3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process that creates 3D objects from digital models layer by layer. Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, can be used as a photo initiator in 3D printing to create non-toxic medical implants. A laser activates the riboflavin, allowing printing ink to polymerize and solidify into scaffolds lined with cells. 3D printing has applications in customizing implants using MRI and CT scans, and printing sensors onto flexible silicon heart membranes to monitor health and deliver treatment.

1. 3-D Printing :
Non-toxic biocompatible medical
implants

2. 3D PRINTING
3D printing or Additive manufacturing is a process
of making a three-dimensional solid object of
virtually any shape from a digital model.
In medical use standard DICOM-based data from
CAT and MRI scans is converted to Standard
Tessellation Language (STL) format.

6. 3-D Printing : NON-TOXIC
biocompatible medical implants
• Two-photon polymerization is a
3-D printing technique for making
small-scale solid structures from
many types of photoreactive
liquid precursors.
• A naturally-occurring compound
called riboflavin, which is better
known as vitamin B2, has made it
possible to 3D-print non-toxic
medical implants.

7. Mechanism [3-D printing from
vitamin B-2]
• Riboflavin is used as a photo
initiator which is a chemical in a
3D printer that is activated by
light (usually from a laser) that
allows the 3D printing ink to
polymerize and solidify.
• With a titanium-sapphire laser as
a light source, the researchers
created 3D, honeycomb like
scaffolds, and then lined the
scaffolds with cells from a cow's
aorta.

8. Mechanical Aspects
• Parts of 3d printer:
• Print head and print base
• Bionik , extracellular
matrix in which cells are
arranged in particular
manner layer by layer.
• Extracellular matrix
should have same viscous
properties as embryonic
tissue

10. Electronics Aspects
• Customization using MRI Scan
• 3D models of the patients skull are developed using MRI scans as well as CT
scans
 Heart Treatment
• 3-D elastic membrane made of a soft, flexible, silicon material that is
precisely shaped to match the heart's epicardium, or the outer layer of the
wall of the heart.
• Then we can print tiny sensors onto the membrane that can precisely
measure temperature, mechanical strain and pH, among other markers, or
deliver a pulse of electricity in cases of arrhythmia.
• Those sensors could assist physicians with determining the health of the
heart, deliver treatment or predict an impending heart attack before a
patient exhibits any physical signs.

11. Mathematics Aspects
• Fubini's theorem, named after the Italian mathematician
Guido Fubini, states that an object of n dimensions can be
represented as a spectrum of layers of shapes of n-
1 dimensional layers. This means that a 3 dimensional shape
can be portrayed as layers of 2 dimensional shapes. In 3d
printing technology this means that we are able to express
any 3d object as layers of 2d planes.

12. 3-D Printing the Programmer’s
angle
• In 3d printers input is
given through a 3d
scanner or a CAD
program
• The model information
is then transferred to the
printer , the printer then
deposits various
materials layer by layer
to build a 3d object.

13. 3D Modeling Software
 Openscad is a parametric
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
program that allows you to
create 3D models based on
lines of code with parameters.
It works similar to a
programming language and its
advantage over standard CAD
programs is that it’s really easy
to change dimensions
(parameters) on the model.
Some other softwares are:
 Art of Illusion
 Blender
• Some of the small scale
softwares are written in python
or java for cross platform
compatibility.
• Makerbot has also developed a
refined engine that converts a
3D object into g-code
called Miracle-Grue which is
C++ based.

14. digital file of the
3D model (.stl)
software
program to
‘slice’ the
model
software program
to ‘talk’ to the
printer

15. SCOPE