3D bioprinters work similarly to regular 3D printers but deposit layers of living cells and biomaterials instead of plastics. They take cells from a patient, culture them to create bioink which is loaded into the printer. Layer by layer, cells are dispensed onto a biocompatible scaffold to generate 3D tissue structures. Bioprinting aims to fabricate transplantable organs to address the shortage, as 79 people receive organs daily while 18 die waiting. Methods include extrusion-based, inkjet-based, and laser-based which have different stresses on cells. The technology has made progress in printing skin, ears, blood vessels, and whole kidneys but full functional organs with vasculature remain

1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
PG Department of Biotechnology Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga

2. Jens Martensson
Mohammed Faizan

3. Jens Martensson
Mohammed Faizan

4. Jens Martensson
3D BIOPRINTERS?
Bio printers work in almost the exact same way as 3D printers, with one key difference.
Instead of delivering materials such as plastic, ceramic, metal or food, they deposit layers
of biomaterial, that may include living cells, to build complex structures like blood vessels
or skin tissue.
• Well, every tissue in the body is naturally made up of different cell types. So the
required cells (kidney cells, skin cells and so on) are taken from a patient and then
cultivated until there are enough to create the ‘bio-ink’, which is loaded into the printer.
• Using 3D bio-printing for fabricating biological constructs typically involves dispensing
cells onto a biocompatible scaffold using a successive layer-by-layer approach to
generate tissue-like three-dimensional structures.
Mohammed Faizan

5. Jens Martensson
WHY?
Each day 79 receive organ each day while 18 will die from a lack of one .Most
needed organs are kidneys, livers, lungs, hearts.
Mohammed Faizan

6. Jens Martensson
BIO PRINTERS COST:
2021 : Price: $25,000. Roughly INR -18,64,000
Mohammed Faizan

7. Jens Martensson
NovoGen MMX
Organovo made the first commercially used bioprinter, called NovoGen MMX, which is the world's first
production 3D bioprinter. The printer has two robotic print heads. One places human cells and the other
places a hydrogel, scaffold, or other type of support.
Mohammed Faizan

8. Jens Martensson
COMPONENTS OF BIOPRINITNG:
MICROGEL AND BIOINK
Micro-gel Unlike the ink you load into your printer at home, bio-ink is alive, so it needs food, water and
oxygen to survive. This nurturing environment is provided by a micro-gel think gelatin enriched with vitamins,
proteins and other life-sustaining compounds. Researchers either mix cells with the gel before printing or
extrude the cells from one print head, micro-gel from the other. Either way, the gel helps the cells stay
suspended and prevents them from settling and clumping.
Bioink Organs are made of tissues, and tissues are made of cells. To print an organ, a scientist must be able
to deposit cells specific to the organ he hopes to build.
For example, to create a liver, It would start with hepatocytes the essential cells of a liver as well as other
supporting cells. These cells form a special material known as bio ink, which is placed in the reservoir of the
printer and then extruded through the print head. As the cells accumulate on the platform and become
embedded in the micro gel, they assume a three-dimensional shape that resembles a human organ.
Alternatively, the scientist could start with a bio ink consisting of stem cells, which, after the printing process,
have the potential to differentiate into the desired target cells. Either way, Bioink is simply a medium, and a
bioprinter is an output device
Mohammed Faizan

9. Jens Martensson
Mohammed Faizan

10. Jens Martensson
METHODS OF 3DBIOPRINITING:
LASER-BASED :
 Uses laser assisted technology to project the ink droplets onto the substrate.
 Laser pulses trigger when hits the laser absorbing layer, the area where the laser hit evaporates and the
high gas pressure generated propels the biomaterial onto the substrate.
Faizan
Mohammed Faizan

11. Jens Martensson
EXTRUSION-BASED :
 Reduced amounts of shear stress.
 The bio ink rests at the cylindrical deposit waiting for the pneumatic or mechanical pressure, as pulse or
continued, from a piston which propels the biomaterial through a nozzle onto the substrate.
Mohammed Faizan

12. Jens Martensson
Inkjet-BASED:
 Cheapest technology .
 In this method ,the bio ink is stored in a cartridge .
 These chambers are very small and have a controlled actuator (piezoelectric or heating element) that projects
the bio- ink onto the substrate.
Mohammed Faizan

13. Jens Martensson
How do they print an organ?
Mohammed Faizan

14. Jens Martensson
• First, doctors make CT or MRI scans of the desired organ.
• Next, they load the images into a computer and build a corresponding 3- D blueprint of the structure using
CAD software.
• Combining this 3-D data with histological information collected from years of microscopic analysis of
tissues, scientists build a slice-by-slice model of the patient's organ.
• Each slice accurately reflects how the unique cells and the surrounding cellular matrix fit together in three-
dimensional space.
• After that, it's a matter of hitting File > Print, which sends the modeling data to the bio-printer.
• The printer outputs the organ one layer at a time, using bio-ink and gel to create the complex multicellular
tissue and hold it in place.
• Finally, scientists remove the organ from the printer and place it in an incubator, where the cells in the bio-
ink enjoy some warm, quiet downtime to start living and working together
• Last step and the challenging one! The final step of this process -- making printed organ cells behave like
native cells -- has been challenging. Some scientists recommend that bio-printing be done with a patient's
stem cells. After being deposited in their required three-dimensional space, they would then differentiate
into mature cells, with all of the instructions about how to "behave." Then, of course, there's the issue of
getting blood to all of the cells in a printed organ
Mohammed Faizan

15. Jens Martensson
Mohammed Faizan

16. Jens Martensson
ADVANTAGES:
The major advantages of Bioprinitng technology include:
• Scalable reproducible mass production of tissue engineered products.
• Accurate 3D positioning of different types of cells Simultaneously achievable.
• Tissues with a high cell density level can be printed and cultured.
• Thick tissue constructs can be vascularized.
• In situ printing/dispense of cells.
• Newly developed drugs can be tested out on manufactured cells than on animals and humans. It will lead
to a huge reduction in cost and time.
• Artificial organ personalized using patients own cells.
• Eliminate need for immunosuppressant drugs needed after a regular organ transplant.
• Eliminate organ donation.
• No waiting period
Mohammed Faizan

17. Jens Martensson
DISADVANTAGES:
 Vascularization.
 Immune rejection.
 Biocompatibility.
Mohammed Faizan

18. Jens Martensson
3d biopriniting current progress:
Kidney Printing:
• Dr. Anthony Atala in Berkeley university.
• ITOP (Integrated Tissue and Organ Printing)
Ear1:
250 mm cells and collagen from rat tail make human ear in
15 min. Post-processing 3 months. To serve children with
hearing loss due to malformed outer ear.
Kidneys2:
Layer-by-layer building of scaffold and deposition of
kidney cells. Assembly to be transplanted into patient.
Degradation of scaffold to follow in-vivo.
Mohammed Faizan

19. Jens Martensson
Blood Vessels3:
Rigid but non-toxic sugar filaments form core. Cells deposited around
filaments. Subsequent blood flow dissolves sugar.
Skin grafts1:
laser scan wound to determine depth and area. One inkjet ejects
enzymes and second, cells. Layer is finally sealed by human skin
cells. Useful in war and disaster zones.
Bones2:
Print scaffold with ceramic or Titanium powder.
After 1 day in culture of human stem cells, its ready
Mohammed Faizan

20. Jens Martensson
Conclusion:
The technology for 3D Bioprinitng is the result of collaboration among
scientists and engineers in fields ranging from cell biology to polymer
chemistry to mechanical and biomedical engineering and computer science,
along with clinicians. While custom-fitted human tissues and organs made
from a patient’s cells are ambitious goals, the lessons learned in reaching for
those goals are already changing lives Although the technology shows a great
deal of promise, there is still a long way to go to practically realize this
ambitious vision. Overcoming current impediments in cell and Bio
manufacturing technologies, and innovative technologies for in vivo
integration are essential for developing seamlessly automated platforms from
stem cell isolation to transplantation.
Mohammed Faizan

21. Jens Martensson
REFERENCES:
1. W. Sun, A. Darling, B. Starly, and J. Nam, "Computer‐aided tissue engineering: overview, scope and
challenges," Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, vol. 39, pp. 29-47, 2004.
2.Akkouch, A., Yu, Y., Ozbolat, I.T., 2015. Micro fabrication of scaffold-free tissue strands for three-dimensional
tissue engineering Bio fabrication.
3.Retrieved from Http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/3d-bioprinting-2014-2024.
4.Retrieved from http://www.robohand.net/about/ Collins, S. Will 3-D Printing Revolutionize Medicine.
5.Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/article/3d-bioprinting.
Mohammed Faizan

22. Launch
Mohammed Faizan