The document summarizes key aspects of human genetics and the human genome. It discusses that humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent, including two sex chromosomes and 44 autosomes. It also notes that pedigrees show inherited traits in families and that traits can be polygenic or controlled by many genes. Additionally, it explains that the human genome contains tens of thousands of genes and that blood groups and alleles can be recessive or dominant. Sex-linked genes on the X and Y chromosomes determine sex. Nondisjunction can result in chromosomal disorders from an abnormal number of chromosomes. DNA testing through gel electrophoresis or fingerprinting can predict and check for genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA and was completed in

1. Chapter 14: The Human Genome By Tianna Diaz and Sarah Dudas

2. Human Chromosomes The average human has 46 chromosomes: 23 from each parent 2 of the 46 are sex chromosomes and the other 44 are autosomes All women have 2 X chromosomes and all men have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome Biologists analyze chromosomes by arranging them in a karyotype Sarah and Tianna

3. Human Traits A pedigree chart shows the relationships of an inherited trait within a family. Polygenic traits are traits controlled by many genes Sarah and Tianna

4. Human Genes The human genome is the complete set of genetic information, containing tens of thousands of genes. Human blood is divided into groups: ABO blood groups and the Rh blood group. Alleles, which are a number of the different forms of a gene, are either recessive or dominant. Sarah and Tianna

5. Sex-Linked Genes Sex-linked genes are genes located on the X and Y chromosome that determine an individual’s sex. Because males have only one X chromosomes, all X-linked alleles show up in males even if they’re recessive. For the recessive alleles to show up in females, there must be one recessive allele on each X chromosome. Sarah and Tianna

6. Chromosomal Disorders Nondisjunction is an error in meiosis where homologous chromosomes do not separate. If nondisjunction happens, you may end up with an abnormal number of chromosomes, resulting in a chromosomal disorder. Sarah and Tianna

7. DNA Testing/Analysis DNA testing is used to predict and check for genetic disorders. DNA testing can be done through gel electrophoresis or DNA fingerprinting. Sarah and Tianna

8. The Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project is an attempt to sequence all human DNA. It was completed in June 2000. Sarah and Tianna

9. Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the replacement of a faulty or absent gene with a normal gene that works. There have been many cases where gene therapy has been successful, but it doesn’t always cure genetic disorders. Sarah and Tianna