Gandhi emerged as a leader of the Indian National Congress in the 1920s. He believed in achieving independence from Britain through non-violent civil disobedience, or satyagraha, based on Hindu principles of non-violence. His tactics included organizing strikes and protests to apply moral pressure and gain international attention. Meanwhile, the Muslim League grew concerned about the prospect of Hindu domination, pushing for the establishment of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Religious tensions contributed to the eventual partition of India and Pakistan upon independence.
The British East India Company gained control over much of India through manipulation of local rulers and military force. This led to resentment among Indians and the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, after which the British government took direct control over India. Under the British Raj from 1858 to 1947, India provided raw materials and a large market for British goods but Indians had little political power. Tensions increased during World War I as Indians helped Britain but sought independence. The Rowlatt Act and Amritsar Massacre further angered Indians and strengthened the independence movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 with the goal of serving as a controlled opposition to the British viceroy. It aimed to unite India's diverse populations and regenerate the nation mentally, morally, socially, and politically. Among the factors that helped its emergence were patriotism inspired by English literature, Hindu revivalist movements, racial hatred against the British, and discrimination faced by Indians. The Ilbert Bill of 1882, which allowed Indian magistrates to try European criminals but was opposed by the English community, also strengthened nationalist sentiment.
The document outlines the key causes that led to the rise of assertive nationalism in India. These included:
1. The failure of early nationalist leaders to achieve substantial gains from the British despite their peaceful constitutional methods, disillusioning many Indians.
2. The worsening economic conditions in India under exploitative British policies, along with famines, as well as the ill-treatment of Indians in British colonies abroad.
3. Contemporary events like the defeat of major powers by smaller Asian nations inspired Indians to believe they too could defeat imperialism through assertive methods.
The British established control over India in the 1800s but faced growing nationalist sentiment. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of the independence movement, advocating nonviolent civil disobedience. As tensions grew between Hindus and Muslims, Britain partitioned India in 1947, creating the separate nations of India and Pakistan. Millions were displaced and violence broke out along religious lines during the partition. India established a democratic system under Jawaharlal Nehru and has since grown its economy, but tensions with Pakistan over Kashmir remain.
Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s as the British established political and economic control over the subcontinent. This led Indians to resent being ruled by a foreign power and treated as second-class citizens. In the early 20th century, Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for nonviolent civil disobedience. Through nonviolent protests like boycotts and hunger strikes, Gandhi helped force the British to grant India independence in 1947, though the country was still partitioned along religious lines.
ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdfsaeedqadeer34
The document discusses the 1857 revolt against British rule in India and its causes and impacts. It notes that the revolt was sparked by the introduction of new firearms that Hindus and Muslims found religiously objectionable, as well as political, economic, social, and military discrimination by the British. While the revolt shook British control, it ultimately failed due to a lack of clear leadership and plans. The document also examines Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions to educational and political reforms for Muslims after the revolt.
The Indian nationalist movement developed in response to the increasing British presence in India, as Indians began to feel a stronger sense of shared identity and unity in opposition to foreign rule. Key figures and organizations in the movement included the Indian National Congress, established in 1885, which was split between more moderate and more radical factions. Important leaders were Jawaharlal Nehru, who supported Gandhi and was imprisoned multiple times before becoming independent India's first Prime Minister, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the All India Muslim League and insisted on the creation of Pakistan upon independence.
The British East India Company gained control over much of India through manipulation of local rulers and military force. This led to resentment among Indians and the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, after which the British government took direct control over India. Under the British Raj from 1858 to 1947, India provided raw materials and a large market for British goods but Indians had little political power. Tensions increased during World War I as Indians helped Britain but sought independence. The Rowlatt Act and Amritsar Massacre further angered Indians and strengthened the independence movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 with the goal of serving as a controlled opposition to the British viceroy. It aimed to unite India's diverse populations and regenerate the nation mentally, morally, socially, and politically. Among the factors that helped its emergence were patriotism inspired by English literature, Hindu revivalist movements, racial hatred against the British, and discrimination faced by Indians. The Ilbert Bill of 1882, which allowed Indian magistrates to try European criminals but was opposed by the English community, also strengthened nationalist sentiment.
The document outlines the key causes that led to the rise of assertive nationalism in India. These included:
1. The failure of early nationalist leaders to achieve substantial gains from the British despite their peaceful constitutional methods, disillusioning many Indians.
2. The worsening economic conditions in India under exploitative British policies, along with famines, as well as the ill-treatment of Indians in British colonies abroad.
3. Contemporary events like the defeat of major powers by smaller Asian nations inspired Indians to believe they too could defeat imperialism through assertive methods.
The British established control over India in the 1800s but faced growing nationalist sentiment. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of the independence movement, advocating nonviolent civil disobedience. As tensions grew between Hindus and Muslims, Britain partitioned India in 1947, creating the separate nations of India and Pakistan. Millions were displaced and violence broke out along religious lines during the partition. India established a democratic system under Jawaharlal Nehru and has since grown its economy, but tensions with Pakistan over Kashmir remain.
Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s as the British established political and economic control over the subcontinent. This led Indians to resent being ruled by a foreign power and treated as second-class citizens. In the early 20th century, Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for nonviolent civil disobedience. Through nonviolent protests like boycotts and hunger strikes, Gandhi helped force the British to grant India independence in 1947, though the country was still partitioned along religious lines.
ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdfsaeedqadeer34
The document discusses the 1857 revolt against British rule in India and its causes and impacts. It notes that the revolt was sparked by the introduction of new firearms that Hindus and Muslims found religiously objectionable, as well as political, economic, social, and military discrimination by the British. While the revolt shook British control, it ultimately failed due to a lack of clear leadership and plans. The document also examines Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions to educational and political reforms for Muslims after the revolt.
The Indian nationalist movement developed in response to the increasing British presence in India, as Indians began to feel a stronger sense of shared identity and unity in opposition to foreign rule. Key figures and organizations in the movement included the Indian National Congress, established in 1885, which was split between more moderate and more radical factions. Important leaders were Jawaharlal Nehru, who supported Gandhi and was imprisoned multiple times before becoming independent India's first Prime Minister, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the All India Muslim League and insisted on the creation of Pakistan upon independence.
Nationalism in India grew in the 1800s as the British imposed unfair economic and political policies on Indians. This led groups like the Indian National Congress and Muslim League to call for independence. Mohandas Gandhi advocated non-violent civil disobedience, which put pressure on the British economy. After World War 2, Britain granted India independence in 1947, but religious disputes led to the partition of India and Pakistan.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism under British colonial rule:
1) Worldwide concepts of nationalism and self-determination inspired by the French Revolution.
2) The Indian Renaissance which exposed Indians to Western ideas and education.
3) Modernization initiated by the British unified India politically, economically, and through infrastructure but also made Indians aware of colonial contradictions.
4) Strong reaction against repressive British policies like the Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act fueled nationalist sentiment.
Nisha Yadav is an art and craft teacher. The British East India Company arrived in India in 1601 and began trading posts. By 1760, Britain had economic and political control over India and declared it a colony in 1765. Indians faced discrimination and unequal treatment under British rule. Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s with groups like the Indian National Congress working for Indian rights. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 increased calls for independence. Mohandas Gandhi led nonviolent protests which increased support for independence. After World War 2 weakened Britain, India gained independence in 1947.
Gandhi led non-violent protests in India against British rule through civil disobedience and the famous Salt March. Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s as the British exploited the nation's resources and people. Gandhi's tactics of non-compliance with unfair laws through boycotts and refusal to pay taxes put economic pressure on Britain and eventually led to India gaining independence in 1947 after World War II, though the country was partitioned along religious lines into India and Pakistan.
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
The document is a student project on nationalism in India. It discusses the rise of nationalism in response to British rule. The British pursued policies that served their own interests and kept India economically backward. Educated Indians began to question British laws and policies in which Indians had no representation. Socio-religious reform movements and the Indian press played key roles in fostering national consciousness. Racial discrimination by the British also contributed to the growth of nationalism as Indians faced insult and unequal treatment under colonial rule. The establishment of a uniform administration and legal system by the British helped create a sense of political unity and national identity in India.
Emergence of indian republic by Mr. Romeo Sychem Retes Manlucot, Silliman Uni...DR. SYCHEM RETES MANLUCOT,
The document discusses the emergence of the Indian Republic and problems facing the new republic. It summarizes that India changed from a dominion to a republic on January 26, 1950, adopting a new constitution. The head of state is the president, while the real executive authority lies with the prime minister as head of the council of ministers. Some key problems India faces are the Kashmir conflict with Pakistan, overpopulation, high illiteracy rates, and frequent famines exacerbated by population growth. India also plays an important role in world affairs as a leader of the non-aligned movement and supporter of independence for other Asian nations.
The document lists several causes of Indian nationalism: 1) The Macaulayan system of education and influence of European writers inspired ideals of liberty and self-government among the Indian intelligentsia. 2) The English language acted as a common medium for discussion of problems facing the country. 3) The growth of the Indian press helped mobilize public opinion and organize political movements. Religious and social reformers also inculcated pride and confidence in India's heritage.
Sepoy Rebellion and British Imperialism in India Wayne Williams
Social Political Economic and military effects of British imperialism in India and how it affected both India and Great Britain in the 19th and 20th Centuries
The British East India Company gained control of most of India as the Mughal Empire declined in the early 1700s. While British rule brought some infrastructure improvements, it also exploited India's resources and treated Indians as inferior. Resentment grew among Indians until the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, which the British crushed. This led the British government to directly rule India under the British Raj. Indian nationalism strengthened in response to mistreatment, culminating in the Indian National Congress and Muslim League independence movements in the late 1800s/early 1900s.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an influential Muslim scholar born in 1817 in Delhi during Mughal rule. He established schools and colleges to promote education for Muslims, seeing it as key to uplifting their social and economic status under British rule. After the 1857 mutiny, he advocated for Muslims to accept British authority while maintaining their Islamic identity. He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. Sir Syed developed the two-nation theory, arguing that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not live together due to political, economic, social and cultural differences, and requiring separate electorates and states for Muslims.
William Jones came to India in 1783 and learned several Indian languages including Sanskrit. He helped establish the Asiatic Society of Bengal to promote the study of Asian languages, literature, and culture. The Society published the journal Asiatick Researches. Jones and others recognized connections between Sanskrit and European languages. However, British officials like Macaulay later criticized teaching Indian languages and cultures, arguing it had no practical use. Macaulay's views influenced the 1835 English Education Act which made English the medium of instruction in higher education.
Britain's empire stretched across the globe by the end of World War 1, but life under British rule was not always easy. Locals had little opportunity for self-governance and non-white populations faced discrimination and second-class treatment. While some benefits were brought, like infrastructure development and a shared language, many people suffered exploitation through loss of lands, poor working conditions, and slavery. By 1918, opposition to British control grew as independence movements formed in India, Ireland, and South Africa seeking more local autonomy and civil rights.
- India was partitioned in 1947 when it gained independence from Britain, dividing it into the nations of India and Pakistan.
- The partition aimed to separate India along religious lines but resulted in mass violence and displacement as millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs crossed the new borders.
- Over 15 million people became refugees as a result of the partition, which left deep wounds that have impacted India-Pakistan relations to this day.
The document summarizes the history and culture of India over 4000 years. It describes the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and its large cities with advanced sewer systems. It then discusses the decline of this civilization around 1900 BC possibly due to invasion, weather changes, or a combination. Subsequent empires that ruled India included the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal empires. Britain gained control of India through the East India Company and ruled until independence led by Gandhi and his advocacy of nonviolent civil disobedience. India was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into India and Pakistan, resulting in violence and mass migration. The modern democratic republic of India has a federal parliamentary government and a large population
The document discusses the historical background of Pakistan, focusing on the causes and failure of the 1857 War of Independence and its impact on Hindu-Muslim unity. It examines the economic, administrative, political, social, religious and military causes of the revolt. It then analyzes the causes of the revolt's failure, including lack of unity, public support, and efficient tactics. The document also discusses the Urdu-Hindi controversy and the roles of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Congress in the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in British India.
The nation should always be united .
nation should be ur first priority.
here in this form it will sow how the integration of the nation can be done has been created in the form of a presentation
Nios Std X, 10th , Social Science, Ch 8 indian national movementSajina Nair
The document provides information about the Indian national movement against British rule. It discusses the economic and political factors that led to rising nationalism in India. It then describes the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the early moderates like Gokhale who advocated for constitutional reforms through petitions. The document also outlines important events that intensified the movement, such as the Partition of Bengal, the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and Dandi March against British salt taxes.
The document discusses the ideological rationale behind the Two Nation Theory in Pakistan. It provides context on key concepts like ideology, nation, and the differences between the Islamic and Hindu ideologies, cultures, and beliefs that contributed to Muslims and Hindus being seen as two distinct nations. It outlines the views of several important figures like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who advocated for the Two Nation Theory based on religious, cultural, social, political, and other differences between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia.
The British East India Company gradually extended control over most of India by:
1) Taking advantage of the decline of the Mughal Empire and rivalries between princely states.
2) Encouraging competition between groups which prevented unity against foreign rule.
3) Asserting control through alliances and wars which increased its territorial holdings.
4) Facing opposition through events like the Sepoy Rebellion but consolidating direct rule after suppressing revolts.
Designing and Sustaining Large-Scale Value-Centered Agile Ecosystems (powered...Alexey Krivitsky
Is Agile dead? It depends on what you mean by 'Agile'. If you mean that the organizations are not getting the promised benefits because they were focusing too much on the team-level agile "ways of working" instead of systemic global improvements -- then we are in agreement. It is a misunderstanding of Agility that led us down a dead-end. At Org Topologies, we see bright sparks -- the signs of the 'second wave of Agile' as we call it. The emphasis is shifting towards both in-team and inter-team collaboration. Away from false dichotomies. Both: team autonomy and shared broad product ownership are required to sustain true result-oriented organizational agility. Org Topologies is a package offering a visual language plus thinking tools required to communicate org development direction and can be used to help design and then sustain org change aiming at higher organizational archetypes.
A team is a group of individuals, all working together for a common purpose. This Ppt derives a detail information on team building process and ats type with effective example by Tuckmans Model. it also describes about team issues and effective team work. Unclear Roles and Responsibilities of teams as well as individuals.
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Nationalism in India grew in the 1800s as the British imposed unfair economic and political policies on Indians. This led groups like the Indian National Congress and Muslim League to call for independence. Mohandas Gandhi advocated non-violent civil disobedience, which put pressure on the British economy. After World War 2, Britain granted India independence in 1947, but religious disputes led to the partition of India and Pakistan.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism under British colonial rule:
1) Worldwide concepts of nationalism and self-determination inspired by the French Revolution.
2) The Indian Renaissance which exposed Indians to Western ideas and education.
3) Modernization initiated by the British unified India politically, economically, and through infrastructure but also made Indians aware of colonial contradictions.
4) Strong reaction against repressive British policies like the Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act fueled nationalist sentiment.
Nisha Yadav is an art and craft teacher. The British East India Company arrived in India in 1601 and began trading posts. By 1760, Britain had economic and political control over India and declared it a colony in 1765. Indians faced discrimination and unequal treatment under British rule. Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s with groups like the Indian National Congress working for Indian rights. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 increased calls for independence. Mohandas Gandhi led nonviolent protests which increased support for independence. After World War 2 weakened Britain, India gained independence in 1947.
Gandhi led non-violent protests in India against British rule through civil disobedience and the famous Salt March. Nationalism grew in India in the 1800s as the British exploited the nation's resources and people. Gandhi's tactics of non-compliance with unfair laws through boycotts and refusal to pay taxes put economic pressure on Britain and eventually led to India gaining independence in 1947 after World War II, though the country was partitioned along religious lines into India and Pakistan.
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
The document is a student project on nationalism in India. It discusses the rise of nationalism in response to British rule. The British pursued policies that served their own interests and kept India economically backward. Educated Indians began to question British laws and policies in which Indians had no representation. Socio-religious reform movements and the Indian press played key roles in fostering national consciousness. Racial discrimination by the British also contributed to the growth of nationalism as Indians faced insult and unequal treatment under colonial rule. The establishment of a uniform administration and legal system by the British helped create a sense of political unity and national identity in India.
Emergence of indian republic by Mr. Romeo Sychem Retes Manlucot, Silliman Uni...DR. SYCHEM RETES MANLUCOT,
The document discusses the emergence of the Indian Republic and problems facing the new republic. It summarizes that India changed from a dominion to a republic on January 26, 1950, adopting a new constitution. The head of state is the president, while the real executive authority lies with the prime minister as head of the council of ministers. Some key problems India faces are the Kashmir conflict with Pakistan, overpopulation, high illiteracy rates, and frequent famines exacerbated by population growth. India also plays an important role in world affairs as a leader of the non-aligned movement and supporter of independence for other Asian nations.
The document lists several causes of Indian nationalism: 1) The Macaulayan system of education and influence of European writers inspired ideals of liberty and self-government among the Indian intelligentsia. 2) The English language acted as a common medium for discussion of problems facing the country. 3) The growth of the Indian press helped mobilize public opinion and organize political movements. Religious and social reformers also inculcated pride and confidence in India's heritage.
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Social Political Economic and military effects of British imperialism in India and how it affected both India and Great Britain in the 19th and 20th Centuries
The British East India Company gained control of most of India as the Mughal Empire declined in the early 1700s. While British rule brought some infrastructure improvements, it also exploited India's resources and treated Indians as inferior. Resentment grew among Indians until the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, which the British crushed. This led the British government to directly rule India under the British Raj. Indian nationalism strengthened in response to mistreatment, culminating in the Indian National Congress and Muslim League independence movements in the late 1800s/early 1900s.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an influential Muslim scholar born in 1817 in Delhi during Mughal rule. He established schools and colleges to promote education for Muslims, seeing it as key to uplifting their social and economic status under British rule. After the 1857 mutiny, he advocated for Muslims to accept British authority while maintaining their Islamic identity. He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. Sir Syed developed the two-nation theory, arguing that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not live together due to political, economic, social and cultural differences, and requiring separate electorates and states for Muslims.
William Jones came to India in 1783 and learned several Indian languages including Sanskrit. He helped establish the Asiatic Society of Bengal to promote the study of Asian languages, literature, and culture. The Society published the journal Asiatick Researches. Jones and others recognized connections between Sanskrit and European languages. However, British officials like Macaulay later criticized teaching Indian languages and cultures, arguing it had no practical use. Macaulay's views influenced the 1835 English Education Act which made English the medium of instruction in higher education.
Britain's empire stretched across the globe by the end of World War 1, but life under British rule was not always easy. Locals had little opportunity for self-governance and non-white populations faced discrimination and second-class treatment. While some benefits were brought, like infrastructure development and a shared language, many people suffered exploitation through loss of lands, poor working conditions, and slavery. By 1918, opposition to British control grew as independence movements formed in India, Ireland, and South Africa seeking more local autonomy and civil rights.
- India was partitioned in 1947 when it gained independence from Britain, dividing it into the nations of India and Pakistan.
- The partition aimed to separate India along religious lines but resulted in mass violence and displacement as millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs crossed the new borders.
- Over 15 million people became refugees as a result of the partition, which left deep wounds that have impacted India-Pakistan relations to this day.
The document summarizes the history and culture of India over 4000 years. It describes the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and its large cities with advanced sewer systems. It then discusses the decline of this civilization around 1900 BC possibly due to invasion, weather changes, or a combination. Subsequent empires that ruled India included the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal empires. Britain gained control of India through the East India Company and ruled until independence led by Gandhi and his advocacy of nonviolent civil disobedience. India was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into India and Pakistan, resulting in violence and mass migration. The modern democratic republic of India has a federal parliamentary government and a large population
The document discusses the historical background of Pakistan, focusing on the causes and failure of the 1857 War of Independence and its impact on Hindu-Muslim unity. It examines the economic, administrative, political, social, religious and military causes of the revolt. It then analyzes the causes of the revolt's failure, including lack of unity, public support, and efficient tactics. The document also discusses the Urdu-Hindi controversy and the roles of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Congress in the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in British India.
The nation should always be united .
nation should be ur first priority.
here in this form it will sow how the integration of the nation can be done has been created in the form of a presentation
Nios Std X, 10th , Social Science, Ch 8 indian national movementSajina Nair
The document provides information about the Indian national movement against British rule. It discusses the economic and political factors that led to rising nationalism in India. It then describes the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the early moderates like Gokhale who advocated for constitutional reforms through petitions. The document also outlines important events that intensified the movement, such as the Partition of Bengal, the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and Dandi March against British salt taxes.
The document discusses the ideological rationale behind the Two Nation Theory in Pakistan. It provides context on key concepts like ideology, nation, and the differences between the Islamic and Hindu ideologies, cultures, and beliefs that contributed to Muslims and Hindus being seen as two distinct nations. It outlines the views of several important figures like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah who advocated for the Two Nation Theory based on religious, cultural, social, political, and other differences between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia.
The British East India Company gradually extended control over most of India by:
1) Taking advantage of the decline of the Mughal Empire and rivalries between princely states.
2) Encouraging competition between groups which prevented unity against foreign rule.
3) Asserting control through alliances and wars which increased its territorial holdings.
4) Facing opposition through events like the Sepoy Rebellion but consolidating direct rule after suppressing revolts.
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3. Nationalism – the loyalty to a group
with whom one shares a common
history, culture, and/or religion.
4. Nationalism is………………
[1]the desire to achieve political independence,
especially by a country under foreign control or by a
people with a separate identity and culture but no
state of their own; [2]proud loyalty and devotion to
a nation; [3]excessive or fanatical devotion to a
nation and its interests, often associated with a belief
that one country is superior to all others.
5. Causes of Indian Nationalism:
1. Discontent with British rule
2. India unified
3. Leadership
4. Common language
5. New print culture
6. Nationalist orgs.
8. FACTORS ENABLING BRITAIN TO
DOMINATE INDIA
• By 1763 Britain had driven its chief European rival, France, from
India and Britain expanded .
• The British conquest was facilitated by India's backwardness and
disunity.
1. Military Inferiority.
• The Indians could not cope with the superior British military
knowledge, training, and equipment.
2. Many Languages.
– The people of India were divided linguistically among more than a
dozen main languages and over 200 dialects.
– Their many tongues reflected geographic and cultural separation.
3. Religious Divisions.
– Majority religion was Hindu, 20% of the nation was Muslim
– Hindu and Muslims constantly were fighting each other
9. FACTORS ENABLING BRITAIN TO
DOMINATE INDIA
• 4 Economic Control. Britain profited greatly from
India, called the "brightest jewel of the British
Empire."
• - British manufacturers and workers depended upon
India to purchase their textiles and machines.
• 5. Social Control. The British had little respect for
the native Indian culture, particularly the barbaric
practices of
– slavery,
– suttee or sati(the Hindu custom of burning the
widow on the funeral pyre of her deceased
husband), and
– female infanticide (killing unwanted baby girls).
11. • Nationalism in India began in the 1800s.
• Indians did not like being under British
colonial rule because:
– They were treated badly
– British got the best jobs
– British got the best education
– Indian craftsmen were not
allowed to run traditional
businesses because they
would compete with
British businesses.
12. First Indian Nationalists
• Were upper class
• Were English educated
• Many of them from urban areas like Bombay,
Madras, and Calcutta
• Some were trained in British law
• Some were members of the civil service
• Many preferred reform to revolution
13. Beginnings of Indian Nationalism
• The new Indian middle classes slowly grew
tired of the injustice of British rule
• The new nationalists wrote in both English
and their regional languages and turned to
aspects of Indian tradition, especially
Hinduism, as a rallying ground for national
pride
–Ignored or overlooked Muslim leaders
14. Indian Nationalism
During the years of British rule, a class of
western-educated Indians emerged who
dreamed of ending imperial rule
In 1835, Thomas Macaulay articulated the
goals of British colonial imperialism most
succinctly: "We must do our best to form
a class who may be interpreters between
us and the millions whom we govern, a
class of persons Indian in blood and
colour, but English in taste, in opinions,
words and intellect."
16. Acts to Preserve Indian Culture
• Indian teachers, writers, and journalists wanted to
preserve their own culture.
• In the early 1800s, when the British established a college
in Calcutta, a publishing house was opened too.
• It published Western books, but also books on India’s
ancient language of Sanskrit and dictionaries and
grammar books for many of the Indian languages.
• This spread to other regions of India and led to writers
searching for the Indian identity in modern novels and
poetry.
• Indians began writing historical romances and epics and
usually in their own regional language.
18. Rabindranath Tagore
• Most illustrious Indian author---great writer and poet
• Was a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator,
philosopher, and international spokesperson on morality
• His life’s mission was to promote pride in Indian culture in
the face of British domination
• He wrote a widely popular novel in which he portrayed the
love-hate relationship of Indians towards Britain.
• Reflected how Indian people struggled with defining their
identity as they admired and imitated the British, but lost
some of their Indian traditions
• Wanted world peace and a union of the East and West
19. Tagore
• Strove to have a balance between Western
influence and ancient customs
• He was respected and followed by both British
colonizers and Indians for his work
• Friend of Gandhi
• Preferred to stay out of politics
20. Rabindranath Tagore
• “It is my conviction that
my countrymen will
truly gain their India by
fighting against the
education that teaches
them that a country is
greater than the ideals
of humanity.”
23. Nationalist Newspapers
• Printed in various regional Indian languages
• Common medium used to arouse mass support for the
nationalist causes
• The newspapers reached the lower middle class---tens of
thousands of Indians who did not know English
• Examples:
– Kesari or The Lion Newspaper---journalist Tilak used
innuendo to convey negative feelings about the British
without writing anything directly disloyal
– Swadeshamitram or The Friend of Our Nation---editor
organized literary meetings to discuss poetry and
politics
25. Combined Western and Indian Ideas:
Ram Mohun Roy combined both views and
because of his influence, he is often hailed as
the founder of Indian nationalism
This statue of Raja Rammohun Roy
stands outside Bristol Cathedral.
26. Initial requests of the Congress to British were modest, such as more positions
for Indians in the ICS, and better representation on government councils.
• Groups in India found British rule deeply disturbing
• Indian elites and middle classes lacked opportunities
• Indians had little power to influence decisions at higher levels of
government
• Nationalist movement did not take
off until Indians saw themselves as
having same rights as Europeans
• Idea first expressed by reformer
Ram Mohun Roy, 1820s
• Felt British violating Indian’s rights,
including free speech, religion
Nationalist Movement
The Rise of Indian Nationalism
• Roy wrote texts, opened schools to
spread nationalist ideas
• Despite his efforts, took several
decades for movement to activate
• 1885, Indian National Congress,
first nationalist group, founded by
English-speaking Indians
Activating Movement
27. • Calls for Reforms
– In 1800s, Ram Mohun
Roy leads modernization
movement
– Many Indians adopt
western ways and call
for social reforms
– Indians resent being
second-class citizens in
their own country.
Nationalism Surfaces in India
28. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Sought to counter the criticisms of Hinduism
made by the British missionaries
• Founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 as a new
religion with Christian-style services.
• Encouraged Indians to be egalitarians----to
move away from the caste system and accept
that all people are equal
• Encouraged Indians to do more social services
for the poor and to reject the belief that their
suffering was okay due to karma and dharma
29. Ram Mohun Roy (1772-1833)
• well-educated Indian
who began a campaign
to modernize India
• he was opposed to India’s
caste system (social class
system that ties a person to
the social class they are
into for life: based on Hindu
beliefs)
• opposed to child marriages
and widow suicides
• believed these practices
needed to be changed if
India wanted to be free
from rule by outsiders
30. Ram Mohun Roy (1772-1833)
• other Indian writers picked
up on Roy’s ideas and
called for changes
• Indian resented being second-
class citizens in their own
country
• Indians were paid 20 times
less than British
• Indians could not hold top
jobs in government
31. Impact of Ram Roy: Independence
Organizations Formed
Indian National Congress
• Comprised of Middle
Class professionals and
lawyers educated in
England
• Majority of members
Hindu
• Wanted greater self-
government for Indians in
India
Muslim League
• Comprised of Middle
Class professionals and
lawyers educated in
England
• Members Muslim
• Wanted independence for
India and creation of 2
countries: India and
Pakistan
33. Indian National Congress (INC)
• Due to the slow pace of British reform in
India, many of the nationalists became
convinced that relying on British good will
was a lost cause
• 1885---a small group of Indians met in
Bombay and formed the Indian National
Congress
• It did not immediately call for
independence, but for a share in the
governing process
34. Indian National Congress
• Had problems due to religious differences
between Muslims and Hindus members
• INC sought independence for all Indians
regardless of class or religions
• But its leaders were Hindus and not
Muslims
• INC reflected more Hindu concerns
35. Indian National Congress 1885
• Made up of Hindus; called
for self-government
• upset that Britain segregated
Bengal (Indian city) into
Muslim section and Hindu
section in 1905
• INC led acts of violence
against British in Bengal
• 1911 Britain changed the
order of segregation
36. The Indian National Congress
1885 The Indian National Congress
was founded in Bombay.
swaraj “independence.”
* the goal of the movement.
37. Indian National
Congress
• Goals: Democracy, Local Self-Rule,
Prevent mass peasant uprising (like China)
by keeping power centered on middle class
leaders.
39. Mohandas Gandhi
• Studied law in England,
practiced in South Africa
• Joined the INC before
WWI
• Became leader of the
INC because he was
better able to relate to
the problems of the
common people
• Believed in the idea of
non-violent resistance
(Satyagraha)
40. Nehru
• Joined the INC in
1930s
• New kind of Indian
politician---upper
class and intellectual
• Differed from Gandhi
who was more
religious and
traditional, while
Nehru was secular,
Western, and modern
41. Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru. Also a high-caste Hindu
educated in Britain,
• - Nehru was a practical political leader with
socialist leanings.
• - He accepted Gandhi's ideas of passive
resistance and aiding untouchables, but he
rejected Gandhi's proposal for hand production.
• - Instead, Nehru urged industrialization to
develop India's economy and raise living
standards.
43. The Muslim League
1905 partition of Bengal based on
religions and languages.
1906 creation of the Muslim
League.
44. Muslim League
• Strongest support came from Muslims who
were frightened of Hindu domination
• But many Muslims were also members of the
Indian National Congress too
• Initially the Muslim League focused on
protesting Muslim rights and promoting
understanding between the different religious
groups
• There was no notion of creating a separate
state for Muslims until the 1920s when the
religious differences developed
45. Muslim League 1906
• Made up of Muslims • also called for self-
government
• also upset about
segregation of Bengal
in1905
• also participated in acts of
violence against British in India
46. The Muslim League Forms
Goals:
• Protect the interests,
liberties and rights of
Muslims
• Promote an
understanding between
the Muslim community
and other Indians -
discourage violence.
• Educating the Muslim
and Indian community at
large on the actions of
the government
47. Indian Nationalism Grows
• Indian National Congress (Hindus)/Muslim
League (Muslims) Found Common Ground
• Both worked together towards Indian Independence
50. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
A. Middle Class lawyer
educated in Britain
B. First supported Hindu-
Muslim Unity – called
“Ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim Unity”
C. Proposed Lucknow
Pact
51. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
D. Disagreement with Gandhi led to
Muslim- Congress split
E. Jinnah began to fear Hindu
domination of Congress – A “Hindu
Raj”
F. Began to support the idea for an
independent Muslim homeland,
Pakistan or “land of the pure”.
52. Mohammed Ali Jinnah
• was an Indian politician who successfully campaigned for an
independent Pakistan and became its first leader.
• He is known as 'Quaid-I Azam' or 'Great Leader
• He joined the Indian National Congress, but left to fight for
an independent Pakistan for the newly formed Muslim
League.
• Jinnah had always believed that Hindu-Muslim unity was
possible, but reluctantly came to the view that partition was
necessary to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims.
• Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but
died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948
• .
53. Muhammed Ali Jinnah
• Became leader of the Muslim League
• Put forward his 14 Points in 1929 to try to make a
compromise with the INC
• Some of the points were:
– Muslim representation should not be less than 1/3 in the
legislative branch
– Representation of minorities should have separate
electorates
– The Constitution should provide safeguards
– Protect the Muslim culture
• But the INC rejected these points and pushed for his
exile
54. Impact of the Government of
India Act
• Widened the gulf between the INC and the
Muslim League
• In 1938, Jinnah met with Gandhi, Nehru,
and other leaders of the INC and insisted
that the INC recognize the Muslim League
as the sole party of India’s Muslims
• Gandhi and the INC refused and the split
between the two groups became
permanent
58. • According to
Gandhi, what are
his three goals to
win independence
from Great
Britain?
Message to the
Masses
3. Must defy the British – Not through violence
1. Hindu-Muslim Unity
2. Must end “untouchability”
60. GANDHI’S DOCTRINE (BELIEFS)
• ______________: nonviolence; reverence
for all life
• CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: refusal to obey
unjust laws
61. Gandhi’s Influences
•Hindu religion and
Jainism “ahimsa”
•Christ’s teaching to
love one’s enemy
•Henry David
Thoreau’s
philosophy of civil
disobedience
62. Fusion of Hindu Traditions and
Western Thought
• Followed Hindu religious
practices (no meat) and
beliefs (Polytheistic)
• Wore traditional Hindu
clothes: ________
63. Fusion of Hindu Traditions and
Western Thought
• _______________ & _______________:
• Fought for = rights for
untouchables
• Fought for women’s rights
65. Mahatma Gandhi
• His strategy to gain India’s freedom was
SATYAGRAHA or “truth force”---the application of
righteous and moral force in politics
• What we now call Civil Disobedience
• It required non-violence based on Hindu principles
and the belief in the ultimate goodness of the soul
• Requires a core group of self-sacrificing and
disciplined activists
• To be successful, it must have widespread publicity
that generates national concern and international
pressure for change
66. Gandhi’s Ideas and Methods
• Satyagraha –
protesting without
using violence in order
to win the enemy over
67. Satyagraha
• As part of Satyagraha, a Sanskrit term translated as
“insistence upon truth,” Gandhi promoted civil disobedience
campaigns and organized a strike among Indian miners.
• The term "satyagraha" was coined and developed by
Mahatma Gandhi.
• He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence
movement and also during his earlier struggles in South
Africa for Indian rights.
• Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle
in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s
campaigns during the civil rights movement in the United
States, and many other social justice and similar
movements.
• Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
68. Gandhi and Nonviolence
• Gandhi named this
power satyagraha
(“reality force” or
“holding onto
truth”).
• Gandhi made use of
every nonviolent
technique
imaginable.
• These techniques
included marches,
hunger strikes, and
demonstrations.
69. Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Gandhi preached/practiced
Civil Disobedience
• deliberate and public refusal
to obey any unjust law
• rebellion without violence
• 1920 Indian National
Congress officially adopts
Gandhi’s policy as a means to
push for independence
70. Gandhi
• “Nonviolence is the first article
of my faith. It is also the last
article of my creed.”
71. Instructions to Satyagrahis
• Harbor no anger, but suffer the anger of the
opponent. Do not return assaults
• Do not submit to an order given in anger
• Refrain from insults and swearing
• Protect the opponents from insult or attack,
even at the risk of life
• If taken prisoner, behave in an exemplary
manner
• Obey the orders of the satyagraha leaders
72. Steps in a Satyagraha Campaign
1. Negotiation and arbitration
2. Preparation of the group for direct action
3. Agitation
4. Issuing an ultimatum
5. Economic boycott and forms of strike
6. Non-cooperation
7. Civil Disobedience
8. Usurping the functions of the government
9. Parallel Government
73. Civil Disobedience
• “Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by
personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by
arms….For instance, the Government of the day has
passed a law which is applicable to me. I do not like
it. If by using violence I force the Government to
repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed
body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the
penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves
sacrifice of self.”
74. Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Gandhi’s Plan for Civil Disobedience:
• Refuse to buy British goods
• Refuse to attend British schools
• Refuse to pay British taxes
• Refuse to vote in elections
• Indians weave their own
cloth (to put British textile factories
out of business)
76. Growing Unrest from the British
Empire
- Indian nationalists demand freedom in
1919, hoping their cooperation from WWI
would grant them freedom
- G.B. responded by limiting their freedom
of press, furthermore General Dyer
banned their rights to public gatherings
after 5 British officials were killed
77. Unrest continued
• April 13th, 1919: the Amritsar Massacre
• 10,000 Indians gather for protest in northwestern
India, General Dyer and his troops open fire
• 379 dead, 1100 wounded
• The incident increased violence from both sides
and led to the distrust of G.B.
81. Gandhi’s Appeal to Masses
• He gained appeal by drawing on the rich heritage of India
• He gave up western ways and encouraged traditional Indian
industries such as spinning cotton
• Gandhi dressed simply in white garments much like the India’s
poor people
• He stressed morals and ways of life such as virtue, self-
discipline, fasting, and being a vegetarian; which are all values
of devout Hindus
• Mahatma or “Great Soul” became his name
• The Mahatma wanted reforms for the lower castes and
political power for Muslims
82. Equality for Caste and Women
• Gandhi fought to
improve conditions for
women and
untouchables in India
83. Equality for Women
• At this time, ideas on women’s participation in the nationalist
movement grew out of commonly held cultural beliefs on the nature
of Indian women as essentially self-sacrificing and thus ideally suited
to non-violent protest.
• Emphasizing these feminine qualities and their role as mothers,
specifically as mothers of the nation, empowered women to find
places in the public arena of protest.
• Gandhi and other nationalist leaders believed women were
specifically well-suited to spread a message of non-violence and to
bear the hardships of protest.
• The emphasis on the essential nature of the Indian woman created a
new place for women in public life, a new self-view, where women
could become agents of change in public spaces.
84. 84
Hindu Women as Freedom Fighters
• Sarojini Naidu, the ‘Nightingale
of India’
• Broke social taboos, had an
intercaste marriage
• Gifted poetess and author,
wrote a 4000 line Persian play
when she was 14 yrs
• Injected humor in India’s
freedom movement (called
Gandhiji a ‘mickey mouse’ and
Nehru a ‘handsome prince’)
• Many other Hindu women
fought for freedom, eg.
Sucheta Kriplani, Kasturba
Gandhi
85. Gandhi on Roles of Women
• I have suggested...that woman is the incarnation of ahimsa.
Ahimsa means infinite love, which again means infinite
capacity for suffering. Who but woman, the mother of man,
shows this capacity in the largest measure? She shows it as
she carries the infant and feeds it during nine months and
derives joy in the suffering involved...Let her transfer that love
to the whole of humanity...And she will occupy her proud
position by the side of man as his mother, maker and silent
leader. It is given her to teach the art of peace to the warring
world thirsting for that nectar. She can become the leader in
satyagraha which does not require the stout heart that comes
from suffering and faith.
87. Gandhi and Ending the Caste
System
• Mohandas (Mahatma)
Gandhi
• Mahatma was from the
Vaishya varna.
• Published magazines
and advocated for the
Untouchables.
• Other leaders that tried
to end the caste system
are
Buddha
Nehru
92. In 1933 Gandhi went
on a fast for 21 days
to draw attention to
the treatment of
the very poorest
people in India, who
he called ‘The
Children of God’.
95. “No country has ever risen without
being purified through the fire of
suffering. Mother suffers so her
child may live. The condition of
wheat-growing is that the grain
shall perish. Life comes out of
death. Will India rise out of her
slavery without fulfilling this
eternal law of purification?”
--Mahatma Gandhi
97. Gandhi’s First Satyagraha
• 1919, Amritsar Massacre
• 1920, Gandhi’s first satyagraha.
Designed to make the British rule
in India non-functional through a
complete non-violent boycott
• Many were jailed by the British
• Cancelled due to violence
98. Civil Disobedience
• 1922 Indian rioters
attacked a police station
and set officers on fire!
• Many British businesses went
out of business in India
• British arrested Indians who
protested and boycotted
99. British Reaction 1922
• As time passed they realized the threat that Gandhi posed.
• In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and charged with sedition (
encouraging others to disobey the law).
• The case against Gandhi was clear cut. He himself had written
about non-co-operation and the law.
• Non-co-operation aims at the overthrow of the government and is
legally seditious (Gandhi, Young India 1922 )
• Gandhi pleaded guilty. The trial gave Gandhi the opportunity to
publicize his views.
• In sentencing Gandhi, the judge admitted that he was a special
case.
• Nevertheless, Gandhi was sentenced to six years prison! He did
not serve the whole sentence.
• After two years he fell ill with appendicitis – was operated upon-
and was later released.
• The British did not wish Gandhi to die while he was in prison.