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Urinary system anatomy ppt
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including its anatomy and functions. Some key points: - The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood into urine. - The nephron is made up of blood vessels and tubules that work together to filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete waste molecules into urine. - Urine is formed in four steps - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and concentration by the collecting duct. Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed except for waste products. - Hormones
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Urinary system anatomy ppt
- 1. The Urinary System Preparedby: vivek sir vivek sir
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENT 1)General Introduction 2) Anatomy of Urinary System 3) Urine Formation 4) Urine Storage and Elimination vivek sir
- 3. Composition of theUrinary System vivek sir
- 4. Functions of theKidneys 1) filter blood plasma, separate wastes, return useful materials to the blood, and eliminate the wastes. Toxic nitrogenous wastes - ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine - cause diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia, convulsions, coma, and death. vivek sir
- 5. Functions of theKidneys 1) filter blood plasma, separate wastes, return useful materials to the blood, and eliminate the wastes. 2) regulate blood volume and osmolarity. vivek sir
- 6. 3) produce hormones 1.renin 2. erythropoietin 3. calcitrol Functions of the Kidneys 4) regulate acid-base balance of the body fluids. 5) detoxify superoxides, free radicals, and drugs. vivek sir
- 7. ANATOMY OF THEKIDNEYS vivek sir
- 8. - The kidneyslie along the posterior abdominal wall vivek sir
- 9. - The medialsurface of the kidney is concave with a hilum carrying renal nerves and blood vessels. The renal parenchyma is divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla. vivek sir
- 10. Extensions of thecortex (renal columns) project toward the sinus, dividing the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids. Each pyramid is conical with a blunt point called the papilla facing the sinus. vivek sir
- 11. The papilla isnestled into a cup called a minor calyx, which collects its urine. Two or three minor calyces merge to form a major calyx. The major calyces merge to form the renal pelvis. vivek sir
- 12. - The kidneycontains 1.2 million nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidney. - A nephron consists of : i. blood vessels afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole ii. renal tubules proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule The Nephron vivek sir
- 13. afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule Loopof Henle blood blood The Nephron vivek sir
- 14. - Most componentsof the nephron are within the cortex. The Nephron vivek sir
- 15. Nephrons are connectedto renal artery/vein and ureter. vivek sir
- 16. The glomerulus isenclosed in a two-layered glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. Proximal tubule vivek sir
- 17.
- 18. The kidney producesurine through 4 steps. vivek sir
- 19.
- 20.
- 21. The Filtration Membrane Fromthe plasma to the capsular space, fluid passes through three barriers. fenestrated epithelium basement membrane foot processes vivek sir
- 22. The Filtration Membrane Almostany molecule smaller than 3 nm can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. These include: Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and nitrogenous wastes Kidney infections and trauma commonly damage the filtration membrane and allow plasma proteins or blood cells to pass through. vivek sir
- 23. Blood cells in urine Plasmaproteins vivek sir
- 24. Filtration Pressure Glomerular filtrationfollows the same principles that govern filtration in other capillaries. vivek sir
- 25. Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) - is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined. - For the average adult male, GFR is about 125 ml/min. - This amounts to a rate of 180 L/day. - An average of 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed, so that only 1-2 L of urine per day is excreted. vivek sir
- 26. GFR must beprecisely controlled. a. If GFR is too high - increase in urine output - threat of dehydration and electrolyte depletion. b. If GFR is too low - insufficient excretion of wastes. c. The only way to adjust GFR from moment to moment is to change glomerular blood pressure. vivek sir
- 27. Renal Autoregulation - theability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable GFR in spite of the changes (75 - 175 mmHg) in arterial blood pressure. vivek sir
- 28. The nephron hastwo ways to prevent drastic changes in GFR when blood pressure rises: 1) Constriction of the afferent arteriole to reduce blood flow into the glomerulus 2) Dilation of the efferent arteriole to allow the blood to flow out more easily. Change in an opposite direction if blood pressure falls vivek sir
- 29. Mechanisms of RenalAutoregulation 1) myogenic response 2) tubuloglomerular feedback vivek sir
- 30.
- 31.
- 32. 1) Glomerular Filtration 2)Tubular Reabsorption 3) Tubular Secretion 4) Concentrating Urine by Collecting Duct vivek sir
- 33. About 99% of Waterand other useful small molecules in the filtrate are normally reabsorbed back into plasma by renal tubules. vivek sir
- 34. Reabsorption in Proximal ConvolutedTubules vivek sir
- 35. - The proximalconvoluted tubule (PCT) is formed by one layer of epithelial cells with long apical microvilli. - PCT reabsorbs about 65% of the glomerular filtrate and return it to the blood. vivek sir
- 36. 1) transcellular route 2)paracellular route Routes of Proximal Tubular Reabsorption PCT peritubular capillary vivek sir
- 37. Mechanisms of ProximalTubular Reabsorption 1) Solvent drag 2) Active transport of sodium. 3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients. 4) Secondary water reabsorption via osmosis 5) Secondary ion reabsorption via electrostatic attraction 6) Endocytosis of large solutes vivek sir
- 38. Osmosis Water moves froma compartment of low osmolarity to the compartment of high osmolarity. low osmolarity ( high H2O conc.) high osmolarity ( low H2O conc.) H2O vivek sir
- 39. 1) Solvent drag -driven by high colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in the peritubular capillaries - Water is reabsorbed by osmosis and carries all other solutes along. - Both routes are involved. Proteins stay H2O Proteins vivek sir
- 40. 2) Active transportof sodium Sodium pumps (Na-K ATPase) in basolateral membranes transport sodium out of the cells against its concentration gradient using ATP. capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen Na+ K+ Na+ vivek sir
- 41. There are alsopumps for other ions capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen Ca++ Ca++ vivek sir
- 42. - Various cotransporterscan carry both Na+ and other solutes. For example, the sodium- dependent glucose transporter (SDGT) can carry both Na+ and glucose. 3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients Na+ Glucose capillary PCT cell Na+ K+ vivek sir
- 43. Amino acids andmany other nutrients are reabsorbed by their specific cotransporters with sodium. Na+ capillary PCT cell Na+ K+ amino acids 3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients vivek sir
- 44. Sodium reabsorption makesboth intracellular and extracellular fluid hypertonic to the tubular fluid. Water follows sodium into the peritubular capillaries. 4) Secondary water reabsorption via osmosis H2O Na+ Na+ capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen vivek sir
- 45. Negative ions tendto follow the positive sodium ions by electrostatic attraction. 5) Secondary ion reabsorption via electrostatic attraction Na Na+ Cl- capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen vivek sir
- 46. The glomerulus filtersa small amount of protein from the blood. The PCT reclaims it by endocytosis, hydrolzes it to amino acids, and releases these to the ECF by facilitated diffusion. 6) Endocytosis of large solutes protein capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen amino acids vivek sir
- 47. The Transport Maximum -There is a limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubule can reabsorb because there are limited numbers of transport proteins in the plasma membranes. - If all the transporters are occupied as solute molecules pass through, some solute will remain in the tubular fluid and appear in the urine. Na+ Glucose Example of diabetes vivek sir
- 48. Glucose in urine highglucose in blood high glucose in filtrate Exceeds Tm for glucose vivek sir
- 49. Reabsorption in the NephronLoop vivek sir
- 50. - The primarypurpose is to establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration. - The thick ascending limb reabsorbs solutes but is impermeable to water. Thus, the tubular fluid becomes very diluted while extracellular fluid becomes very concentrated with solutes. mOsm/L vivek sir
- 51. The high osmolarityenables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine later. vivek sir
- 52. Reabsorption in Distal ConvolutedTubules vivek sir
- 53. - Fluid arrivingin the DCT still contains about 20% of the water and 10% of the salts of the glomerular filtrate. - A distinguishing feature of these parts of the renal tubule is that they are subject to hormonal control. vivek sir
- 54. Aldosterone a. secreted fromadrenal gland in response to a Na+ or a K+ in blood b. to increase Na+ absorption and K+ secretion in the DCT and cortical portion of the collecting duct. c. helps to maintain blood volume and pressure. vivek sir
- 55. Atrial Natriuretic Factor -secreted by the atrial myocardium in response to high blood pressure. - It inhibits sodium and water reabsorption, increases the output of both in the urine, and thus reduces blood volume and pressure. vivek sir
- 56. 1) Glomerular Filtration 2)Tubular Reabsorption 3) Tubular Secretion 4) Concentrating Urine by Collecting Duct vivek sir
- 57. Tubular Secretion - Renaltubule extracts chemicals from the blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid. - serves the purposes of waste removal and acid-base balance. H+ H+ capillary PCT cell Tubular lumen vivek sir
- 58. 1) Glomerular Filtration 2)Tubular Reabsorption 3) Tubular Secretion 4) Concentrating Urine by Collecting Duct vivek sir
- 59. 1. The collectingduct (CD) begins in the cortex, where it receives tubular fluid from numerous nephrons. 2. CD reabsorbs water. Cortex collecting duct urine vivek sir
- 60. 1. Driving force Thehigh osmolarity of extracellular fluid generated by NaCl and urea, provides the driving force for water reabsorption. 2. Regulation The medullary portion of the CD is not permeable to NaCl but permeable to water, depending on ADH. Cortex mOsm/L medulla urine vivek sir
- 61. a. In astate of full hydration, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted and the CD permeability to water is low, leaving the water to be excreted. Cortex mOsm/L medulla Control of Urine Concentration depends on the body's state of hydration. urine b. In a state of dehydration, ADH is secreted; the CD permeability to water increases. With the increased reabsorption of water by osmosis, the urine becomes more concentrated. vivek sir
- 62. Cortex medulla urine No more reabsorptionafter tubular fluid leaving CD urine vivek sir
- 63. Composition and Propertiesof Urine Fresh urine is clear, containing no blood cells and little proteins. If cloudy, it could indicate the presence of bacteria, semen, blood, or menstrual fluid. Urine Properties vivek sir
- 64. Substance Blood Plasma (totalamount) Urine (amount per day) Urea 4.8 g 25 g Uric acid 0.15 g 0.8 g Creatinine 0.03 g 1.6 g Potassium 0.5 g 2.0 g Chloride 10.7 g 6.3 g Sodium 9.7 g 4.6 g Protein 200 g 0.1 g HCO3 - 4.6 g 0 g Glucose 3 g 0 g vivek sir
- 65. Urine Volume An averageadult produces 1-2 L of urine per day. a. Excessive urine output is called polyuria. b. Scanty urine output is oliguria. An output of less than 400 mL/day is insufficient to excrete toxic wastes. vivek sir
- 66. Diabetes - is chronicpolyuria resulting from various metabolic disorders, including Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus vivek sir
- 67. Diabetes mellitus - causedby either 1) deficiency of insulin (Type I) or 2) deficiency of insulin receptors (Type II). - Diabetes mellitus features high glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) glucose cell cell blood insulin receptors insulin pancreatic cell glycogen vivek sir
- 68. - When glucosein tubular fluid exceeds the transport maximum (180 mg/100 ml), it appears in urine (glycosuria). - Glucose in tubular fluid hinders water reabsorption by osmosis, causing polyuria. high urine volume high glucose high glucose in filtrate Retain H2O by osmosis vivek sir
- 69. Diabetes insipidus - iscaused by inadequeate ADH secretion. - Due to the shortage of ADH, water reabsorption in CD is compromised, leading to polyuria. urine vivek sir
- 70. Diuresis refers to excretionof large amount of urine. Natriuresis refers to enhanced urinary excretion of sodium vivek sir
- 71. Diuretics - are chemicalsthat increase urine volume. They are used for treating hypertension and congestive heart failure because they reduce overall fluid volume. - work by either increasing glomerular filtration or reducing tubular reabsorption. Caffeine falls into the former category; alcohol into the latter (alcohol suppresses the release of ADH). vivek sir
- 72. Many diuretics produce osmoticdiuresis by inhibiting sodium reabsorption vivek sir
- 73.
- 74. Renal Clearance a. thevolume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is removed in 1 minute. b. can be measured indirectly by measuring the waste concentration in blood and urine, and the urine volume. vivek sir
- 75. 2. Glomerular FiltrationRate a. Measuring GFR requires a substance that is not secreted or reabsorbed at all. Inulin, a polymer of fructose, is suitable. b. Inulin filtered by the glomeruli remains in the renal tubule and appears in the urine; none is reabsorbed, and the tubule does not secrete it. For this solute, GFR is equal to the renal clearance. vivek sir
- 76. Hemodialysis artificially clearing wastesfrom the blood vivek sir
- 77. 1) Dialysis machine - efficient -inconvenient vivek sir
- 78. 2) Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) Dialysis fluid -The peritoneal membrane is a natural dialysis membrane - convenient - less efficient vivek sir
- 79. Urine Storage andElimination vivek sir
- 80. The Ureters The uretersare muscular tubes leading from the renal pelvis to the lower bladder. vivek sir
- 81. The Urinary Bladder -is a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity. - is highly distensible and expands superiorly. vivek sir
- 82. The openings ofthe two ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area called the trigone on the bladder floor. vivek sir
- 83. The Urethra - conveysurine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Females male 3-4 cm ~18 cm greater risk of urinary tract infections vivek sir
- 84. The male urethrahas three regions: 1) prostatic urethra 2) membranous urethra 3) penile urethra. Difficulty in voiding urine with enlarged prostate vivek sir
- 85. In both sexes: -internal urethral sphincter- under involuntary control. - external urethral sphincter - under voluntary control internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter vivek sir
- 86. Spinal cord Voiding Urine ininfants micturition reflex When the bladder contains about 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors in the wall send impulses to the spinal cord. Parasympathetic signals return to stimulate contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter. vivek sir
- 87. 2. Once voluntarycontrol has developed, emptying of the bladder is controlled predominantly by a micturition center in the pons. This center receives signals from stretch receptors and integrates this information with cortical input concerning the appropriateness of urinating at the moment. It sends back impulses to stimulate relaxation of the external sphincter. Once voluntary control has developed, emptying of the bladder is controlled predominantly by a micturition center in the pons. This center receives signals from stretch receptors and integrates this information with cortical input concerning the appropriateness of urinating at the moment. It sends back impulses to stimulate relaxation of the external sphincter. Voiding Urine in adults Voluntary control vivek sir
- 88. SUMMARY 1) General Introduction 2)Anatomy of Urinary System 3) Urine Formation 4) Urine Storage and Elimination vivek sir