Theory due to religious and ideological differences between Hindus and Muslims, 2) Cultural differences such as burial practices, 3) Social differences in food, clothing, and language, 4) Economic policies that disadvantaged Muslims, 5) Educational differences, 6) Political differences, 7) The British invasion of India and support of Hindus over Muslims, 8) The desire to establish an Islamic state, 9) The Urdu-Hindi controversy, 10) Hindu nationalism and militant organizations, 11) Congress rule from 1937-1939 that imposed Hindu culture, and 12) British economic, revenue
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The main causes were political, as local leaders lost authority to the British; religious and social, as British culture threatened local faiths; economic, as high taxes burdened peasants; and military, as low pay and lack of promotion resented sepoys. In 1857, sepoys rebelled against new rifles greased with cow and pig fat. The rebellion spread from Meerut to Delhi, where many rulers joined. However, the British eventually suppressed the rebellion by 1858, imprisoning Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
The document provides historical background on the creation of Pakistan, beginning with the War of Independence in 1857 against British rule in India. It discusses the economic, administrative, political, social, religious and military causes of the war, and reasons for its failure. It then covers the formation of the Indian National Congress, opposition to it from Muslim leaders, the partition of Bengal in 1905 and subsequent reunification in 1911, which increased Muslim resentment.
Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After.pptxCNest1
The document provides background information on the Revolt of 1857 in India. It discusses the political, social, economic and military causes that led to the revolt. Key causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, social reforms imposed by the British, economic exploitation of India, and discrimination faced by Indian soldiers in the army. The immediate cause was the introduction of greased cartridges for the new Enfield rifle. The revolt began in Meerut and spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow and other major centers. Key leaders included Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, the Rani of Jhansi and Begum Hazrat Mahal. Though the revolt ultimately failed, it weakened British rule
ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdfsaeedqadeer34
The document discusses the 1857 revolt against British rule in India and its causes and impacts. It notes that the revolt was sparked by the introduction of new firearms that Hindus and Muslims found religiously objectionable, as well as political, economic, social, and military discrimination by the British. While the revolt shook British control, it ultimately failed due to a lack of clear leadership and plans. The document also examines Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions to educational and political reforms for Muslims after the revolt.
India's Independence and partition- Sristi.pptxsuveerjain3
The document provides information about India's independence from British rule in 1947 and the subsequent partition of India. It discusses the independence movement led by Gandhi and other leaders that used both violent and non-violent tactics. It also describes the two-nation theory and religious tensions that led to the partition, which resulted in the creation of India and Pakistan and forced migration of millions of people. The partition process involved dividing the provinces of Bengal and Punjab along religious lines and splitting assets like the military between the new nations.
The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It provides background on:
1) Bengal was previously divided in 1905 for administrative reasons, then reunited in 1911.
2) In 1947, at the end of British rule and creation of India and Pakistan, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part joined India and the eastern part joined Pakistan.
3) Over 18 million people migrated as a result, with at least 1 million dying in communal violence during the migration process. The partition displaced many and separated communities that had lived as neighbors for generations.
Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism in the Sub-continent.pptxrayanbabur
The document outlines 15 factors that led to Muslim separatism and the desire for Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent: 1) The evolution of the Two-Nation Theory due to religious and ideological differences between Hindus and Muslims, 2) Cultural differences such as burial practices, 3) Social differences in food, clothing, and language, 4) Economic policies that disadvantaged Muslims, 5) Educational differences, 6) Political differences, 7) The British invasion of India and support of Hindus over Muslims, 8) The desire to establish an Islamic state, 9) The Urdu-Hindi controversy, 10) Hindu nationalism and militant organizations, 11) Congress rule from 1937-1939 that imposed Hindu culture, and 12) British economic, revenue
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The main causes were political, as local leaders lost authority to the British; religious and social, as British culture threatened local faiths; economic, as high taxes burdened peasants; and military, as low pay and lack of promotion resented sepoys. In 1857, sepoys rebelled against new rifles greased with cow and pig fat. The rebellion spread from Meerut to Delhi, where many rulers joined. However, the British eventually suppressed the rebellion by 1858, imprisoning Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
The document outlines the key events and developments of the modern period in Indian history from the 18th century onwards. It begins with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century and the rise of regional kingdoms. European trading companies like the Dutch, French, and British then began capturing Indian territories due to the resulting political instability. The British East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal and the French in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, marking the start of British political involvement in India. After further military victories, the British established firm control over India by the early 19th century and instituted policies that exploited resources and undermined local economies and rulers. The Revolt of 1857 challenged British rule but
1) The document summarizes major political developments in India between 1857-1918 that impacted Muslims, including the Aligarh movement's efforts to revive Muslim identity and political rights after the 1857 war.
2) It then discusses the 1905 partition of Bengal by the British for administrative reasons, which received a favorable response from Muslims but was opposed by Hindus.
3) The partition was canceled in 1911, disappointing Muslims and helping them realize the need to politically organize themselves.
4) The 1906 Simla Deputation was the first major attempt by Muslim leaders from across India to present demands to the British, including separate electorates and reservations, emphasizing the historical importance of Muslims in India.
The document discusses the 1905 Partition of Bengal by the British and the nationalist movement that arose in opposition. It notes that the official reason for partition was for administrative purposes, but the real motive was political - to undermine Bengali nationalism and implement a divide and rule strategy between Hindus and Muslims. This sparked widespread protests through non-violent means like boycotts and the Swadeshi movement. While the movement lost momentum due to British repression, it significantly strengthened Indian nationalism and was an important event in the independence struggle.
the file contanis the lecture of Mr Muhammad Akif Khokhar, a Lecturer of UMT Lahore regaring Pakistan studiesn expressing the following points:
1. Education reforms
2. Shimla delegation
3. Deoband Movement
4. Aligarh Movement
5 Nadwa movement
Agenda behind getting a separate homeland-PAKISTANTean Zaheer
The document discusses the aims and objectives of the creation of Pakistan. It states that Pakistan was created on August 14th, 1947 after Muslims sacrificed greatly to establish a separate homeland where they could practice their religion and culture freely. The main objectives included setting up a free Islamic society, protecting Muslims from communal riots in India, allowing for social and political development of Muslims, protecting the Muslim language of Urdu, establishing the two-nation theory, escaping social humiliation in India, and creating an economically strong Muslim nation that could stand united against challenges.
The document provides an overview of India's history from its introduction and key facts, to the arrival of European colonialism, the independence movement led by Gandhi and others, and the partition of India that led to the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947. It discusses the political and religious diversity in India, traditional dresses, and highlights key events like the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Quit India Movement, and establishment of India as a republic after partition. The document covers India's transition from British rule to independence and the two newly formed dominions after the partition of British India.
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement in 28 simple and easy to understand slides. This presentation can be used to improve what you will be speaking on the following topic. It also contains many supportive pictures and a video.
Hope you like it.
Designed and edited by Rahul Kumar (with just a little help from Ishaan Duggal).
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement has been presented in one single presentation. Not only this, it has also been presented in bullets so that it becomes easy to remember and recollect.This presentation can also be presented in an easy way even by someone who reads it for the first time.
A presentation brought to you by Rahul Kumar
Pakistan has emerged as one of history's altitudes commanding a vast field of vision stretching back and forward. The victor could reconcile as little to their existence as could they to the changed order
The British East India Company gained control over much of India through manipulation of local rulers and military force. This led to resentment among Indians and the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, after which the British government took direct control over India. Under the British Raj from 1858 to 1947, India provided raw materials and a large market for British goods but Indians had little political power. Tensions increased during World War I as Indians helped Britain but sought independence. The Rowlatt Act and Amritsar Massacre further angered Indians and strengthened the independence movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
this presentation is to study deeply about the partition of India, some of the movements and what were the impact of Britishers on us after leaving and when they were ruling .
Nios Std X, 10th , Social Science, Ch 8 indian national movementSajina Nair
The document provides information about the Indian national movement against British rule. It discusses the economic and political factors that led to rising nationalism in India. It then describes the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the early moderates like Gokhale who advocated for constitutional reforms through petitions. The document also outlines important events that intensified the movement, such as the Partition of Bengal, the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and Dandi March against British salt taxes.
The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
Myths and misconceptions exclusion an important cause etc-part 4Agha A
Major Agha H Amin is a retired Pakistani Army tank corps major who has written extensively on military and political issues in Pakistan and Afghanistan. He has authored several books and served as editor for several journals. He currently heads the think tank Centre for Study of Intelligence Operations.
The document discusses various causes and impacts of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny in India against British colonial rule. It argues that exclusion of Indians from higher ranks and government positions was a main cause of resentment. After the rebellion, the British took steps to include more Indians in government to prevent further unrest. However, the British also adopted policies favoring feudal landowners over taxing the agricultural classes more heavily, shifting taxation burdens to urban professional classes instead
The British East India Company expanded its control over most of India as the Mughal Empire declined. By the 1850s, the Company ruled India and maintained control through its Indian army, made up of sepoy soldiers. However, in 1857, sepoys rebelled against new Enfield rifles that required biting cartridges greased with animal fat, sparking the Sepoy Mutiny against British rule. The rebellion was crushed, and Britain took direct control over India as resentment between Indians and the British increased.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British Viceroy sparked widespread protests. The partition divided Bengal along religious lines for political reasons, encouraging division between Hindus and Muslims. Massive non-violent protests organized under leaders like Tilak included boycotts, swadeshi movements, and acts of civil disobedience. Though the British cracked down on protesters, the movement gained momentum and significance. Ultimately, the partition was reversed in 1911 due to its political impacts. However, it left lasting effects on religious politics and the growth of Indian nationalism.
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons, dividing it into West Bengal and East Bengal. This partition divided the Hindu and Muslim populations, with West Bengal having a Hindu majority and East Bengal having a Muslim majority. The Hindus strongly opposed the partition, seeing it as a attempt to divide Bengalis along communal lines and weaken the nationalist movement. They launched protests including boycotts of British goods. In contrast, Muslims generally welcomed the partition as it gave them a province where they were not a minority and hoped it would boost their social status and development.
This document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and management. It begins with learning objectives about ABC and how it differs from traditional costing. It then provides examples to illustrate key aspects of ABC, including how it assigns costs based on a company's activities and cost drivers, rather than simple allocation bases like direct labor hours. This leads to more accurate product costs than traditional costing by tracing overhead to products based on their actual consumption of activities. The document also discusses how to identify activities, assign costs to activity cost pools, select cost drivers, and allocate activity costs to final cost objects.
This document outlines key steps in the accounting cycle and accounting principles. It discusses the role of accounting records in tracking business activities and evaluating performance. It introduces ledger accounts and how debits and credits are used to record increases and decreases in asset, liability, and equity accounts. The document explains the double-entry system of accounting, where equal debit and credit entries are recorded for every transaction. It also covers accounting principles like realization and matching that determine when revenue and expenses are recorded.
The document outlines the key events and developments of the modern period in Indian history from the 18th century onwards. It begins with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century and the rise of regional kingdoms. European trading companies like the Dutch, French, and British then began capturing Indian territories due to the resulting political instability. The British East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal and the French in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, marking the start of British political involvement in India. After further military victories, the British established firm control over India by the early 19th century and instituted policies that exploited resources and undermined local economies and rulers. The Revolt of 1857 challenged British rule but
1) The document summarizes major political developments in India between 1857-1918 that impacted Muslims, including the Aligarh movement's efforts to revive Muslim identity and political rights after the 1857 war.
2) It then discusses the 1905 partition of Bengal by the British for administrative reasons, which received a favorable response from Muslims but was opposed by Hindus.
3) The partition was canceled in 1911, disappointing Muslims and helping them realize the need to politically organize themselves.
4) The 1906 Simla Deputation was the first major attempt by Muslim leaders from across India to present demands to the British, including separate electorates and reservations, emphasizing the historical importance of Muslims in India.
The document discusses the 1905 Partition of Bengal by the British and the nationalist movement that arose in opposition. It notes that the official reason for partition was for administrative purposes, but the real motive was political - to undermine Bengali nationalism and implement a divide and rule strategy between Hindus and Muslims. This sparked widespread protests through non-violent means like boycotts and the Swadeshi movement. While the movement lost momentum due to British repression, it significantly strengthened Indian nationalism and was an important event in the independence struggle.
the file contanis the lecture of Mr Muhammad Akif Khokhar, a Lecturer of UMT Lahore regaring Pakistan studiesn expressing the following points:
1. Education reforms
2. Shimla delegation
3. Deoband Movement
4. Aligarh Movement
5 Nadwa movement
Agenda behind getting a separate homeland-PAKISTANTean Zaheer
The document discusses the aims and objectives of the creation of Pakistan. It states that Pakistan was created on August 14th, 1947 after Muslims sacrificed greatly to establish a separate homeland where they could practice their religion and culture freely. The main objectives included setting up a free Islamic society, protecting Muslims from communal riots in India, allowing for social and political development of Muslims, protecting the Muslim language of Urdu, establishing the two-nation theory, escaping social humiliation in India, and creating an economically strong Muslim nation that could stand united against challenges.
The document provides an overview of India's history from its introduction and key facts, to the arrival of European colonialism, the independence movement led by Gandhi and others, and the partition of India that led to the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947. It discusses the political and religious diversity in India, traditional dresses, and highlights key events like the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Quit India Movement, and establishment of India as a republic after partition. The document covers India's transition from British rule to independence and the two newly formed dominions after the partition of British India.
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement in 28 simple and easy to understand slides. This presentation can be used to improve what you will be speaking on the following topic. It also contains many supportive pictures and a video.
Hope you like it.
Designed and edited by Rahul Kumar (with just a little help from Ishaan Duggal).
Non-Cooperation Movement and Mahatma GandhiRahul Kumar
All that you need to know about the non-cooperation movement has been presented in one single presentation. Not only this, it has also been presented in bullets so that it becomes easy to remember and recollect.This presentation can also be presented in an easy way even by someone who reads it for the first time.
A presentation brought to you by Rahul Kumar
Pakistan has emerged as one of history's altitudes commanding a vast field of vision stretching back and forward. The victor could reconcile as little to their existence as could they to the changed order
The British East India Company gained control over much of India through manipulation of local rulers and military force. This led to resentment among Indians and the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, after which the British government took direct control over India. Under the British Raj from 1858 to 1947, India provided raw materials and a large market for British goods but Indians had little political power. Tensions increased during World War I as Indians helped Britain but sought independence. The Rowlatt Act and Amritsar Massacre further angered Indians and strengthened the independence movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
this presentation is to study deeply about the partition of India, some of the movements and what were the impact of Britishers on us after leaving and when they were ruling .
Nios Std X, 10th , Social Science, Ch 8 indian national movementSajina Nair
The document provides information about the Indian national movement against British rule. It discusses the economic and political factors that led to rising nationalism in India. It then describes the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the early moderates like Gokhale who advocated for constitutional reforms through petitions. The document also outlines important events that intensified the movement, such as the Partition of Bengal, the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and Dandi March against British salt taxes.
The document summarizes the formation and objectives of the Muslim League in India in 1906. It discusses several factors that led to its establishment, including British policies that discriminated against Muslims and sowed communal divisions. The key objectives of the Muslim League were to politically represent Muslim interests, maintain separate electoral constituencies for Muslims, and support the British government in exchange for rewards. Over time, some members of the League began criticizing British rule and eventually demanded a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
Myths and misconceptions exclusion an important cause etc-part 4Agha A
Major Agha H Amin is a retired Pakistani Army tank corps major who has written extensively on military and political issues in Pakistan and Afghanistan. He has authored several books and served as editor for several journals. He currently heads the think tank Centre for Study of Intelligence Operations.
The document discusses various causes and impacts of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny in India against British colonial rule. It argues that exclusion of Indians from higher ranks and government positions was a main cause of resentment. After the rebellion, the British took steps to include more Indians in government to prevent further unrest. However, the British also adopted policies favoring feudal landowners over taxing the agricultural classes more heavily, shifting taxation burdens to urban professional classes instead
The British East India Company expanded its control over most of India as the Mughal Empire declined. By the 1850s, the Company ruled India and maintained control through its Indian army, made up of sepoy soldiers. However, in 1857, sepoys rebelled against new Enfield rifles that required biting cartridges greased with animal fat, sparking the Sepoy Mutiny against British rule. The rebellion was crushed, and Britain took direct control over India as resentment between Indians and the British increased.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British Viceroy sparked widespread protests. The partition divided Bengal along religious lines for political reasons, encouraging division between Hindus and Muslims. Massive non-violent protests organized under leaders like Tilak included boycotts, swadeshi movements, and acts of civil disobedience. Though the British cracked down on protesters, the movement gained momentum and significance. Ultimately, the partition was reversed in 1911 due to its political impacts. However, it left lasting effects on religious politics and the growth of Indian nationalism.
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons, dividing it into West Bengal and East Bengal. This partition divided the Hindu and Muslim populations, with West Bengal having a Hindu majority and East Bengal having a Muslim majority. The Hindus strongly opposed the partition, seeing it as a attempt to divide Bengalis along communal lines and weaken the nationalist movement. They launched protests including boycotts of British goods. In contrast, Muslims generally welcomed the partition as it gave them a province where they were not a minority and hoped it would boost their social status and development.
This document discusses activity-based costing (ABC) and management. It begins with learning objectives about ABC and how it differs from traditional costing. It then provides examples to illustrate key aspects of ABC, including how it assigns costs based on a company's activities and cost drivers, rather than simple allocation bases like direct labor hours. This leads to more accurate product costs than traditional costing by tracing overhead to products based on their actual consumption of activities. The document also discusses how to identify activities, assign costs to activity cost pools, select cost drivers, and allocate activity costs to final cost objects.
This document outlines key steps in the accounting cycle and accounting principles. It discusses the role of accounting records in tracking business activities and evaluating performance. It introduces ledger accounts and how debits and credits are used to record increases and decreases in asset, liability, and equity accounts. The document explains the double-entry system of accounting, where equal debit and credit entries are recorded for every transaction. It also covers accounting principles like realization and matching that determine when revenue and expenses are recorded.
Society refers to the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people. The concept developed in the 14th century but was further defined by Emile Durkheim in the 19th century. There are five major types of societies: hunting and gathering, horticultural/pastoral, agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial. Hunting and gathering societies were the oldest and most egalitarian but now few exist. Horticultural/pastoral societies developed agriculture and animal husbandry 10,000 years ago. Agrarian societies emerged 5,000 years ago with plow invention, creating surpluses and inequality. Industrial societies began in the 1700s and were based on factories. Post-industrial societies have
Pakistan unveiled a new political map showing all of Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan as Pakistani territory. This was in response to a similar map released by India and to confront India's annexation of Kashmir. The new map drew criticism from India as an exercise in political absurdity, while the Pakistani opposition urged the government to present the map internationally. The map aims to highlight Pakistan's position on Kashmir and draw attention to the long-standing dispute over the region.
The document discusses key concepts around creating and pricing products to satisfy customers. It covers classifying products as consumer or business products and explains their different categories. It also defines the product life cycle and important stages. Additional topics include product lines and mix, managing product mix through modification or new product development, reasons products fail, and the importance of branding, packaging and labeling.
This document provides an overview of international business concepts. It discusses the economic basis for international trade, including absolute and comparative advantage. Countries benefit from specializing in what they can produce most efficiently and trading with other countries. The document then covers various methods for entering international markets, such as exporting, licensing, joint ventures, foreign direct investment, and strategic alliances. It also discusses common trade restrictions imposed by governments and international trade agreements.
This document discusses the theory of production and the law of variable proportions. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1) The theory of production examines how producers combine inputs to produce output given technological constraints. It focuses on production functions and laws of production.
2) The law of variable proportions states that as one variable input is increased while others stay fixed, marginal product will initially rise but eventually decline, leading to three stages: increasing, diminishing, and negative returns.
3) Economies of scale refer to cost advantages from increased scale of production, including internal economies from specialization and external economies from infrastructure. Diseconomies arise as firms grow beyond optimal size due to coordination problems.
This document outlines learning objectives and key concepts for exploring the world of business and economics. It discusses the definition of business and economics, different economic systems like capitalism and command economies, factors of production, and the role of households, businesses, and governments in a mixed economy.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. HUM 111
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Lecture 03
Historical Background of Pakistan
(Causes/ failure of the war of Independence
1857, its impact on Hindu Muslim Unity)
2
Dr. Sohail Ahmad
3. Historical Movement
• Basis of historical movement for creation of Pakistan
may be said to begin with the outbreak of the War of
Independence in 1857.
• The War of Independence opened on 10th May 1857
in Meerut, a remote and small city of the United
Province of the subcontinent.
• Though unsuccessful, It brought many changes,
particularly in the political strategies of three parties:
British
Hindus
Muslims
3
4. Causes of the Revolt in 1857
• Economic.
• Administrative.
• Political
• Religious
• Social
• Military
Immediate Cause
4
5. Economic Causes
• Before the East India Company ‘s(EIC) rule, India’s
agriculture Industry and trade was flourishing.
• The British tried to exploit India for their economic gains
and fulfill demands of their industrial revolution.
• Indian exports to Britain i.e. cotton, tea, spices ended up
in India as finished goods or were further exported to
other countries.
• After gaining right to collect revenue in Bengal in 1765,
the EIC used the money raised through revenue in
Bengal for fighting wars in other parts of India
• The Policies of EIC badly affected Zamindars, Talookdars,
middle income groups, traders, laborers etc.
5
6. Administrative Causes
• Inefficient and Insufficient Administrative machinery.
• Annexation of Indian States as part of their
expansionist policies under the Doctrine of Lapse.
• All high posts; civil or military were given to
Europeans rather than locals
• Unjust and exploitative revenue policies.
6
7. Political Causes
• British expansionist policies.
• Order of Lord Canning to the Mughal Empror to leave
Red Fort Delhi and stay at Qutab Minar .
• Lord Canning order that after the demise of Bahadur
Shah Zafar the Mughal rule will come to an end and
all the property of the Mughal ruler will be snatched
away
7
8. Social/ Religious Causes
• Support to Christian Missionaries after 1813 was
extended. They were not allowed to come to India
before that year.
• The Religious Disability Act announced many
incentives for those Indians who would convert to
Christianity .
• Reforms in Hindu customs were made by law
however, they were considered as distortion of the
teaching of Hinduism
• It was widely believed after 1813 that the actual
mandate of EIC was to convert Indians especially
Hindus to Christianity.
8
9. Military Causes
• Great disparity in the salaries between Indian and
European soldiers.
• Sepoys were sent to distant-over seas- parts of the
Empire, but were not given extra salaries.
• Indian sepoys were treated with contempt by their
English officers.
• Indian sepoys were refused promotion in services as like
their English counterparts. Out of such discontent the
Indian sepoys led to mutiny.
• General Service Enlistment Act 1856 by Lord Canning for
the soldiers from Bengal to be recruited and posted
whereever the Empire needed them, was greatly
resented by the Hindus, as traveling by sea for some
Hindus meant leaving the fold of Hinduism 9
10. Immediate Cause
• Enfield rifles were introduced in the military.
• The bullets of these rifles were covered by papers
with grease like substance. The sepoys were to cut
the cover with teeth before using it.
• Rumor spread that the grease substance is made up
of the fat of pigs and cows.
• Both Muslims and Hindu sepoys refused to cut the
cover. They protested against the introduction of this
new munition and were arrested. It ultimately ignited
the fire of mutiny all over India
• The Mutiny was suppressed and the British
government officially took over the rule of India from
EIC. 10
11. Causes of Failure of the Revolt 1/2
• Lack of definite aim by the Indians.
• Every group and faction fought for personal reasons
without a central Indian command.
• Some had problem with job insecurity, some had
problem with high taxes, while others were
concerned with preserving their rule in their states
etc.
• Lack of Unity.
• The revolt was not pre-decided. It could not start at
one time in the whole of India therefore, EIC
effectively crushed it.
11
12. Causes of Failure of the Revolt 2/2
• Lack of public support: Educated groups (mainly
converts to Christianity), many traders, and lots of
peasants did not participate in it because they were
blossoming in the rule of EIC.
• Lack of national spirit. Lacknow, Jhansi and Bihar just
revolted to safeguard their rulers’ narrow interests
rather than safeguarding the larger interest of India
• No efficient war tactics: The Mughal ruler and other
local rulers had quite weak armies which had no
match for the English officers and their war tactics.
• The efficient English officials were able to suppress
mutiny in 1857
12
13. Nature of the War of Independence
It was not religious.
It was more economic and socio-cultural.
It was blamed by Hindus to be the act of Muslims alone
as religious conspiracy against the British.
13
14. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [1/10]
Advent of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
• Language is a fundamental means of social-cultural interaction.
• It may lead to disintegration in societies with cultural diversities.
14
15. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [2/10]
• The Urdu language was born in India.
• India was considered to be a golden sparrow in terms of its fertile
land and man power. That is why lots of invaders came to occupy it
for different purposes.
• It so happened that when these different people from different
regions of the world came to India, they brought with them, among
other things, their language as well.
• People like Arabs, Persians and Turks, etc. when mingled with the
native people, they exchanged many words of their languages and
thus with this mingling, a new language emerged which was termed
Urdu, meaning the “language of the troops”.
• Since it was formed by the invaders of the Muslim world and emerged
during the rule of the Mughals in India, it was termed as the language
of the Muslims and that is why initially it was called “Musalmani”.
15
16. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [3/10]
• However, there were not only Muslims that spoke or used Urdu but
all the communities in India joined hands for the promulgation and
development of that new language.
• It was not only used as an everyday language but a large number of
literary works appeared in Urdu in all the regions of the sub-
continent primarily Deccan, Lucknow, Maisur, Delhi etc.
• Thus, almost the whole of India contributed to the flourishing of
Urdu.
• In 1837, Persian was replaced by Urdu as the court and state
language, no one objected to that.
16
17. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [4/10]
• With the fall of the Mughal Empire, Hindus, however, started looking
at Urdu as the language of the invaders.
• The British on the other hand, in their disregard for Muslims adopted
the same attitude.
• Thus, both intentionally started their efforts in order to get rid of the
language of the Muslims.
• In this regard names of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Raja Shiv Parshad,
Lakshman Singh, Haresh Chandra and Binkam Chatterji, etc., among
many others are well known.
17
18. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [5/10]
• The first effort was made at the start of the nineteenth century when
a new language was formed with the name Hindi in which words of
pure Arabic, Persian and Turkish were removed and replaced by
Sanskrit words.
• In that regard in 1809, a Hindu wrote a novel in that very Hindi with
the title “Prem Sagar” but since it was not a full fledged effort, soon
that language went into oblivion.
• However, after the War of Independence 1857 when the British
Crown’s wrath fell upon the Muslims, the Hindus considered it to be a
ripe moment to get rid of Urdu and replace it with their own language
– Hindi. 18
19. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [6/10]
• The combined organized effort started in the second half of the nineteenth
century. In 1867, the Hindus of Banaras presented a request to their
government regarding the replacement of Urdu with Hindi and its Persian
script with that of Devnagri script.
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan at that demand remarked that when even the language
of a nation is not safe at the hands of other nations in a region, it would be
unwise to continue living with them.
• Sir Syed, who was in fact a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity prior to that
incident, started focusing on the cause of Muslims alone.
• His Scientific Society Gazette presented articles on the importance of Urdu.
• Similarly, some Muslim newspapers like Noor-ul-Absar and Banaras Gazette
also took the responsibility to safeguard their language. 19
20. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [7/10]
• The anti-Urdu process continued when, in 1871, the Governor of
Bengal, G. Cambell, banned Urdu in the province at all levels, courts,
administration and even schools.
• This boosted the Hindus in other regions like NWFP, Punjab, Behar,
Sindh, Oudh, etc. to counter Urdu there.
• Meetings were held of the Hindus in which thousands of them signed
memorials supporting the cause of elimination of Urdu.
20
21. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [8/10]
• The circumstances became even more hard for the Muslims and their
language when Anthony MacDonnel became the governor of UP in
1900. He was a pro-Hindu and thus anti-Muslim.
• He dismissed Urdu as the official language of UP, which was in fact
considered to be the home of Urdu language.
• Issued orders and declared Hindi the official language of the province.
• Sir Syed’s successors at Aligarh, mainly Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, the
Secretary of the Aligarh Trust, took action against MacDonnel’s act.
• He called for a popular gathering of the supporters of Urdu at Aligarh
and openly condemned governor’s work.
21
22. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [9/10]
• He also founded Urdu Defense Association and it was decided that
the association would take actions against the doings of the
governor.
• The result of this Muslim response was that Urdu too- along with
Hindi- was declared the official language of the province.
• But Mohsin-ul-Mulk was not satisfied with this outcome and
continued his struggle.
• When UP got rid of MacDonnel, he founded another association
called Anjuman-e-Tarraqi-e-Urdu to counter all future attempts of the
Hindus and the English against Urdu.
22
23. Urdu-Hindi Controversy [10/10]
• This love and passion for Urdu by the Muslims of India inclined the
founders of Pakistan to adopt it as the national language of the new
born country. They believed that it was a sign of the Muslim unity, the
representation of Muslims as an independent nation, among millions
of people of India.
23
24. 24
Formation of Indian National Congress
• Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885.
• Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee was selected as the leader of the congress.
25. 25
• Objectives of congress
• The fusion into one national whole of all the different, and till now
discordant ( بے
آہنگ , بے
راُس ), elements that constitute the population
of India.
• The gradual regeneration of Indians along all lines, mental, moral,
social and political.
• The consolidation of the union between England and India, by
securing the modification of such of its condition as may be unjust or
injurious to the latter country.
Muslims and the Congress
26. 26
• Congress was founded by an Englishman A.O. Hume, a retired
government official. The blessings of Lord Dufferin, the Governor-
General of India was there.
• When Hume took the scheme to the Governor-General, the latter
amended it and gave his blessing on the condition that:
“His name in this connection with the scheme of the congress
should not be divulged so long as he remained in the country and
his condition was faithfully maintained and none but the men
consulted by Mr. Hume knew any thing about the matter.”
~ W.C. Bonnerjee, Indan Politics (London: 1898), P.vii
A theory about Creation of Congress
27. 27
• He asked the Muslims not to join congress.
• The advice was followed by a vast majority of people.
• He was of the opinion that if he was told that even the Viceroy, the
Secretary of State and the whole House of Commons had openly
supported Congress, he would still remain firmly opposed to it.
“It is my deliberate belief that should the resolution of the native
congress be carried into effect, it would be impossible for the
British Government to preserve peace, or control in any degree the
violence and civil wars which would ensue.”
~ Quoted in the The Times , 12 November, 1888
Sir Syed About the Congress
28. 28
• It was full of criticism of the congress.
• Mohammadan Observer, The Victoria Paper, The Muslim Herald, the
Rafiq-i-Hind and Imperial Paper spoke with one voice against the
congress.
Contemporary Muslim Press in
India about Congress
29. 29
• Central National Muhammadan Association, Muhammadan Literary
Society of Bengal, the Anjuman-i-Islam of Madras, the Dindigal
Anjuman and the Muhammadan Central Association of the Punjab
asked the Muslims of Indian not to join congress as they thought it
would never serve the interests of the Muslims of India.
Muslims Organizations and
Institutions about Congress
30. 30
• In 1905, the provinces of Bengal and Assam were reconstituted so as
to form two provinces of manageable size.
• Bengal: ~42 million Hindus and ~9 million Muslims
• East Bengal: ~18 million Muslims and ~12 million Hindus
• The scheme was sent to London in February, 1905. The Province of
East Bengal and Assam officially came into being on 16 October, 1905.
Partition of Bengal
31. 31
• The whole plan was nothing but readjustment of administrative
boundaries. However, the Hindus resented it.
• The partition resulted in the creation of Muslim majority province.
• It was distasteful to the Hindus.
• Hindus regarded the partition as an attempt to strangle nationalism in
Bengal, where it was more developed than elsewhere.
• Agitation against the partition included mass meetings, rural unrest,
and a “swadeshi” (native) movement to boycott the import of British
goods.
Hindu Reaction
32. 32
• Seven days after the partition, on 22 October 1905, a large Muslim
meeting at Dacca appreciated the boon conferred on the people by
the change.
• Two days later, another huge gathering of Muslims offered thanks to
the God for the partition and declared that under the new scheme,
“…the Muslims would be spared many oppressions which they
hitherto had to endure from the Hindus.”, the Hindu agitation
against the partition was condemned.
~ Manchester Guardian, 23 and 27 October, 1905
Muslim Reaction
33. 33
• In 1911, East and West Bengal were reunited.
• The aim was to combine appeasement of Bengali sentiment with
administrative convenience.
• This end was achieved for a time but the Bengali Muslims, having
benefitted from partition, were angry and disappointed.
• This resentment remained throughout the rest of the British period.
• The final division of Bengal was done at the partitioning of the
subcontinent in 1947, which divided Bengal into India in the West and
East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) in the East. It was also accompanied
by intense violence.
Annulment of the Partition of Bengal