This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
English East India company has fought many wars, some with mysore, some with maratha, some with bengal and even more. This content will help us learn about the history of english east india comapanys' wars
The lesson is based on CBSE HISTORY CLASS - 8, Ln - 2 - Trade to territory.It clearly explains the details of how gradually India went into the hands of British.
English East India company has fought many wars, some with mysore, some with maratha, some with bengal and even more. This content will help us learn about the history of english east india comapanys' wars
The lesson is based on CBSE HISTORY CLASS - 8, Ln - 2 - Trade to territory.It clearly explains the details of how gradually India went into the hands of British.
Important GK on Modern India History for MBA seomiamia
Mia Mia is a real time local search engine that enables people to search for a search provider anywhere with ease and convenience. Mia Mia is one of the best listing website for MBA Classes in Mumbai. We are also known for our systematic listing of various IPCC, Science coaching for CBSE, Engineering and other courses in Mumbai. QLI is a class where each student is our priority. Top MBA Institutes in Mumbai for CAT, XAT, NMAT and IIFT are listed on MiaMia.For details - visit: http://miamia.co.in/
This is an in depth description of the chapter 2 class 8 history and all the important points are covered in the ppt for the students for the reference purpose
The Reasons for British Hegemony 1. This relatively sudden rush of land grab and the rise of the East India Company could not have happened without the a great deal of Indian (and Sinhalese) support
Factional divisions fatally weakened what efforts there were at Indian resistance. Most people accepted Company control either because they benefited from it as merchants, bankers, collaborators, agents or employees or because they saw it as preferable to control by the Mughals, the Marathas or any of the local rulers, whose records were not attractive. 4. Most contemporary Indian states were oppressive, taxing merchants and peasants unmercifully and often arbitrarily while at the same time failing to keep order, suppress banditry, maintain roads and basic services or administer justice acceptably
5. Revenues went disproportionately to support court extravagances and armies, which spent their energy more in interregional conflict than in genuine defense.
That was enough to win Indian support.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
Important GK on Modern India History for MBA seomiamia
Mia Mia is a real time local search engine that enables people to search for a search provider anywhere with ease and convenience. Mia Mia is one of the best listing website for MBA Classes in Mumbai. We are also known for our systematic listing of various IPCC, Science coaching for CBSE, Engineering and other courses in Mumbai. QLI is a class where each student is our priority. Top MBA Institutes in Mumbai for CAT, XAT, NMAT and IIFT are listed on MiaMia.For details - visit: http://miamia.co.in/
This is an in depth description of the chapter 2 class 8 history and all the important points are covered in the ppt for the students for the reference purpose
The Reasons for British Hegemony 1. This relatively sudden rush of land grab and the rise of the East India Company could not have happened without the a great deal of Indian (and Sinhalese) support
Factional divisions fatally weakened what efforts there were at Indian resistance. Most people accepted Company control either because they benefited from it as merchants, bankers, collaborators, agents or employees or because they saw it as preferable to control by the Mughals, the Marathas or any of the local rulers, whose records were not attractive. 4. Most contemporary Indian states were oppressive, taxing merchants and peasants unmercifully and often arbitrarily while at the same time failing to keep order, suppress banditry, maintain roads and basic services or administer justice acceptably
5. Revenues went disproportionately to support court extravagances and armies, which spent their energy more in interregional conflict than in genuine defense.
That was enough to win Indian support.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
Introduction to Tipu sultan
Mysore wars and treaty of Versailles and Mangalore
Second Mysore war and treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Mangalore
Third Mysore war
Fourth Mysore war
Battle of Pollilur
Siege of fort of seringapatam
death
Class 10 social part 3-opposition to british rulePavithraT30
Vista's Learning is one of the leading e-learning platforms shaping the future of the country's education sector.
With the latest AR technology in the web application and personalized methods of learning concepts, Vista's Learning offers a wide variety of features - live classes, pre-recorded classes covering state boards and CBSE, one-on-one coaching, social media and many more. Classes are provided for K-12 and in different regional languages to understand the concepts even better. Languages include - English, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil.
https://v-learning.in/live-course/1812/social-opposition-to-british-rule-in-karnataka-cbse-kseeb-vistas-learning
the presentation is divided into 2 parts for your easy understanding
1-picture form
2-theoretical form
know how the Mughal empire has come to an end.
How east India company established and British rule came to existence.
As per our previous post, we are celebrating the Independence Week at Gusani Infotech.
Today in the first part of our journey we are presenting the story of How India came under the governance of East India Company. We will also share how many other foreign rulers came to India, how prosperous the Spice trade of India was and what were the different regions were there earlier.
In this presentation includes series of wars and events, there was one common thing which East India Company used to rule. That was “divide and rule”. They had concurred India intelligently creating wars between different territories and win them with the cunning strategies.
But, this was just the beginning. Visit us tomorrow to know the next part of the journey.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
9 f2015 The English Coffee Houses, and otyher drinksRobert Ehrlich
The coffee house becomes a major London social institution. It becomes a center for information exchange and business. Coffee is promoted for its medicinal benefits and condemned for the exclusion of women from coffeehouses. Other drinks introduced are chocolate and tea for the middle and upper classes and rum for the seaman
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
4. Maratha Confederacy (Empire)
• Grandson of rebel Shivaji, revives Maratha
push for independence
• Power granted to hereditary family of chief
ministers who become the real leaders after
1749
6. A Weak Mughal Empire
• 1735 Marathas control Malwa and Gujirat
• 1737 Marathas defeat Mughal army at Battle
of Delhi
– Sack Delhi
7. 1739 Persian invasion
• Nader Shah defeats larger Mughal armies in
battles at Khyber Pass and Karnal
• Mughal emperor, Muhammad Shah is
captured
• Persian troops plunder and sack Delhi
8. Sack of Delhi
• Muhammad Shah sues
for peace
– Territory is returned
– Peacock throne, symbol
of empire, is taken
Replacement for Peacock Throne
~1850
9. Carnatic Wars
• Indian conflict between
Arcot and Hyderabad
(Nizam)
• British forts at Madras
and Cuddalore
10. War of the Austrian Succession
1740 Begun in Europe and involved multiple
powers
1742 Britain joins, largely in defense of Hanover
English and French East India Companies discuss
non-aggression
11. First Carnatic War
• François Dupleix French governor-general at
Pondicherry
1745 Royal Navy squadron captured some
French merchant ships; fights inconclusive battle
with French EIC fleet
14. Sepoys
• 1677 EIC uses natives as auxiliaries and
support
• 1744 French recruit and train a native troop
battalion
• Effective use in the capture of Madras
16. Robert Clive
• Terrible youth
• 1744 Clerk in Madras
• 1746 Captured after French takeover of
Madras
17. Clive’s Escape
• Escapes from French captiivty, disguised as an
Indian
• Travels to Fort St. David, Cuddalore
• Participates in its defense
18. Madras
• Dupleix wants to turn Madras over to Nawab
of Carnatic while his naval commander wants
to give it to EIC for ransom
• Nawab attacks and is defeated by the French
19. Battle of Cuddalore
1746 Force under Nawab of
Carnatic repulses French attack
on Fort St. David, Madras
1748 French attack Cuddalore is
defeated by Major Stringer
Lawrence
1748 Royal Navy fleet carrying
army troops fails in siege of
Pondicherry
Stringer Lawrence,
Gainsborough
22. Some Commanders-in-Chief
• Robert Clive (1756-1760)
• Eyre Coote (1761-1763)
– Came to India with the 39th
Regiment of Foot
• Hector Munro (1764-1765)
• Clive (1765-1767)
25. Second
Carnatic War
(1749-1754)
• Indian conflict between
Arcot (Carnatic) and
Hyderabad (Nizam)
• British forts at Madras
and Cuddalore
• British and French
support for local rulers
26.
27. Second Carnatic War
Hyderabad Carnatic
174
8
Death of Nizam-al-Mulk
Grandson, Muzaffar Jang (F)
Son, Nasir Jang (B)
Nawab Anwar-ud-Din
killed at Ambar
Chanda Sahib (F)
Mohammad Ali (B)
175
0
Nasir Jang defeated at
Pondicherry
Mohammad Ali defeated at
Gingee
175
1
Siege of Arcot, and other British
victories
175
3
Failed French siege of Trinchinopoly
175
5
Peace: French get Northern Circars
Mohammad Ali recognized as Nawab of Carnatic
29. Third Carnatic War
Part of Seven Years War
– Maritime conflicts between Britain and France;
Britain and Spain
– Conflicts over colonies
– Defense of Hanover
30. Madras
1758 Siege by French Navy of Madras
1759 Relieved by British Navy
1760 British counterattack
– Capture of Wandiwash
1761 Siege and capture of Ponidcherry
33. EIC and Calcutta 1690
Given revenue control of three
villages
Collector
• Judicial powers
– Revenue cases
– Civil cases
– Criminal cases
– Appeals of civil cases and
capital punishment to Nawab
of Bengal
34. Calcutta 1717
• William Hamilton cures Mughal Emperor
• Award of a firman for Orissa, Bihar, Bengal
– Freedom from customs for yearly payment of
3,000 rupees; Issue dastaks or passes of tax-
exemption
– Assistance in establishing other factories
– Prevention of molestation by local officials
– Right to mint coins
– Right to add other villages to holdings
35. 1756 Bengal
• Siraj ud-Daulah becomes nawab
• Issues
– Fears stemming from British conduct in
Carnatic
– Company abuse of dustaks (free-trade passes)
– Harboring enemies of the nawab
– Expansion of fortifications at Calcutta (and
French expansion at Chandernagore)
36. 1756 Calcutta
• British refuse demand of Siraj
• Fort William, Calcutta attacked and overrun
• Retaliation
37. 1757 Chandernagore
English
– Bengal regiment (250)
– Madras and Bombay
detachments (~400)
– European artillery (150)
– Sepoys (1,500)
– Royal naval force with
39th foot
• French
– European infantry (146)
– Local militia (~300)
– Sepoys (~300)
39. Road to Plassey
• Recovery of Calcutta
• Peace Treaty after Recovery
– Confirmation of 1717 rights
– Dustaks for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
– Compensation for losses
– Right of fortification
– Mint
40. Video History of British India
Professor Lal. Lecture 6 excerpt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
WzGmwtwqJbA
Robert Clive was born in September 1725 at Styche Hall, near the village of Moreton Say near Market Drayton.
Spoiled
His father, Richard, was a lawyer and a former MP, but his fortunes were declining fast. Styche Hall was falling down, and Robert was one of 13 children his father had to feed.
At the age of three Robert, the eldest son, was sent to live with childless relatives in Manchester, who spoiled him rotten.
Robert Clive (Shrewsbury Museums Service)
Robert Clive
So much so that the young Clive was completely uncontrollable when he returned to live with his parents.
He is reputed to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and perched on a gargoyle, frightening passers by down below.
But his most shocking exploit concerned what we would now call a protection racket he set up in the town. He and a gang of youths he led extorted money from Market Drayton's shopkeepers.
Faced with the choice of paying up or receiving a visit from Clive and his boys, most decided to pay.
If his behaviour generally was bad, in school it was worse - he was expelled from three, including Market Drayton Grammar School.
Clive early life audio
Robert Clive's early life >
Help playing audio/video
Finally Clive's long-suffering father could stand no more, and the young man was packed off to India aged 17 (or 18, depending on your source!) as a clerk in the East India Company in Madras.
A handful of these prisoners led by Robert Clive, a young clerk, dressed up as natives and managed to slip out of their prison. Once outside they were challenged by real Indians, who spoke to them in languages they didn't understand. Clive and his companions hurried on before they could be exposed. After a three-day journey, made mostly by night, they reached Fort St David hundred miles away carrying news of the disastrous French attack on Madras.[7] The story of Clive's escape was the first to bring him wider attention
his fears that
the Europeans might create a similar situation in Bengal also were not
quite unfounded. The following words which the Select Committee at
Madras addressed to that in Calcutta in l756, are revealling: "We need not
represent to you the great advantage which, we think, it will be to the
military operations and the influence it will have in the Nawab's councils
to effect a junction with any powers in the Provinces of Bengal that may
be dissatisfied with the violence of the Nawab’s Government or that may
have pretensions to the Subahship."
Lying ten miles up river from Calcutta, Chandernagore was the administrative centre of the French East India Company. The battle there was one of the many fought between the French and English on the sub-continent during the Seven Years War, 1759-63. It gave the East India Company effective control of Calcutta and the Bengal hinterland. Britain finished the war as the dominant European power in India, and was well-placed to take advantage of the weakening political and economic power of the Moghul Empire. Chandernagore’s capture after a ten-day bombardment by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Clive and Rear-Admiral Watson was the first step in the British driving the French from Bengal. The French who escaped took shelter with the Nawab, whom Clive shortly afterwards defeated at Plassey. This ended the French influence in Bengal. This painting commemorates the event some 14 years later. It shows Watson’s ships, ‘Kent’, ‘Tiger’ and ‘Salisbury’ firing on the town and fort from an anchored position. The action is close to land and the buildings along the shoreline are clearly identifiable. The leading ship, the ‘Tiger’ is on the right of the picture, and in the centre is the ‘Kent’ with a couple of boats under her stern. It is flying Rear-Admiral Watson’s flag on the foremast and a red flag giving the signal to the ships to engage at the main. Both these ships are firing on the fort and on the far left the ‘Salisbury’ is also firing on the town. The effect of the smoke from the guns and fires can be seen blowing over the land to the right. It is signed and dated ‘D. Serres.1771’.
Read more at http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/11870.html#HrELS5yTGXErmToB.99
