This document discusses the potential advantages of using 3D in vitro models compared to traditional 2D models for drug testing. It notes that 3D cultures more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment and cell morphology. This allows 3D cultures to better predict cellular responses to drugs and provide more accurate models of disease. The document outlines several applications of 3D cultures, such as studying tumor development, evaluating drug sensitivity, and developing organs-on-chips microfluidic devices that model human organ functions.
Organ-on-a-chip technology provides a novel in vitro platform with a possibility of reproducing physiological functions of in vivo tissue, more accurately than conventional cell-based model systems. Many newly arising diseases result from complex interaction between multiple organs.
Microfluidics and organ on a chip technology is an interdisciplinary field of medical and engineering. It will replace the current methods of testing efficacy of drug viz. cells in dishes test and animal testing.
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ
Organ-on-a-chip technology provides a novel in vitro platform with a possibility of reproducing physiological functions of in vivo tissue, more accurately than conventional cell-based model systems. Many newly arising diseases result from complex interaction between multiple organs.
Microfluidics and organ on a chip technology is an interdisciplinary field of medical and engineering. It will replace the current methods of testing efficacy of drug viz. cells in dishes test and animal testing.
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
What are Organs-on-chips?
The Organs-on-Chips are crystal clear, flexible polymers about the size of a computer memory stick that contain hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques.
These channels are lined by living cells and tissues that mimic organ-level physiology.
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.
This is my short presentation in one of my university classes. It's obvious that the future of the stem cell biology is tightly engaged with organoids and they will absolutely change the way science is going to.
Kind regards
Shahin Ahmadian
Multiorgan Microdevices for ADME Evaluatio and Drug Design:-
Multi-organ micro-devices are microfluidic devices that gives the information of human metabolism by connecting the fluidic streams from several on-chip in vitro tissue cultures with each other in a physiologically relevant manner. Multi-organ micro-devices can predict tissue-tissue interactions that occur as a result of metabolite travel from one tissue to other tissues in vitro. These systems are capable of simulating human metabolism, including the conversion of a pro-drug to its effective metabolite as well as its subsequent active metabolite and toxic side effects. Since tissue-tissue interactions in the human body can play a significant role in determining the success of new pharmaceuticals, the development and use of multi-organ micro-devices present an opportunity to improve the drug development process. The devices have the potential to predict potential toxic side effects with higher accuracy before a drug enters the expensive and time consuming phase of clinical trials. Further, when operated with human biopsy samples, the devices could be a way for the development of individualized medicine. Since single organ devices are testing platforms for tissues that can later be combined with other tissues within multi-organ devices, we will also mention single organ devices where appropriate in the discussion those seems large area of interest in current research for individualized medicine and drug resistance study.
3D-Bioprinting coming of age-from cells to organsDaniel Thomas
Over the past decade, annual spending on pharmaceutical development to treat many endocrinological systems has increased exponentially.
Currently, preclinical studies to test the safety and efficiency of new drugs, use laboratory animals and traditional 2D cell culture models. Neither of these methods are completely accurate reflections of how a drug will react in a human patient.
A solution has emerged in the form of 3D-Bioprinting technology, developed for the scalable, accurate and repeatable deposition of biologically active materials. With advances in this biomanufacturing technology, durable biological tissues for use in testing new pharmaceutical products are now being harnessed and refined.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials, biochemicals and living cells, with spatial control of the placement of functional components (extracellular matrix, cells and pre-organized micro vessels) to fabricate 3D structures.
3D tumor spheroid models for in vitro therapeutic screening: a systematic app...Arun kumar
The potential of a spheroid tumor model composed of cells in different proliferative and metabolic
states for the development of new anticancer strategies has been amply demonstrated. However, there
is little or no information in the literature on the problems of reproducibility of data originating from
experiments using 3D models. Our analyses, carried out using a novel open source software capable of
performing an automatic image analysis of 3D tumor colonies, showed that a number of morphology
parameters affect the response of large spheroids to treatment. In particular, we found that both
spheroid volume and shape may be a source of variability. We also compared some commercially
available viability assays specifically designed for 3D models. In conclusion, our data indicate the need
for a pre-selection of tumor spheroids of homogeneous volume and shape to reduce data variability to
a minimum before use in a cytotoxicity test. In addition, we identified and validated a cytotoxicity test
capable of providing meaningful data on the damage induced in large tumor spheroids of up to diameter
in 650 μm by different kinds of treatments.
TISSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH TISSUE ENGINEERING APPROACHFelix Obi
Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
What are Organs-on-chips?
The Organs-on-Chips are crystal clear, flexible polymers about the size of a computer memory stick that contain hollow channels fabricated using computer microchip manufacturing techniques.
These channels are lined by living cells and tissues that mimic organ-level physiology.
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.
This is my short presentation in one of my university classes. It's obvious that the future of the stem cell biology is tightly engaged with organoids and they will absolutely change the way science is going to.
Kind regards
Shahin Ahmadian
Multiorgan Microdevices for ADME Evaluatio and Drug Design:-
Multi-organ micro-devices are microfluidic devices that gives the information of human metabolism by connecting the fluidic streams from several on-chip in vitro tissue cultures with each other in a physiologically relevant manner. Multi-organ micro-devices can predict tissue-tissue interactions that occur as a result of metabolite travel from one tissue to other tissues in vitro. These systems are capable of simulating human metabolism, including the conversion of a pro-drug to its effective metabolite as well as its subsequent active metabolite and toxic side effects. Since tissue-tissue interactions in the human body can play a significant role in determining the success of new pharmaceuticals, the development and use of multi-organ micro-devices present an opportunity to improve the drug development process. The devices have the potential to predict potential toxic side effects with higher accuracy before a drug enters the expensive and time consuming phase of clinical trials. Further, when operated with human biopsy samples, the devices could be a way for the development of individualized medicine. Since single organ devices are testing platforms for tissues that can later be combined with other tissues within multi-organ devices, we will also mention single organ devices where appropriate in the discussion those seems large area of interest in current research for individualized medicine and drug resistance study.
3D-Bioprinting coming of age-from cells to organsDaniel Thomas
Over the past decade, annual spending on pharmaceutical development to treat many endocrinological systems has increased exponentially.
Currently, preclinical studies to test the safety and efficiency of new drugs, use laboratory animals and traditional 2D cell culture models. Neither of these methods are completely accurate reflections of how a drug will react in a human patient.
A solution has emerged in the form of 3D-Bioprinting technology, developed for the scalable, accurate and repeatable deposition of biologically active materials. With advances in this biomanufacturing technology, durable biological tissues for use in testing new pharmaceutical products are now being harnessed and refined.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
layer-by-layer precise positioning of biological materials, biochemicals and living cells, with spatial control of the placement of functional components (extracellular matrix, cells and pre-organized micro vessels) to fabricate 3D structures.
Genes and Tissue Culture Technology Assignment (G6)Rohini Krishnan
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant.
The void between preclinical testing and clinical trials of drugs reveals a crucial roadblock to efficient drug discovery. This plan defines an apporach to bioengineer structurally representative human tissues in vitro using the power of outstanding international academic collaborations.
collaboration
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
Genes and Tissue Culture Assignment Presentation (Group 3)Lim Ke Wen
The culture of cells in two dimensions does not reproduce the histological characteristics of a tissue for informative or useful study. Growing cells as three-dimensional (3D) models more analogous to their existence in vivo may be more clinically relevant. Discuss the potential of using three dimensional cell cultures for anti-cancer drug screening.
Development of cancer therapeutics is often carried out in 2D cultures prior to testing on animal model. In comparison to 2D cultures, discuss the potential of using 3D in vitro models for drug efficiency testing.
Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are designed to control cell microenvironments and maintain tissue-specific functions. Combining advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication, OoCs have gained interest as a next-generation experimental platform to investigate human pathophysiology and the effect of therapeutics in the body. There are as many examples of OoCs as there are applications, making it difficult for new researchers to understand what makes one OoC more suited to an application than another.
Poster - Including the matricial tumoral microenvironment in 3D in vitro mode...HCS Pharma
In oncology, 97% of drug candidates fail in clinical trials. This highlights a lack of relevance of preclinical models used upstream. Indeed, human in vitro models don’t consider the Tumoral Extracellular Matrix (TECM). However, more and more studies demonstrate that ECM composition and stiffness are modified in tumors and are linked to cancer initiation, progression, propagation, and drug resistances.
BIOMIMESYS® is a Hyaluronic Acid-based matrix grafted with structural and adhesion molecules, which mimics the ECM/TECM. It is chemically defined and its composition and stiffness can be modified to reproduce the organ-specificity of the ECM, or to mimic a pathological microenvironment in vitro.
We have demonstrated that the exposition of colon cancer cells cultured in BIOMIMESYS® Oncology matrix to an anti-proliferative drug showed a closer in vitro/in vivo correlation in the EC50 curve compared to 2D culture. Cancer cells can be advantageously grown in BIOMIMESYS® for several weeks in multiwell plates and in microfluidic chips for more advanced models. We also observed that modifications in the matrix composition and stiffness modify the cell behavior. Moreover, thanks to collaborations with academic laboratories, we demonstrated that BIOMIMESYS® allows to reproduce in vitro the behavior of cancerous cells in vivo, like mutation effects and metastasis propagation, and could be a relevant alternative to animal models. These results showed that the matricial microenvironment modifies the cell behavior in vitro and should be considered carefully in drug discovery. BIOMIMESYS® hydroscaffold™ is adapted to High Content Screening and represented a powerful tool to better select drug candidate.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. Potentials of Using 3D
In Vitro Models for Drug
Efficiency Testing
(in comparison to 2D)
By: TiffanyHo, ShannenSer, ArialChan, LimEeJing,OoJuNn
2. Basic Principles of 2D & 3D Cell Cultures
Aspects 2D cultures 3D cultures
Growth condition Adhere and grow on a flat
surface
Grow on a matrix or in
suspension medium
Morphology Flat & stretched ; monolayer Form aggregates or
spheroids
Cell status Mostly proliferating stage Mixture of cells at different
stages
Limitation Does not adequately mimic
the in vivo microenvironment
Core cells receive less
oxygen, growth factors and
nutrients from medium ; in
quiescent or hypoxic state
Advantage Receive nutrients, growth
factors and oxygen equally
Mimic in vivo
microenvironment
Table 1 shows the comparison of principles of 2D & 3D cultures. (Edmondson 2014)
3. Potentials of 3D Cultures for Drug Testing
1. 2D cultured cells are stretched out in an unnatural state on flat substance, whereas cells in 3D cultures on
biological, synthetic or non-synthetic scaffold materials maintain a normal morphology.
- cells are relatively similar to the naturally-occurring cells in body.
2. Cellular response to drugs treatments in 3D cultures - more similar to what happen in vivo than 2D.
-studies have found that cells in 3D cultures are more resistant to anticancer drugs than 2D cultures.
3. 3D cultures have more stability and longer lifespan compared to cells cultured in 2D
-for long-term studies and long-term effects of the drugs.
4. Cells in 3D cultures are undisturbed whereas cells in 2D cultures have to be trypsinized when reach
confluence.
(Antoni 2015)
4. Applications
➔ Study of tumor development
- Cancer cells response to host immune modulatory effect.
➔ Evaluation of anticancer drug sensitivity
➔ Drugs discovery
➔ High throughput screening
➔ 3D cell-based biosensors
- Investigate cell’s response to drugs
- Detect biological signals transmitted by the cell
➔ Microfluidic-based device: Organs-on-chips
- Serve as disease model; mimic human organ functions.
- Small device with hollow channels lined by living cells cultured with nutrient liquids flowing
through the channels.
Figure 1: How biosensors work (Vaghasiya n.d.)
5. Cancer cells response to host immune modulatory effect
1)Macrophages(recruited by solid tumors during their progression)
were integrated into a collagen-based 3D co-culture model system of
squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) and showed tumor-promoting effects.
2)Melanoma cells cultured in spheroids showed immunomodulator
functions aside from the inhibition of mitogen-dependent T-
lymphocyte activation and proliferation. This method allows to study
the aggressiveness of certain malignancies and can be utilized to
investigate the poor responses of malignancies to various
immunotherapy drug treatments.
3) The expression of chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and interferon
gamma (IFNγ) that recruit and activate tumor specific T cells when in
3D scaffold model of breast cancer. In this method , IFNγ and CCL21
were delivered into tumor cells via plasmids, and transfected cells
were seeded to form spheroids on three-dimensional (3D) chitosan-
alginate (CA) scaffolds. This provides a useful breast cancer tumor
environment model to evaluate the T cell function.
Figure 2: Schematic illustration of a typical tumor microenvironment.
Adapted from (Joyce and Pollard, 2009; Koontongkaew, 2013).
6. Drug Discovery
● Oncology drug development
- 2D cell cultures may not accurately mimic the 3D environment
- Fundamental differences in the microenvironment of 2D and 3D cell cultures influences cellular
behaviours
- Crucial difference : Dissimilarity in cell morphology
> 2D: Monolayer
> 3D: Cells are supported by ECM which facilitates cell-cell communication via direct contact and
through the secretion of cytokines.
7. High Throughput Screening (HTS)
● HTS assays using monolayer (2D) cultures still reflect a highly artificial cellular environment
- Limiting the predictive value for the clinical efficacy of a compound
● Optimize preclinical selection of the most active molecules from a large pool of potential effectors
● 3D cell culture systems:
- Spheroids are emphasized due to their advantages and potential for rapid development as HTS
systems
- 3D double network Hydrogels are similar to natural tissues and their chemical tunability which
impart abilities for response
8. ❏ Mimics lungs physiology.
❏ Translucent design allows the viewing of inner workings of
human lungs.
❏ Contains tiny hollow channels lined with lung cells and
capillary cells separated by porous membrane.
❏ Vacuum pumps on either side of each channel expand and contract,
thus imitating the action of a real alveolar sac. (Whitwam 2012)
Figure 3: Lung-on-a-chip (Anthony 2012)
Figure 4: Lung-on-a-chip as model for pulmonary edema
(Whitewam 2012)
❏ Mimics inflammatory response triggered by microbial
pathogens.
e.g. WBCs migrate across capillary cells into the air space to
engulf bacteria.
❏ Used to model pulmonary edema by introducing IL-2 in
blood channel.
9. Biomaterials Technology
● Explores materials which are not passive and walled off by the body
● Actively participates in body’s effort to repair itself
● Biometric and bioactive materials are designed to mimic the body’s natural structures &
functions from macro- to micro- to nano-levels.
● Give rise to tissue and organ development
● Replacement of animal testing using combined models
(Ou & Hosseinkhani 2014)
Figure 5:
Schematic illustration of tissue
engineering based on 3D
biomaterials technology.
- Regeneration of defective
and injured tissue
Current Developments
10. 3D Printing Technology
● Biological construct in small range
(mm-cm), including several cell
types and biomaterials at the same
time
● Use 3D biomaterials printing and
with cell patterning
● Constructing 3D scaffolds with living
cells embedded in hydrogels
● Functional tissue is formed faster
compared to classical tissue
engineering methods
(Ou & Hosseinkhani 2014)
Figure 6: 3D printing technology for tissue engineering
12. References
Antoni, D, Burckel, H, Josset, E & Noel, G, ‘Three-Dimensional Cell Culture : A breakthrough in Vivo’, International Journal of
Molecular Science, vol. 7, no. 1, viewed 28 April 2016, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394490/>.
Dougherty, E 2010, Living, breathing human lung-on-a-chip: A potential drug-testing alternative, viewed 28 April 2016, <http://wyss.
harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/36/living-breathing-human-lungonachip-a-potential-drugtesting-alternative>.
Edmondson, R, Broglie, J, Adcock, A & Yang, L, ‘Three Dimensional Cell Culture Systems and Their Applications in Drug Discovery
and Cell-based Biosensors’, International Journal of Molecular Science, vol. 3, vol.1, viewed 28 April 2016, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026212/#B5>.
Tolikas, M 2014, Wyss Institute's technology translation engine launches 'Organs-on-Chips' company, viewed 28 April 2016, <http:
//wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/161>.
Ou, K & Hosseinkhani, H, 2014, ‘Development of 3D in Vitro Technology for Medical Applications’, IJMS, vol. 15, no. 10, pp.17938-
17962.
Vaghasiya, K, Applications of Biosensors technology : Future trends development and new intervation in biotechnology, viewed 28
April 2016,<http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/applications-of-biosensors-technology-future-trends-development-and-new-intervation-
in-biotechnology>.
Whitwam, R 2012, Lung-on-a-chip could change the way disease is treated, viewed 28 April 2016, <http://www.geek.com/chips/lung-
on-a-chip-could-change-the-way-disease-is-treated-1527521/>.
