This document discusses antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It covers types of insulin preparations including rapid, short, intermediate, and long acting insulins. It also discusses classes of oral antidiabetic drugs including sulfonylureas, meglitinide analogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Side effects are provided for each drug class. Therapeutic uses include treatment of type 2 diabetes alone or in combination with insulin, but not for type 1 diabetes.

1. ANTIDIABETIC
DRUGS

2. Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic disorder characterized
by hyperglycemia, glycosuria
Types: type I (IDDM)
type II (NIDDM)

3. Actions of insulin
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Promotes glycogen synthesis
Fat
+ glucose uptake
+ storage of TG
Inhibits lipolysis
Muscle
+ protein synthesis
+ glycogen synthesis
- Protein breakdown

4. 1. Rapid acting
a. Lispro
b. Aspart
c. Glulisine
2. Short acting
a. Regular insulin
Insulin preparations

5. 3. Intermediate acting
a. Insulin zinc suspension (lente)
b. Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH)
4. Long acting
a. Glargine
b. Detemir

6. Insulin administration
All insulin
preparations are
administered
subcutaneously
Regular insulin can be
administered i.v & i.m also

7. 1. Hypoglycemia
Treatment- oral glucose
50ml of 50% dextrose i.v
2. Local reactions
lipodystrophy, swelling, erythema
3. Allergy and resistance
Adverse effects of insulin

8. Oral Antidiabetic
Drugs

9. Classification
A. Stimulators of insulin release from pancreas
i) Sulfonylureas
Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, glibenclamide,
glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride
ii) Meglitinide analogue
Repaglinide
iii) D-phenylalanine derivative
Nateglinide

10. B. Inhibitors of hepatic neoglucogenesis
Biguanides - Phenformin, metformin
C. Drugs which reduces insulin resistance
Thiazolidinediones - Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone
D. ∝ - Glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose, Miglitol

11. Adverse effects of sulfonylureas
• Hypoglycemia
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache,
weight gain
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Chlorpropamide - Cholestatic jaundice

12. Repaglinide & Nateglinide
• Rapid and short acting
• Low risk of severe hypoglycemia

13. Biguanides
Adverse effects
• Nausea, metallic taste, abdominal
pain, diarrhea
• Lactic acidosis
• Vitamin B12 deficiency

14. Thiazolidinediones
Adverse effects
Nausea, vomiting, anemia, weight gain,
fluid retention, hepatotoxicity (rare)

15. ∝ Glucosidase inhibitors
Adverse effects
Flatulence, loose stools, abdominal
pain

16. Therapeutic uses
• Type II DM
• Alone or in combination with insulin
• Cannot be used for Type I DM