3D bio-printing is a process that creates tissue-like structures by layer-by-layer deposition of cells on a biocompatible scaffold while preserving cell function. This technology aims to address the organ shortage crisis by enabling the production of personalized organs, utilizing patients' own cells to avoid rejection issues. However, challenges remain in vascularizing printed organs, cost, and ethical concerns surrounding stem cell use.

1. 3D BIO-PRINTING

2. What’s it..?
3D bio-printing is a regenerative science and
process for generating spatially-controlled cell
patterns in 3D, where cell function and viability
are preserved within the printed construct.
Using 3D bio-printing for fabricating biological
constructs typically involves dispensing cells
onto a biocompatible scaffold using a
successive layer-by-layer approach to generate
tissue-like three-dimensional structures.

3. Why..?
 Each day 79 receive
organ each day while 18
will die from a lack of one
 Most needed organs are
kidneys, livers, lungs,
hearts.

4. Conceptual Bio-printer

5. Bioprinter
The idea of 3d printers are from inkjet printers, driven by a
motor, moves in horizontal strips across a sheet of paper. As it
moves, ink stored in a cartridge sprays through tiny nozzles
and falls on the page in a series of fine drops. The limitation of
inkjet printers is that they only print in two dimensions -- along
the x- and y-axes. A 3-D printer overcomes this by adding a
mechanism to print along an additional axis, usually labeled
the z-axis in mathematical applications. This mechanism is
an elevator that moves a platform up and down. Fill the
cartridge with plastic, and the printer will output a three-dimensional
plastic widget. Fill it with cells, and it will output a
mass of cells.

6. Continues…
Conceptually, bio-printing is really that simple.
In reality, it's a bit more challenging because an
organ contains more than one type of material.
And because the material is living tissue, it
needs to receive nutrients and oxygen. To
accommodate this, bioprinting companies have
modified their 3-D printers to better serve the
medical community.

7. Bio-printer Components
If you were to pull apart a bio-printer, as we'd love to do, you'd encounter
these basic parts.

8. Print head mount
On a bio-printer, the print heads are
attached to a metal plate running along a
horizontal track. The x-axis motor propels the
metal plate (and the print heads) from side to
side, allowing material to be deposited in
either horizontal direction.

9. Elevator
A metal track running vertically at the
back of the machine, the elevator, driven by
the z-axis motor, moves the print heads up
and down. This makes it possible to stack
successive layers of material, one on top of
the next

10. Platform
A shelf at the bottom of the machine
provides a platform for the organ to rest on
during the production process. The platform
may support a scaffold, a petri dish or a well
plate, which could contain up to 24 small
depressions to hold organ tissue samples for
pharmaceutical testing. A third motor moves
the platform front to back along the y-axis

11. Reservoirs
The reservoirs attach to the print heads
and hold the biomaterial to be deposited
during the printing process. These are
equivalent to the cartridges in your inkjet
printer.

12. Print heads/syringes
A pump forces material from the
reservoirs down through a small nozzle or
syringe, which is positioned just above the
platform. As the material is extruded, it forms a
layer on the platform.

13. Triangulation sensor
A small sensor tracks the tip of each
print head as it moves along the x-, y- and z-axes.
Software communicates with the
machine so the precise location of the print
heads is known throughout the process..

14. Micro-gel
Unlike the ink you load into your printer at home,
bio-ink is alive, so it needs food, water and
oxygen to survive. This nurturing environment is
provided by a micro-gel think gelatin enriched
with vitamins, proteins and other life-sustaining
compounds. Researchers either mix cells with the
gel before printing or extrude the cells from one
print head, micro-gel from the other. Either way,
the gel helps the cells stay suspended and
prevents them from settling and clumping.

15. Bioink
Organs are made of tissues, and tissues are made of cells. To print
an organ, a scientist must be able to deposit cells specific to the
organ she hopes to build. For example, to create a liver, she would
start with hepatocytes -- the essential cells of a liver -- as well as
other supporting cells. These cells form a special material known
as bioink, which is placed in the reservoir of the printer and then
extruded through the print head. As the cells accumulate on the
platform and become embedded in the microgel, they assume a
three-dimensional shape that resembles a human organ.
Alternatively, the scientist could start with a bioink
consisting of stem cells, which, after the printing process, have the
potential to differentiate into the desired target cells. Either way,
bioink is simply a medium, and a bioprinter is an output device

16. How do they print an organ.
 First, doctors make CT or MRI scans of
the desired organ.
 Next, they load the images into a
computer and build a corresponding 3-
D blueprint of the structure using CAD
software.
 Combining this 3-D data with
histological information collected from
years of microscopic analysis of
tissues, scientists build a slice-by-slice
model of the patient's organ. Each slice
accurately reflects how the unique cells
and the surrounding cellular matrix fit
together in three-dimensional space.

17. How do they print an organ.
 After that, it's a matter of hitting File > Print, which
sends the modeling data to the bio-printer.
 The printer outputs the organ one layer at a time,
using bio-ink and gel to create the complex
multicellular tissue and hold it in place.
 Finally, scientists remove the organ from the printer
and place it in an incubator, where the cells in the
bio-ink enjoy some warm, quiet downtime to start
living and working together

18. Last step and the challenging
one!
The final step of this process -- making printed organ cells
behave like native cells -- has been challenging. Some scientists
recommend that bio-printing be done with a patient's stem cells.
After being deposited in their required three-dimensional space,
they would then differentiate into mature cells, with all of the
instructions about how to "behave." Then, of course, there's the
issue of getting blood to all of the cells in a printed organ. Currently,
bio-printing doesn't offer sufficient resolutions to create tiny, single-cell-
thick capillaries. But scientists have printed larger blood
vessels, and as the technology improves, the next step will be fully
functional replacement organs, complete with the vascularization
necessary to remain alive and healthy.

19. The printing process

20. Benefits
 Artificial organ personalized using patients
own cells
 No DNA rejection
 Eliminate need for immunosuppressant
drugs needed after a regular organ
transplant
 Eliminate organ donation
 No waiting period

21. Disadvantages
 Printers cost hundreds of thousands of
dollars
 Possibly more expensive than regular
organ transplant
 Use of stem cells is still controversial
 Cost of using stem cells
 Not successfully created yet

22. 3d bio-printing projects
Just look through some bioprinting projects which gonna going to
change the world

23. Human heart
Researchers at the University
of Louisville in Louisville,
Kentucky said they
have successfully printed parts
of a human heart using by
printing with a combination of
human fat cells and collagen.

24. Human face
A man from Wales in the United
Kingdom was in a motorcycle
accident in 2012 and he has now
received 3D printed implants on
his face that successfully fixed
injuries he sustained. The
project was done by the Centre
for Applied Reconstructive
Technologies in Surgery.

25. Liver tissue
In January, Organovo successfully
printed samples of human liver tissue that
were distributed to an outside laboratory for
testing. The company is aiming for
commercial sales later this year. The sets
of 24 samples take about 30 minutes to
produce. According to the company, the
printed tissue responds to drugs similarly to
a regular human liver.

26. Liver tissue
Scientists at Wake Forest School of
Medicine designed a printer that can directly
print skin cells onto burn wounds. The
traditional treatment for severe burns is to
cover them with healthy skin harvested from
another part of the body, but often times
there isn't enough. With this new machine, a
scanner determines the size and depth of the
skin, and layers the appropriate number of
cells on the wound. Doctors only need a
patch of skin one-tenth of the size of the
wound to grow enough for this process.

27. Presented by : Muhammed Anees PK